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唑來(lái)膦酸對(duì)人直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞體外增殖和凋亡的影響

2016-06-01 12:20:16高向陽(yáng)
關(guān)鍵詞:線粒體直腸癌引物

田 甜, 冷 潔, 趙 晶, 高向陽(yáng), 宋 超, 高 超

1.徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生學(xué)院2013級(jí),江蘇 徐州 221004; 2.徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科

唑來(lái)膦酸對(duì)人直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞體外增殖和凋亡的影響

田 甜1, 冷 潔1, 趙 晶2, 高向陽(yáng)2, 宋 超2, 高 超2

1.徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生學(xué)院2013級(jí),江蘇 徐州 221004; 2.徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科

目的 探討唑來(lái)膦酸(Zoledronic acid,ZOL)對(duì)人直腸癌細(xì)胞株COLO320體外增殖和凋亡的影響,及其誘導(dǎo)凋亡可能的分子機(jī)制。方法 采用CCK-8法檢測(cè)不同濃度ZOL作用不同時(shí)間對(duì)COLO320細(xì)胞增殖的影響,并計(jì)算半數(shù)致死量(IC50)及增殖抑制率;采用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)(flow cytometry,F(xiàn)CM)分析ZOL對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡的影響;采用Western blotting和實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR(Real-Time PCR)檢測(cè)ZOL作用直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞72 h后相關(guān)凋亡基因Bad、Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase-9的mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組相比,ZOL處理組的直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞增殖受到明顯抑制,呈劑量和時(shí)間依賴性(P<0.05),24、48、72和96 h的IC50分別是209.4、103.6、74.1、65.6 μmol/L;且ZOL對(duì)COLO320細(xì)胞增殖抑制作用呈時(shí)間和濃度依賴性。FCM示不同濃度ZOL處理直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞72 h后的凋亡率較對(duì)照組均有不同程度升高,但20 μmol/L濃度組與對(duì)照組之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),其余各組與對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。ZOL處理72 h后的COLO320細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)基因Bcl-2的表達(dá)水平下降,Bax、Bad、Caspase-9的表達(dá)升高。RT-PCR顯示,Bcl-2 mRNA表達(dá)下調(diào),Bax、Bad、Caspase-9 mRNA表達(dá)升高。 結(jié)論 ZOL對(duì)人直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞的增殖有抑制作用,對(duì)其凋亡有誘導(dǎo)作用。

直腸癌;唑來(lái)膦酸;COLO320細(xì)胞;增殖;凋亡

唑來(lái)膦酸(Zoledronic acid,ZOL)是第3代雙膦酸鹽類藥物,是一種高效破骨細(xì)胞抑制劑,臨床上主要用于各種腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移和良性骨病等的治療,并取得了安全可靠的療效[1]。臨床前研究顯示,ZOL除了有抑制骨吸收作用外,還具有直接的體內(nèi)外抗腫瘤作用[2-3],并與化療藥物協(xié)同抗腫瘤,可以提高其化療療效[4]。理論上,ZOL的作用機(jī)制可能為:(1)抗血管生成效應(yīng)[5];(2)抑制細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞溶解,并誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[6];(3)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散、浸潤(rùn)和黏附等。ZOL已被證實(shí)對(duì)于多種癌細(xì)胞系(如肺癌[7]、結(jié)腸癌[8]、胃癌[9]、乳腺癌[6]等)有直接抗腫瘤作用。而其對(duì)于直腸癌是否有作用目前鮮有報(bào)道。

本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過觀察不同濃度ZOL作用于體外培養(yǎng)人直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞后所導(dǎo)致的腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖的影響,及凋亡相關(guān)因子表達(dá)水平的變化,探討ZOL對(duì)直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞增殖及誘導(dǎo)凋亡作用的分子機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料 人直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞購(gòu)自武漢大學(xué)細(xì)胞庫(kù)。

