任方元,李蓮,姜芳馨,馮靖,陳寶元,曹潔
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氯化鈷低氧對(duì)黑色素瘤細(xì)胞系遷移能力及FSTL1表達(dá)分泌的影響
任方元1,李蓮1,姜芳馨2,馮靖1,陳寶元1,曹潔1
摘要:目的探討氯化鈷(CoCl2)化學(xué)模擬低氧對(duì)黑色素瘤細(xì)胞系B16F10遷移的影響,以及Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1)蛋白在此過程中的轉(zhuǎn)錄、表達(dá)和分泌情況。方法CoCl2模擬低氧作用于小鼠B16F10細(xì)胞,實(shí)驗(yàn)分為3組:0 μmol/L CoCl2對(duì)照組、50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L CoCl2處理組。用MTT法測定細(xì)胞活力;用Transwell法測定細(xì)胞遷移能力;qRT-PCR檢測Fstl1 mRNA表達(dá);Western blot檢測細(xì)胞內(nèi)外FSTL1蛋白表達(dá)。結(jié)果CoCl2模擬低氧可以導(dǎo)致B16F10細(xì)胞存活率顯著下降,并呈濃度和時(shí)間依賴性;50 μmol/L CoCl2處理組(0.158±0.006)、100 μmol/L CoCl2處理組(0.203±0.002)B16F10細(xì)胞遷移能力均明顯高于對(duì)照組(0.107±0.001,均P<0.05);50 μmol/L CoCl2處理組(1.573±0.114)、100 μmol/L CoCl2處理組(2.219±0.085)Fstl1 mRNA表達(dá)均顯著高于對(duì)照組(0.962±0.054,均P<0.05),而胞內(nèi)FSTL1蛋白表達(dá)與Fstl1 mRNA表達(dá)趨勢一致。同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn),CoCl2處理組細(xì)胞外FSTL1蛋白表達(dá)均低于對(duì)照組,且100 μmol/L CoCl2處理組幾乎檢測不到FSTL1表達(dá)。結(jié)論CoCl2模擬低氧促進(jìn)黑色素瘤細(xì)胞遷移,可能與FSTL1的表達(dá)和分泌有關(guān),但其功能和作用機(jī)制還需進(jìn)一步探討。
關(guān)鍵詞:黑色素瘤;細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng);細(xì)胞低氧;氯化鈷;遷移;FSTL1
作者單位:1天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院呼吸科(郵編300052);2南開大學(xué)生命科學(xué)院
FSTL1的轉(zhuǎn)錄、表達(dá)和分泌情況,為研究低氧與腫瘤的關(guān)系及其分子機(jī)制提供新的目標(biāo)和思路。
1.1材料黑色素瘤細(xì)胞可傳代細(xì)胞株B16F10由天津南開大學(xué)生命科學(xué)院肺發(fā)育和疾病實(shí)驗(yàn)室饋贈(zèng)。DMEM培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清(FBS)和胰蛋白酶(美國Gibco公司),TRIzol(美國Invitrogen公司),M-MLV逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶(美國Promega Leiden公司),SYBR?Select Master Mix(美國AMBION公司),F(xiàn)stl1和內(nèi)參β-actin的實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)引物(上海生工生物工程技術(shù)服務(wù)有限公司),F(xiàn)ibronectin膠、Fstl1抗體(美國Santa Cruz公司),β-actin抗體(美國Cell Signaling Technology公司)。
1.2方法
1.2.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)B16F10細(xì)胞用含10% FBS的DMEM培養(yǎng)液于37℃、5%CO2、飽和濕度條件下培養(yǎng)。待細(xì)胞長至70%~80%融合時(shí),用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化并以1∶4傳代,取生長良好的第3~5代細(xì)胞用于實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2.2 MTT法測定細(xì)胞活力取處于對(duì)數(shù)生長期的黑色素瘤細(xì)胞,以5×103個(gè)/孔的密度接種于96孔板內(nèi),培養(yǎng)4 h后棄掉原培養(yǎng)基,分別加入不同濃度的CoCl2(0、50、100、200和400 μmol/L),每個(gè)濃度組設(shè)4個(gè)復(fù)孔,在不含血清的DMEM中分別培養(yǎng)24 h、48 h。吸去舊培養(yǎng)基,每孔加入MTT溶液10 μL和含10%FBS的DMEM培養(yǎng)基100 μL,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h后,吸去原溶液,每孔加入150 μL二甲基亞砜(DMSO)溶液終止反應(yīng)。37℃培養(yǎng)10 min,于492 nm波長處測定各孔光密度(OD)值,計(jì)算細(xì)胞存活率。細(xì)胞存活率=實(shí)驗(yàn)組OD值/對(duì)照組OD值×100%。
1.2.3 Transwell法測定細(xì)胞遷移能力在Transwell小室下部加入一定量Fibronectin膠,于37℃培養(yǎng)箱孵育2 h。取對(duì)數(shù)生長期的細(xì)胞,消化成單細(xì)胞懸液后計(jì)數(shù),調(diào)整濃度為5.0×104/mL。將細(xì)胞加入Transwell的上室,每孔加入100 μL細(xì)胞懸液。在Transwell小室底部加入不同濃度CoCl2(50、100 μmol/L),由10%FBS的培養(yǎng)基配制。37℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h,每組細(xì)胞做2個(gè)復(fù)孔。24 h后用鑷子小心取出Transwell小室,吸干上室液體,10%甲醛室溫固定,結(jié)晶紫染色。用棉簽擦去上室未穿膜的細(xì)胞。體式顯微鏡1.6及10倍光鏡拍照。將小室濾膜取出,甲醇溶解,充分溶解后在酶標(biāo)儀570 nm下測各孔吸光度(A)值,以衡量細(xì)胞的遷移能力。
