林秀蘭, 金 輝, 王潔晴
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應(yīng)用真皮脂肪瓣矯正中重度上瞼凹陷的療效觀察
林秀蘭, 金 輝, 王潔晴
目的 探討采用真皮脂肪瓣在矯正中重度上瞼凹陷及多重瞼中的應(yīng)用療效。方法 對(duì)15例中重度上瞼凹陷及多重瞼的患者,采用雙側(cè)臀下真皮脂肪瓣填充于上瞼眼輪匝肌下纖維脂肪層上。結(jié)果 本組共15例患者,術(shù)后隨訪6~12個(gè)月,其中2例較重的凹陷患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月左右隨腫脹消退,凹陷填充區(qū)有些許粘連,通過(guò)理療與按摩,術(shù)后2~4個(gè)月恢復(fù);所有患者無(wú)明顯出血,切口感染及脂肪液化等并發(fā)癥,效果均較滿意。結(jié)論 采用真皮脂肪瓣矯正中重度上瞼凹陷及多重瞼的方法,其存活率較高,可較好地改善上瞼凹陷,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥較少,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
上瞼凹陷; 真皮脂肪瓣; 眼輪匝肌
在東亞國(guó)家的美容外科門診手術(shù)量中,重瞼成形手術(shù)往往占居首位。筆者在臨床工作中發(fā)現(xiàn),要求行重瞼或多重瞼修復(fù)手術(shù)的患者,有大部分存在著不同程度的上瞼凹陷。若手術(shù)中不同期處理上瞼凹陷,術(shù)后易致多重瞼等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,尤其是處理中重度的凹陷,對(duì)于改善眶周年輕化尤為重要。自2014年4月至2016年2月,麗都整形美容醫(yī)院對(duì)15例中重度上瞼凹陷患者在行重瞼成形術(shù)的同時(shí)采用真皮脂肪瓣填充,效果滿意。現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
本組共15例患者,均為女性;年齡18~38歲。其中,先天性和漸進(jìn)性的上瞼凹陷者6例;因Ⅰ期手術(shù)時(shí)切除過(guò)多的眼輪匝肌和脂肪而導(dǎo)致上瞼凹陷者9例。所有患者均采用雙側(cè)臀下真皮脂肪瓣填充矯正上瞼凹陷。
2.1 術(shù)前設(shè)計(jì)
于雙側(cè)臀下平行于臀溝處設(shè)計(jì)長(zhǎng)梭形真皮脂肪瓣 2.0~3.0 cm,并根據(jù)上瞼凹陷程度設(shè)計(jì)寬為1.0~1.5 cm;距瞼緣7~8 mm處標(biāo)記重瞼線及擬去皮范圍。采用1%利多卡因含1∶20萬(wàn)腎上腺素行局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉。
2.2 操作步驟
2.2.1 真皮脂肪瓣的獲取 患者取俯臥位。沿設(shè)計(jì)線切開皮膚全層,含皮下脂肪(根據(jù)凹陷程度切取脂肪量,應(yīng)比凹陷填充量適當(dāng)多),臀下切口直接拉攏縫合;將獲得的皮膚脂肪瓣用11號(hào)刀片刮除表皮,制備成真皮脂肪瓣,以生理鹽水紗布包裹備用。
2.2.2 上瞼凹陷的處理 患者取仰臥位。沿設(shè)計(jì)線切開皮膚、眼輪匝肌,顯露瞼板前筋膜;用電刀分離眼輪匝肌深面與眶隔膜淺面,直至平眉上緣,可見(jiàn)眼輪匝肌下脂肪墊及上瞼眼輪匝肌下纖維脂肪層(retro-orbicularis fat, ROOF)及眉外側(cè)脂肪墊;取制備完成的真皮脂肪墊(真皮層朝上,脂肪層朝下)縫合固定于ROOF上,內(nèi)、中、外各固定1針,對(duì)部分患者視具體情況折疊上瞼提肌,將切口下緣的皮下組織與對(duì)應(yīng)位置的瞼板及瞼板前筋膜固定縫合,囑其睜眼,觀察重瞼線流暢對(duì)稱后,用8-0尼龍線間斷縫合切口。術(shù)后紗布加壓包扎,次日換藥,1周拆線。
所有患者術(shù)后獲隨訪6~12個(gè)月,重瞼線自然流暢,上瞼凹陷、上瞼外形輪廓及視覺(jué)效果均良好。因術(shù)中分離范圍較大,術(shù)后患者腫脹明顯,水腫消退時(shí)間比常規(guī)重瞼成形術(shù)稍長(zhǎng),一般1~2周消腫。其中,2例患者由于腫脹嚴(yán)重在2~4周腫脹消退時(shí)有些許粘連,通過(guò)物理牽拉后,2~4個(gè)月緩解。所有患者均無(wú)血腫、脂肪液化、感染等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,術(shù)后效果滿意(圖1)。
圖1 真皮脂肪瓣矯正中重度上瞼凹陷手術(shù)前后對(duì)比 a.術(shù)前(例1) b.術(shù)后即刻(例1) c.術(shù)后2周(例1) d.術(shù)前(例2) e.術(shù)后1周(例2) f.術(shù)后6周(例2)
Fig 1 Comparison between preview and postview of moderately severe upper eyelid depression corrected with dermofat flap. a. preview (Case 1).b. immediate postview at once (Case 1). c. postview at 2 weeks (Case 1). d. preview (Case 2). e. postview at 1 week (Case 2).f. postview at 2 weeks (Case 2).