1.2 主要試劑 ZOL粉劑購(gòu)自Sigma公司;CCK-8試劑盒(日本同仁化學(xué)研究所);SuperReal PreMix Plus(SYBR Green)(北京天根生化科技有限公司);辣根酶標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG、羊抗小鼠IgG(HRP標(biāo)記)(北京中杉金橋生物有限公司);鼠抗人Bcl-2(美國(guó)Santa Cruz公司);兔抗人Bax、Bad(美國(guó)Cell Signaling公司);兔抗人Caspase-9(Bioworld Technology);RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基(南京凱基);胎牛血清(杭州四季青生物工程有限公司);凱基Annexin VFITC/PI細(xì)胞凋亡試劑盒(南京凱基生物科技發(fā)展有限公司)。

1.3 方法

1.3.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng):用含80 U/ml青霉素、0.08 mg/ml鏈霉素、10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基,在37 ℃、5%CO2飽和濕度培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)COLO320細(xì)胞。細(xì)胞呈單層貼壁生長(zhǎng)。隔天換液,用0.05%胰蛋白酶消化傳代。

1.3.2 CCK-8法檢測(cè)ZOL對(duì)COLO320細(xì)胞增殖的影響:消化、收集處于對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的細(xì)胞,調(diào)成為5×104/ml的單細(xì)胞懸液,接種于96孔板,100 μl/孔。24 h后,加入以RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液配制的ZOL,至終濃度分別為20、40、60、80、100、120 μmol/L。實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)含RPMI-1640全培養(yǎng)基的空白對(duì)照組和僅經(jīng)濃度調(diào)整但未給予藥物的陰性對(duì)照組。每個(gè)濃度設(shè)6個(gè)復(fù)孔,分別于培養(yǎng)24、48、72和96 h后,每孔加入CCK-8試劑10 μl于37 ℃、5%CO2的培養(yǎng)箱中孵育1~2 h,實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,于酶標(biāo)儀450 nm處檢測(cè)光密度(D)值,并計(jì)算抑制率。增殖抑制率(%)=(1-實(shí)驗(yàn)組D值/對(duì)照組D值)×100%。

1.3.3 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)(FCM)細(xì)胞調(diào)亡檢測(cè)方法:取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的COLO320細(xì)胞接種于6孔培養(yǎng)板中常規(guī)培養(yǎng)24 h使細(xì)胞貼壁生長(zhǎng);以0、20、40、60、80、100、120 μmol/L濃度的ZOL作用COLO320細(xì)胞72 h后,用不含乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)的胰酶消化各組細(xì)胞,同樣以不含藥物的培養(yǎng)基作為陰性對(duì)照組;加入Binding Buffer懸浮細(xì)胞 500 μl/管,并轉(zhuǎn)移到各相應(yīng)的流式檢測(cè)管中,加入Annexin V-FITC 5 μl/管,混勻后加入Propidium Iodide 5 μl/管,混勻;室溫下、避光,待反應(yīng)5~15 min后,移入4 ℃保存;在 1 h 內(nèi),進(jìn)行FCM檢測(cè)。

1.3.4 Western blotting法測(cè)定Bad、Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase-9蛋白表達(dá)水平:COLO320細(xì)胞經(jīng)20、60、120 μmol/L濃度ZOL處理72 h后,加入適量裂解液,收集蛋白上清液,取蛋白提取液樣品30 μl上樣于12%的十二烷基硫酸鈉-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳(SDS-PAGE)膠,轉(zhuǎn)到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜;以脫脂奶粉封閉后,分別于4 ℃以1∶1 000濃度稀釋的Bax、Bad單抗,以1∶500濃度稀釋的Caspase-9及1∶100濃度稀釋的Bcl-2抗體孵育過夜,洗膜后并孵育二抗2 h;用雞冠刺桐凝集素(ECL)顯色。用灰度軟件掃描各組灰度值。