1.2.4 qRT-PCR利用TRIzol提取細(xì)胞RNA,利用M-MLV逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶將總RNA反轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,然后用SYBR?Select Master Mix進(jìn)行qRT-PCR。PCR引物設(shè)計(jì)見表1。PCR反應(yīng)條件:95℃預(yù)變性3 min,94℃變性40 s,60℃復(fù)性30 s,72℃延伸30 s,循環(huán)40次后,72℃延伸7 min。以β-actin為內(nèi)參來校正目的基因的表達(dá)量。Fstl1引物:上游5′-TTAT?GATGGGCACTGCAAAGAA-3′,下游5′-ACTGCCTTTAGAG AACCAAGCC-3′,產(chǎn)物151 bp。β-actin引物:上游5′-AGG CCAACCGTGAAAAGATG-3′,下游5′-AGAGCATAGCCCTC?GTAGATGG-3′,產(chǎn)物265 bp。
1.2.5 Western blot分析B16F10細(xì)胞分別用不同濃度的CoCl2(50、100 μmol/L)在不含血清的DMEM中處理24 h后,收集各組細(xì)胞及上清。收集的細(xì)胞超聲破碎后,于4℃、12 000 r/min離心10 min,取上清即為蛋白提取溶液。用BCA試劑盒測定蛋白濃度后,加入5×Sample buffer,100℃煮沸5 min,根據(jù)蛋白濃度取一定量蛋白上樣進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳分離。收集的細(xì)胞上清用飽和三氯乙酸(TCA)沉淀,加入100μL 1×Sample buffer,100℃煮沸5 min,每組各取30 μL總蛋白進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE膠電泳分離。濕轉(zhuǎn)法將凝膠上的蛋白轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜上,5%脫脂奶粉室溫封閉1 h后,再分別加入羊抗鼠FSTL1多克隆抗體(1∶200),兔抗鼠β-actin多克隆抗體(1∶5 000)4℃孵育過夜。TBST洗膜5次,每次7 min。加入辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的二抗,室溫孵育1 h,洗膜,ECL顯影。1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件處理,數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x ±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1不同濃度CoCl2對(duì)B16F10細(xì)胞活力的影響隨著CoCl2濃度和培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的增加,B16F10細(xì)胞活力逐漸降低。CoCl2終濃度為200、400 μmol/L處理B16F10細(xì)胞24 h和48 h時(shí)以及CoCl2終濃度為50、100 μmol/L處理B16F10細(xì)胞48 h時(shí),細(xì)胞活力均顯著下降(P<0.05)。而50、100 μmol/L處理B16F10細(xì)胞24 h,細(xì)胞活力未受到顯著影響(P>0.05),見表1。故后續(xù)研究中選擇50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L 2個(gè)劑量處理細(xì)胞24 h作為CoCl2的實(shí)驗(yàn)濃度和時(shí)間,觀察黑色素瘤細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)變化。
Tab. 1 Effects of hypoxia induced by different concentrations of CoCl2on cell viability of B16F10表1不同濃度CoCl2誘導(dǎo)低氧對(duì)B16F10細(xì)胞存活率的影響(n=4,%, x ±s)
2.2 CoCl2低氧對(duì)B16F10細(xì)胞遷移能力的影響50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L CoCl2處理組B16F10細(xì)胞遷移能力(0.158±0.006,0.203±0.002)均高于對(duì)照組(0.107±0.001,均P<0.05),見圖1。
2.3 CoCl2低氧對(duì)B16F10細(xì)胞FSTL1轉(zhuǎn)錄、表達(dá)和分泌的影響50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L CoCl2處理組Fstl1 mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄水平(1.573±0.114,2.219±0.085)均高于對(duì)照組(0.962±0.054,均P<0.01),見圖2A。而胞內(nèi)FSTL1蛋白表達(dá)與Fstl1 mRNA表達(dá)趨勢一致,見圖2B。同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn),不同濃度CoCl2處理B16F10細(xì)胞后,胞外FSTL1蛋白表達(dá)均低于對(duì)照組,且100 μmol/L CoCl2處理組幾乎檢測不到。
Fig. 1 Effects of hypoxiainduced by different concentrations of CoCl2on migration of B16F10圖1 CoCl2低氧對(duì)B16F10細(xì)胞遷移能力的影響
