宮慧英,翟紅華

(1.青島黃海學(xué)院 基礎(chǔ)教學(xué)部,青島 266427; 2.山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 外國語學(xué)院,泰安 271000)

毛澤東詩詞英譯中關(guān)于“天”的翻譯研究

宮慧英1,翟紅華2

(1.青島黃海學(xué)院 基礎(chǔ)教學(xué)部,青島 266427; 2.山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 外國語學(xué)院,泰安 271000)

研究毛澤東詩詞的英譯,不僅有益于欣賞毛澤東詩詞的磅礴氣勢、恢弘意象,而且還有利于提高英語鑒賞水平及翻譯水平。以關(guān)于“天”的翻譯為語料,比較分析中外多個(gè)英譯版本中對“天”的翻譯,總結(jié)出毛澤東詩詞中的大部分“天”及其含有“天”的詞語主要有三層含義:天空、自然、天公?！疤臁钡暮x不同,譯法也應(yīng)各異。通過評論這些翻譯,同時(shí)提出個(gè)人觀點(diǎn):將“天空”之“天”翻譯成sky較達(dá)意;將“自然”之“天”翻譯成nature較貼切;將“天公”之“天”翻譯成heaven較傳神。另有少數(shù)含有“天”字的詞語,需聯(lián)系上下文,遵照“最大限度再現(xiàn)詩人所創(chuàng)設(shè)的意境”這一原則進(jìn)行翻譯。

毛澤東詩詞英譯;“天”的含義;“天”的不同譯法

毛澤東詩詞氣勢磅礴,意象恢宏,以史詩般的語言,指點(diǎn)江山,激揚(yáng)文字,不僅在國內(nèi)家喻戶曉,而且在國外也具有深遠(yuǎn)的影響力。毛澤東詩詞先后被譯成幾十種文字,尤其值得一提的是毛澤東詩詞的英譯,其翻譯版本之多,翻譯人員水平之高,令人嘆為觀止。毛澤東詩詞的英譯者,不僅包括像袁水拍、錢鐘書、喬冠華、葉君健、趙樸初(此五人為毛澤東詩詞英譯定稿小組成員)[1]、辜正坤、許淵沖、趙甄陶、黃龍、趙恒元、周流溪、李正栓等國內(nèi)的大家,而且還包括Michael Bullock、Paul Woods、Willis Barnstone、陳志讓(Jerome Ch’ên)、郭清波(Ko Ching-po)、聶華苓(Hua-ling Nieh Engle)及其丈夫Paul Engle等華人華僑或國外的名家。所以研究毛澤東詩詞的英譯,不僅可以領(lǐng)會(huì)毛澤東在詩詞中所體現(xiàn)的博大的胸襟、豐富的意象,而且還可以提高英語鑒賞水平及漢譯英水平。

毛澤東詩詞之所以影響深遠(yuǎn)、歷久彌新,與其中洋溢的革命浪漫主義精神是密不可分的,而這種昂揚(yáng)的革命浪漫主義精神,是通過宏博壯闊的意象表現(xiàn)出來的。毛澤東偏愛體積碩大、形態(tài)粗獷的名詞意象,“天”、“山”、“水”等名詞意象在毛澤東詩詞中非常突出。意象是詩詞的靈魂,自然也是譯作的靈魂。所以,毛澤東詩詞中靜態(tài)意象的翻譯頗具查考、研究的價(jià)值。限于篇幅,在此以“天”為例,探討毛澤東詩詞中靜態(tài)意象的英譯問題。

以人民文學(xué)出版社出版的50首毛澤東詩詞為統(tǒng)計(jì)對象,其中有28首46處出現(xiàn)了“天”字或含有“天”字的詞語。毛澤東詩詞中所涉及的“天”或含有“天”字的詞語,其含義各不相同,以下歸納的幾種含義最多。

一、天即“天空”