1.3.5 實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR(Real-Time PCR)測(cè)定Bad、Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase-9 mRNA表達(dá)水平:COLO320細(xì)胞經(jīng)20、60、120 μmol/L濃度ZOL處理72 h后,以TRIzol液提取細(xì)胞總RNA,取適量用于反轉(zhuǎn)錄,產(chǎn)物用于實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR的擴(kuò)增。目的基因Bad上游引物:5′-CCAGAGTTTGAGCCGAGTGAG-3′,下游引物:5′-GATGATGCTTGCCGGAGCC-3′;Caspase-9上游引物:5′-GCTCCTGGTACGTTGAGACC-3′,下游引物:5′-CACCGAAACAGCATTAGCGAC-3′;Bcl-2上游引物:5′-ATGTGTGTGGAGAGCGTCAA-3′,下游引物:5′-GAGACAGCCAGGAGAAATCAA-3′;Bax上游引物:5′-ATGGGCTGGACATTGGAC-3′,下游引物:5′-GGGACATCAGTCGCTTCAG-3′;以β-肌動(dòng)蛋白(actin)為內(nèi)參照,其上游引物:5′-CTTAGTTGCGTTACACCCTTTC-3′,下游引物:5′-GTCACCTTCACCGTTCCAGT-3′,PCR反應(yīng)條件為:95 ℃變性15 s,60 ℃退火/延伸30 s,共40個(gè)循環(huán)。用Applied Biosystems(7500 Real Time PCR System)分析儀進(jìn)行分析。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 CCK-8法檢測(cè)ZOL對(duì)COLO320細(xì)胞增殖的影響 不同藥物濃度對(duì)直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞作用24~96 h后,細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)均受到不同程度的抑制,且隨藥物濃度升高抑制作用增強(qiáng);相同藥物濃度作用不同時(shí)間抑制作用不同,且隨作用時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),抑制作用增強(qiáng)。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)結(jié)果顯示各組間的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。不同濃度組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。ZOL處理COLO320細(xì)胞24、48、72和96 h后的IC50值分別為209.4、103.6、74.1、65.6 μmol/L。根據(jù)IC50數(shù)值,我們選用ZOL作用72 h后做后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn),為了進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明其具有濃度依賴性,我們選用20、60和120 μmol/L的藥物濃度做后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

2.2 ZOL對(duì)直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞凋亡率的影響 用20、60、100及120 μmol/L濃度的ZOL處理直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞72 h后的細(xì)胞凋亡率分別為(8.17±2.06)%、(19.80±2.10)%、(28.69±1.97)%、(28.85±1.45)%,與對(duì)照組(7.38±1.44)%相比,凋亡率均升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但20 μmol/L濃度組與對(duì)照組相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);100及120 μmol/L濃度組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),其余各組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見圖1、圖2)。

圖1 ZOL對(duì)人直腸癌細(xì)胞COLO320增殖的影響

Fig 1 The effects of ZOL on the proliferation of human rectal cells COLO320

2.3 Western blotting法檢測(cè)各組COLO320細(xì)胞相關(guān)凋亡基因的蛋白表達(dá)水平 經(jīng)20、60和120 μmol/L濃度的ZOL處理直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞72 h后,與對(duì)照組相比,Bad、Bax及Caspase-9蛋白的表達(dá)水平均升高,Bcl-2表達(dá)降低,且呈濃度依賴性,不同濃度組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見圖3)。

圖2 ZOL對(duì)直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞凋亡率的影響 A:對(duì)照組;B:20 μmol/L濃度組;C:60 μmol/L濃度組;D:100 μmol/L濃度組;E:120 μmol/L濃度組;F:各濃度組

Fig 2 The effects of ZOL on apoptosis rate of COLO320 cells of rectal cancer A:control group;B:20 μmol/L concentration group;C:60 μmol/L concentration group;D:100 μmol/L concentration group;E:120 μmol/L concentration group;F:each concentration group

圖3 ZOL對(duì)直腸癌細(xì)胞COLO320凋亡相關(guān)蛋白的影響

Fig 3 The effects of ZOL on apoptosis-related proteins of COLO320 cells of rectal cancer