Fig. 2 Effects of CoCl2induced hypoxiaon expression of Fstl1 mRNA and FSTL1 protein in B16F10圖2 CoCl2低氧對(duì)Fstl1 mRNA和FSTL1蛋白表達(dá)的影響
3.1研究背景惡性黑色素瘤因具有很高的增殖、局部浸潤和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的潛能,使其在皮膚腫瘤中具有惡性程度高、預(yù)后差的特點(diǎn)。遷移不僅是細(xì)胞進(jìn)行很多重要生理活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ),同時(shí)也是腫瘤發(fā)生和炎癥反應(yīng)等病理過程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)[5]。如何控制癌細(xì)胞的運(yùn)動(dòng)是治療腫瘤的關(guān)鍵問題之一。導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移運(yùn)動(dòng)有著多種不同的機(jī)制,腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展過程存在的氧供應(yīng)不足是其重要的原因之一。
3.2低氧模型建立細(xì)胞的低氧模型主要分為2種:環(huán)境低氧和細(xì)胞內(nèi)低氧。環(huán)境低氧模型通過改變氧分壓使細(xì)胞處于低氧狀態(tài),其與體內(nèi)細(xì)胞缺氧的生理狀況更接近,但需要特殊的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)設(shè)備且費(fèi)用高昂,而CoCl2模擬的細(xì)胞內(nèi)缺氧模型操作相對(duì)簡單,低氧更易于控制,因此更常用于各種實(shí)驗(yàn)性缺氧研究[6]。Co2+是鐵螯合酶的底物,它可以通過與Fe2+競爭性結(jié)合血紅蛋白,阻斷氧感受器與氧結(jié)合,使細(xì)胞“感覺”缺氧,上調(diào)低氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α(HIF-1α)的表達(dá)而增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞的抗缺氧能力[7]。本研究采用CoCl2成功模擬了小鼠黑色素瘤細(xì)胞的缺氧環(huán)境,發(fā)現(xiàn)低氧環(huán)境可以導(dǎo)致B16F10細(xì)胞存活率顯著下降,并呈濃度和時(shí)間依賴性。同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)CoCl2低氧可以促進(jìn)B16F10細(xì)胞的遷移能力以及Fstl1 mRNA和胞內(nèi)蛋白表達(dá)顯著升高,而抑制FSTL1蛋白向胞外的分泌。
3.3 FSTL1與腫瘤的關(guān)系FSTL1作為一個(gè)胞外分泌的小分子蛋白,具有生物學(xué)功能的多樣性。現(xiàn)有研究表明FSTL1在胚胎發(fā)育[8-9]、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎[10]、心血管疾病以及肺纖維[11-12]等過程中都扮演著重要角色。FSTL1的表達(dá)和人類多種腫瘤細(xì)胞也密切相關(guān),但關(guān)于FSTL1在腫瘤免疫中的研究存在分歧。一方面,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞系中FSTL1均是低表達(dá),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)connexin43蛋白通過調(diào)控FSTL1的分泌[13],從而抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖以及遷移[14];另一方面,也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FSTL1可以促進(jìn)前列腺癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移[15],這說明FSTL1對(duì)于腫瘤具有雙向調(diào)節(jié)的作用。本研究顯示,CoCl2模擬低氧雖然促進(jìn)了FSTL1的轉(zhuǎn)錄和胞內(nèi)蛋白水平表達(dá),但卻抑制了FSTL1向細(xì)胞外的分泌。FSTL1可通過改變細(xì)胞微環(huán)境,在細(xì)胞外水平調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的各種活動(dòng)。因此,筆者推測CoCl2低氧促進(jìn)黑色素瘤細(xì)胞遷移可能主要與FSTL1蛋白向胞外的分泌有關(guān)。
3.4展望本課題組在后續(xù)的研究中將對(duì)FSTL1進(jìn)行knockdown或加入其抑制劑,降低或阻斷FSTL1的表達(dá),觀察其對(duì)遷移是否有減低或逆轉(zhuǎn)作用,進(jìn)一步明確CoCl2低氧促進(jìn)黑色素瘤細(xì)胞遷移與FSTL1蛋白的關(guān)系及其分子機(jī)制。
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(2015-09-02收稿2015-11-12修回)
(本文編輯李鵬)
Effects of cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia on cell migration and expression and secretion of FSTL1 in melanoma cell line
REN Fangyuan1,LI Lian1,JIANG Fangxin2,F(xiàn)ENG Jing1,CHEN Baoyuan1, CAO Jie1
1 Respiratory Department of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,Tianjin 300052, China;