毛澤東詩詞中的“天”,很多時(shí)候是指“天空”。例如:“漫天皆白,雪里行軍情更迫”(《減字木蘭花·廣昌路上》),“洞庭湘水漲連天”(《七古·送縱宇一郎東行》),“寥廓江天萬里霜”(《采桑子·重陽》),“天高云淡,望斷南飛雁”(《清平樂·六盤山》),“萬里長江橫渡,極目楚天舒”(《水調(diào)歌頭·游泳》),等等。毛澤東筆下的“天空”,遼闊、蒼茫而高遠(yuǎn),所以各位譯者在翻譯的時(shí)候,大都著意再現(xiàn)其廣袤深遠(yuǎn)的意境。

例1 極目楚天舒?！端{(diào)歌頭·游泳》

Looking afar to the open sky of Chu.[2]

(《毛澤東詩詞》翻譯組,2003)

And as far as can reach the eye,

I find the wide,wide Southern sky.[3]

(許淵沖,2006)

As far as the immense skies over Chu I stretch my eyes.[4]

(黃龍,1993)

Looking as far as my eyes can reach to the sky of Chu.[5]

(辜正坤,1995)

Extending my eye to the wide sky of the South.[6]

(李正栓,2010)

在例1中,五位(或組)譯者無一例外地將“天”譯成sky或skies。之所以這樣翻譯,是因?yàn)閟ky一詞,意為“天空”,是英文中的常用詞匯,符合原詞中“天”的涵義;二則“英文sky一詞,以長元音[ai]結(jié)尾,余音裊裊,正迎合了天之廣袤與浩瀚”[7]。

例2 寥廓江天萬里霜?！恫缮Ｗ印ぶ仃枴?/p>

See the endless expanse of frosty sky and water.[2]

(《毛澤東詩詞》翻譯組,2003)

Under the clear sky lie Ten Thousand miles of frost and water.[8]

(王慧明,1975)

endless river and sky,many thousand miles of frost.[9]

(聶華苓& Paul Engle,1972)

Attired in a myriad-li rime are the far-flung rivers and sky.[4]

(黃龍,1993)

Boundless are the sky,water and the rime.[6]

(李正栓,2010)

Is a myriad leagues of frosty sky and waters.[10]

(陳志讓& Michael Bullock,1965)

The frost drapes heaven and blankets the vast land.[11]

(趙恒元& Paul Woods,1993)

例2中的七位(或組)譯者,有六位(或組)將“天”譯成sky,只有趙恒元& Paul Woods將“天”譯成heaven。筆者認(rèn)為,趙恒元 & Paul Woods的翻譯采用暗喻的修辭手法,形象地描述了“霜”遮蔽了天空,覆蓋了大地。但“霜”在《新華字典》上的釋義為:“附著在地面或植物上面的微細(xì)冰粒,是接近地面的水蒸氣冷至攝氏零度以下凝結(jié)而成的?！庇纱丝梢?趙恒元 & Paul Woods的翻譯,一方面疑似將“霜frost”和“霧fog”混淆所致;另一方面也沒有很好地再現(xiàn)原詩的意境。原詩“寥廓江天萬里霜”描繪了一幅在深秋(重陽節(jié))之時(shí),由寥廓的汀江、天空以及一望無際的秋霜組成的蒼茫、高遠(yuǎn)的圖畫,抒發(fā)了毛澤東高遠(yuǎn)、博大的胸懷。綜上所述,例2中的“天”,翻譯成heaven明顯不如翻譯成sky更能再現(xiàn)原詩中所創(chuàng)設(shè)的那種蒼茫、寥廓的意境。

例3 天高云淡——《清平樂·六盤山》

The sky is high,the clouds are light[3]

(許淵沖,2006)

The sky is high,the clouds are thin[12]

(周流溪,2002)

The sky is high;the fleecy clouds are bright[13]

(趙甄陶,1992)

The sky is high,the clouds are pale[2]

(《毛澤東詩詞》翻譯組,2003)

Sky is high and clouds are light[6]

(李正栓,2010)

So high is the crystal vault with clouds clad in light white[4]

（3）凝結(jié)水泵耗電率偏高。凝結(jié)水泵設(shè)計(jì)為工頻運(yùn)行方式，在中低負(fù)荷下凝結(jié)水壓力較高，同時(shí)受空冷機(jī)組的影響，同負(fù)荷下凝結(jié)水量較水冷機(jī)組偏高，造成凝結(jié)水泵耗電率偏大，最高可達(dá)0.4%，占廠用電率的3.73%。