2.4 熒光定量PCR結(jié)果 經(jīng)ZOL處理后,與對(duì)照組組相比,各濃度組Bad、Bax及Caspase-9 mRNA的表達(dá)水平均升高,Bcl-2 mRNA表達(dá)下降,且呈濃度依賴性(見圖4)。與未經(jīng)藥物處理的對(duì)照組相比,隨著藥物濃度的升高,20、60和120 μmol/L濃度ZOL處理后:Bad mRNA的表達(dá)量分別是對(duì)照組的1.41、2.29和3.34倍;Bax mRNA的表達(dá)量分別是對(duì)照組的1.66、2.14和2.70倍;Bcl-2 mRNA的表達(dá)量分別是對(duì)照組的87.1%、64.8%、34.1%;Caspase-9 mRNA的表達(dá)量分別是對(duì)照組的2.45、3.62和4.76倍。

注:與0 μmol/L濃度相比,**P<0.05。

圖4 ZOL對(duì)各濃度組相關(guān)凋亡基因mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量影響 A:Bad mRNA表達(dá)水平;B:Bax mRNA表達(dá)水平;C:Bcl-2 mRNA表達(dá)水平;D:Caspase-9 mRNA表達(dá)水平

Fig 4 Effect of ZOL on the expression of mRNA in different concentrations A: expression of Bad mRNA; B: expression of Bax mRNA; C: expression of Bcl-2 mRNA; D: expression of Caspase-9 mRNA

3 討論

直腸癌是胃腸道常見的惡性腫瘤之一,發(fā)病率僅次于胃癌及結(jié)腸癌,好發(fā)于40歲以上男性,且發(fā)病年齡呈年輕化趨勢(shì),目前,直腸癌的根治仍以手術(shù)為主并輔以放化療等綜合治療[10-11]。尋求安全、可靠且副作用小的藥物仍是臨床及科研的主要任務(wù)。

ZOL是第三代雙磷酸鹽類藥物,自開發(fā)上市以來(lái)已在80多個(gè)國(guó)家廣泛應(yīng)用,其安全性得到肯定。ZOL的主要藥理作用是通過抑制破骨細(xì)胞的活性和誘導(dǎo)破骨細(xì)胞凋亡來(lái)抑制骨吸收[12]。研究表明,其可有效控制多種實(shí)體瘤的骨相關(guān)事件,如前列腺癌[13-14]、肺癌和其他實(shí)體瘤[15-16]。除此之外,ZOL還具有體內(nèi)外抗腫瘤活性作用[2-3]。

Bad、Bax、Bcl-2及Caspase-9在細(xì)胞凋亡的線粒體途徑起著重要作用。研究表明在脊椎動(dòng)物細(xì)胞凋亡過程中,線粒體被認(rèn)為處于凋亡調(diào)控的中心位置,其關(guān)鍵分子是細(xì)胞色素C。細(xì)胞損傷后,細(xì)胞色素C從線粒體釋放,與細(xì)胞凋亡激活因子1(Apaf-1)結(jié)合,并活化Caspase-9前體,進(jìn)一步激活Caspase-3從而引發(fā)Caspases級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),誘發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡[17-18]。Bcl-2家族在細(xì)胞凋亡的線粒體途徑中起著非常重要的調(diào)控作用[19]。Bcl-2家族成員分布廣泛,但大量數(shù)據(jù)表明主要效應(yīng)部位是線粒體。在細(xì)胞凋亡過程中,Bcl-2家族促凋亡成員被激活,導(dǎo)致BH3結(jié)構(gòu)域暴露[可能與去磷酸化方式(Bid)或Caspases蛋白水解作用(Bad)等有關(guān)],引起其構(gòu)象改變,并轉(zhuǎn)移到線粒體[19]。Bax、Bad或Bid轉(zhuǎn)移到線粒體后(Bax在線粒體外膜通過形成離子通道方式促進(jìn)細(xì)胞色素C等蛋白分子釋放),可引起線粒體釋放大量蛋白質(zhì),包括細(xì)胞色素C。細(xì)胞色素C進(jìn)入線粒體后轉(zhuǎn)化為全細(xì)胞色素C,其可以誘導(dǎo)Caspases激活。而Bcl-2和Bcl-xl可直接與Caspases前體聯(lián)結(jié)的Apaf-1相結(jié)合存在于線粒體外膜。通過線粒體-Bcl-2/Bcl-xl-Apaf-1-caspase 9前體四聚體復(fù)合物,對(duì)Apaf-1結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行調(diào)控,這樣,通過抑制細(xì)胞色素C的釋放,Bcl-2和Bcl-xl等就可以最終發(fā)揮抑制細(xì)胞凋亡作用[20]??梢姡珺cl-2表達(dá)具有抑制細(xì)胞凋亡作用。Bad、Bax及Caspase-9的表達(dá)可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的凋亡。