上瞼凹陷的常見(jiàn)原因是因衰老或先天性眶骨較高伴隨眼球內(nèi)陷所致[1]。其他原因包括眼部手術(shù)時(shí)脂肪去除過(guò)多,眼部外傷尤其是眶骨骨折而導(dǎo)致眶容量增大和眶內(nèi)容物減少[2]。矯正的方法有眶骨膜皮瓣法、自體顆粒脂肪移植、真皮脂肪移植、筋膜脂肪移植或者使用異體材料等[1-5]。筋膜脂肪移植術(shù)是將筋膜連同脂肪一起移植,適用于顏面部較大的凹陷填充,但需另取筋膜組織,而且填充物的制取困難,吸收率也較真皮脂肪瓣移植高,因此,臨床應(yīng)用受到一定限制;自體顆粒脂肪移植是目前矯正上瞼凹陷最常用的方法,但由于無(wú)法提前預(yù)測(cè)其脂肪的存活率,多數(shù)情況下需要過(guò)矯,因此,也會(huì)出現(xiàn)如凹凸不平、不對(duì)稱、感染或移位,甚至出現(xiàn)脂肪栓塞導(dǎo)致失明等[6-8]。Duhoux 等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),移植的脂肪會(huì)隨著患者體質(zhì)量的增加而變化,部分患者不得不再次手術(shù)去除部分移植的脂肪,以矯正形態(tài)上的不規(guī)則。Jeon 等[10]在重瞼成形術(shù)中,將中間部分眶隔脂肪翻轉(zhuǎn)180°,固定于內(nèi)側(cè)脂肪團(tuán)上,治療上瞼凹陷。但對(duì)于中重度的上瞼凹陷,由于眶隔脂肪量不足,很難通過(guò)此方法進(jìn)行矯正。而真皮脂肪瓣的供區(qū)充足,可以矯正各種程度的上瞼凹陷;對(duì)于部分先天性中內(nèi)側(cè)上瞼凹陷患者,若術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)外側(cè)眶隔較突出,可將外側(cè)眶隔脂肪經(jīng)眶隔膜翻轉(zhuǎn)至內(nèi)側(cè),再填充真皮脂肪瓣。
Lee等[11]采用筋膜脂肪移植矯正13例上瞼凹陷及伴有多重瞼的患者,均獲得了滿意的效果。真皮脂肪瓣移植多用于先天性疾病,如半側(cè)顏面萎縮癥[12]或因外傷而導(dǎo)致的面部凹陷畸形;在眶區(qū)多用于眼球摘除后的眶區(qū)凹陷;取材部位多數(shù)在臀部,也有在臍周[13]。但筆者認(rèn)為,臍周供區(qū)以真皮為主,皮下脂肪較少,脂肪顆粒較大,存活率較細(xì)顆粒脂肪低,若移植于上瞼部位可能會(huì)致上瞼變硬或組織量不足而影響術(shù)后效果。我們選擇雙側(cè)臀下作為供區(qū),其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是位置較隱蔽、切口張力較小,瘢痕不明顯,而且脂肪顆粒小,存活率較高、組織量較豐富等。由于真皮脂肪瓣的吸收不明顯,因此,術(shù)中和術(shù)前都能很好地預(yù)測(cè)效果。但該術(shù)式分離范圍較大,術(shù)后腫脹較嚴(yán)重,恢復(fù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng);而且要求醫(yī)師必須熟悉掌握眼部的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),在分離至內(nèi)側(cè)且靠近眉位置時(shí),應(yīng)注意保護(hù)眶上血管、神經(jīng)束,注意操作輕柔,盡可能減少出血,以減輕術(shù)后腫脹。
總之,真皮脂肪瓣來(lái)源較充足,能足夠矯正中重度上瞼凹陷;與自體顆粒脂肪移植相比,吸收率可控,能準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后效果,患者滿意率較高,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
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Curative effect of dermofat flap in treatment of the moderately or severe upper eyelid depression
LIN Xiu-lan, JIN Hui, WANG Jie-qing.
(Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, LIDU Plastic and Aesthetic Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China)
Objective To explore the curative effect of dermofat flap in treatment of the moderately or severe upper eyelid depression. Methods Fifteen patients with the moderately or severe upper eyelid depression were treated by filling the dermofat graft harvested from patients′ bilateral hips into the fiber-fat layer under beneath.Results After 6 to 12 months follow-up postoperatively, all were satisfied with the results except for 2 cases of severe upper eyelid depression with a little adhesion at 1 month postoperatively as swelling disappeared. Both recovered at 2 to 4 months after physical treatment and massage. No complications, such as bleeding,fat liquefaction and wound infection, occurred. Conclusion Survival rate of the dermofat flap is quite high in the moderately severe upper eyelid expression. It is good effective at improving the depression. It is deserves clinical application.
Upper eyelid depression; Dermofat flap; Orbicularis muscle
214000 江蘇 無(wú)錫,麗都整形美容醫(yī)院(林秀蘭);成都天使之翼整形美容醫(yī)院(金 輝);大連大學(xué)附屬新華醫(yī)院 整形外科(王潔晴)
林秀蘭(1984-),女,福建福清人,主治醫(yī)師.
10.3969/j.issn.1673-7040.2016.05.004
R622
A
1673-7040(2016)05-0269-03
2016-03-20)