2 College of Life Sciences, Nankai University
Corresponding Author E-mail:tjcaojie@sina.com
Abstract:Objective To explore the effects of cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced hypoxia on migration of melanoma cells, and to detect the transcription, expression and secretion of Follistatin-like 1(FSTL1)in this process. Methods B16F10 melanoma cell line was treated with CoCl2in order to mimic hypoxia. Experimental cells were divided into three groups: 0 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L CoCl2treatment groups. MTT assay was used to assure cell viability, and to determinethe treatment concentration of CoCl2. Transwell assay was used to determine the migration ability of B16F10 melanoma cell line. Real-time PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of Fstl1. Western blot assay was used to detect the intracel?lular and extracellular protein expression of FSTL1. Results The cell viability of B16F10 melanoma cell line was signifi?cantly reduced by CoCl2treatment, with a time and concentration-dependent manner. The migration ability of B16F10 cell line was significantly increased in CoCl2treated group compared with that of control group (P<0.05). The mRNA level of Fstl1 was obviously higher in CoCl2treated group than that of control group (P<0.05). The intracellular expression of FSTL1 protein was consistent with the expression trend of Fstl1 mRNA. Simultaneously, the extracellular protein level of FSTL1 was significantly decreased compared with that of control group. There was no expression of FSTL1 in 100 μmol/L CoCl2treat?ment group. Conclusion The migration ability of melanoma cell line is enhanced by CoCl2treatment, which may be associ?ated with expression and secretion of FSTL1, however, the relevant mechanism still needs further investigation.
Key words:melanoma;cell movement;cell hypoxia;cobalt chloride;migration;follistatin-like 1黑色素瘤是一類來源于神經(jīng)嵴黑色素細(xì)胞的高度惡性腫瘤,具有很高的發(fā)病率和死亡率,一旦遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,預(yù)后極差。低氧是腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中存在的一種普遍的病生理現(xiàn)象,同時(shí)也是誘發(fā)腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移的始動(dòng)因素之一[1]。氯化鈷(cobalt chloride,CoCl2)是一種常用的化學(xué)性低氧模擬劑,經(jīng)常應(yīng)用于研究低氧與腫瘤的關(guān)系及其分子機(jī)制。Follistatin-like protein 1(FSTL1)是一種可分泌的小分子糖蛋白(38 ku),屬于Fst-SPARC蛋白家族[2]。研究表明它可以調(diào)控腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和分化,是一個(gè)與腫瘤相關(guān)的蛋白因子[3]。研究表明低氧對(duì)腫瘤遷移和進(jìn)展具有重要作用[4],而在此過程中FSTL1的表達(dá)分泌及其調(diào)控的分子機(jī)制尚不清楚。本研究通過CoCl2模擬細(xì)胞缺氧檢測低氧對(duì)黑色素瘤細(xì)胞系B16F10遷移能力的影響,并進(jìn)一步觀察在此過程中腫瘤相關(guān)蛋白
中圖分類號(hào):R739.5
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/20150144
基金項(xiàng)目:國家十二五科技支撐計(jì)劃(2012BAI05B02)
作者簡介:任方元(1990),女,碩士在讀,主要從事睡眠低氧性疾病和腫瘤相關(guān)研究
通訊作者E-mail:tjcaojie@sina.com