本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)ZOL處理后的COLO320細(xì)胞,與未經(jīng)ZOL處理細(xì)胞相比,其Bcl-2 mRNA及其蛋白表達(dá)含量均減少,而Bad、Bax及Caspase-9 mRNA及其蛋白表達(dá)含量均增多,說(shuō)明ZOL對(duì)直腸癌COLO320細(xì)胞的凋亡有促進(jìn)作用,并推想線粒體途徑可能是ZOL誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的重要途徑之一。結(jié)合CCK8結(jié)果分析ZOL對(duì)COLO320細(xì)胞的增殖有明顯抑制作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,ZOL對(duì)直腸癌有一定的抗腫瘤作用,但本實(shí)驗(yàn)僅限于體外實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,其具體的抗腫瘤作用仍需體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步探索。

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(責(zé)任編輯:馬 軍)

Effects of Zoledronic acid on the proliferation and apoptosis of human rectal cancer COLO320 cells in vitro

TIAN Tian1, LENG Jie1, ZHAO Jing2, GAO Xiangyang2, SONG Chao2, GAO Chao2

1.Grade 2013, Graduate School of Medical sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004; 2.Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China

Objective To investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of Zoledronic acid (ZOL) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human rectal cancer COLO320 cell in vitro.Methods The proliferation of COLO320 cells exposed to different concentrations of ZOL for various periods was examined by the cell counting kit-8(CCK-8), the rate of inhibition and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were calulated. Flow cytometry(FCM) showed ZOL induced apoptosis in COLO320 cells. The expressions of Bad, Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-9 were measured by Western blotting and Real-Time PCR. Results Compared with the control group, ZOL treatment could remarkably inhibit the proliferation of rectal cancer COLO320 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner (P<0.05). The values of IC50were 209.4 μmol/L for 24 hours, 103.6 μmol/L for 48 hours, 74.1 μmol/L for 72 hours, 65.6 μmol/L for 96 hours. FCM showed that the apoptosis rate of colorectal cancer cells COLO320 72 hours treated with different concentrations of ZOL were increased with different degrees compared with control group, but there was no significant difference between the 20 μmol/L concentration group and the control group (P>0.05), there were statistically significant differences between control group and other groups (P<0.05). Meanwhile, Western blotting and Real-Time PCR results showed that the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated and expressions of Bad, Bax and Caspase-9 mRNA were up-regulated at a dose-dependent manner in COLO320 cells.Conclusion ZOL can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in rectal cancer COLO320 cells in vitro.

Rectal cancer; Zoledronic acid; COLO320 cells; Proliferation; Apoptosis

10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2016.10.024

田甜,碩士研究生,研究方向:消化道腫瘤的綜合治療。E-mail: 814883815@qq.com

高超,教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:消化道腫瘤的綜合治療。E-mail: gaochaoly@sina.com

R735.3+7

A

1006-5709(2016)10-1171-05

2016-03-29

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