(黃龍,1993)

例3中的六位(或組)譯者,有五位(或組)將“天”譯成sky或skies,只有黃龍將其譯成vault。筆者認(rèn)為,黃龍將“天高云淡”譯成So high is the crystal vault with clouds clad in light white,描繪了一幅唯美的畫面,使人如臨其境。但vault是個(gè)多義詞,用作名詞時(shí),在《新英漢詞典》中的釋義為:1)拱券,拱頂;2)地下室;3)(教堂或墳場的)地下墓室;4)(設(shè)于地下的)金庫,保險(xiǎn)庫(尤指銀行的);5)拱券狀覆蓋物,等等。有時(shí)用the vault of heaven指蒼穹,即天空,但并不常見,只用vault來指天空就越發(fā)生僻,不符合原詩中的那種平易的風(fēng)格。所以筆者認(rèn)為,黃龍的翻譯如果改成So high is the crystal sky with clouds clad in light white會(huì)更好。而前五位(或組)譯者均使用平易的風(fēng)格翻譯該句詩,將“天”譯成sky,較符合原文的意境。

例4 洞庭湘水漲連天——《七古·送縱宇一郎東行》

The lake and river stretching skyward out of view[3]

(許淵沖,2006)

The water of Lake Dongting and River Xiang surges so high as to scrape the sky without demarcation[4]

(黃龍,1993)

The waters of Dongting Lake and Xiang River rise into the sky[5]

(辜正坤,1995)

From Xiang River to Lake Dongting by boat[11]

(趙恒元& Paul Woods,1993)

在例4中,除趙恒元& Paul Woods外,其他幾位譯者都將“天”翻譯成sky或skyward。筆者認(rèn)為,趙恒元& Paul Woods的譯文意義不夠完整,沒有譯“漲連天”。另外,黃龍的譯文中將“洞庭湘水”翻譯成The water of Lake Dongting and River Xiang,似有過度翻譯之嫌。認(rèn)為整句可改譯為:Lake Dongting and River Xiang surge so high as to scrape the sky without demarcation.而辜正坤的譯文中的the waters of 似乎也可以去掉,以免過度翻譯。在該句詩中,“漲”和“連天”是一動(dòng)一靜兩個(gè)意象,應(yīng)分別譯出來,筆者試譯如下:Lake Dongting and River Xiangjiang surge and stretch out endless towards the sky line.

由以上四句詩的譯文的比較、分析可見,“天”在表示“天空”的意思時(shí),大多數(shù)譯者都將“天”譯成sky或skies,少數(shù)譯成heaven,vault,等等。筆者認(rèn)為:“天”在表示“天空”的意思時(shí),譯成sky不僅意義上貼切,而且從音律角度看,sky一詞余音裊裊,暗合“天”的遼闊、廣袤、高遠(yuǎn)之意境,所以最達(dá)意。

二、天即“自然”、“天然”

毛澤東詩詞中的“天”,有時(shí)也指“自然”或“天然”。例如:“人生易老天難老,歲歲重陽”(《采桑子·重陽》),“天若有情天亦老,人間正道是滄?！?《七律·人民解放軍占領(lǐng)南京》),“天生一個(gè)仙人洞,無限風(fēng)光在險(xiǎn)峰”(《七絕·為李進(jìn)同志題所攝廬山仙人洞照》),等等。試看下面對詩句中“天”的英譯比較。

例5 人生易老天難老,歲歲重陽。——《采桑子·重陽》

Man ages all too easily,not nature:

Year by year the Double Ninth returns.[2]

(《毛澤東詩詞》翻譯組,2003)

Man ages too easily but heaven never gets old,

Double Ninth comes yearly in the same mould.[5]

(辜正坤,1995)

Nature does not grow old as fast as man;

Each year the Double Ninth comes round.[3]

(許淵沖,2006)

Everyone but nature must age;

Double Ninth comes every year.[11]

(趙恒元 & Paul Woods,1993)

Mortals are apt to age,while Heaven remains ever livelong,

There are as many returns of the Double Ninth as years are long.[4]

(黃龍,1993)

Nature does not grow old as fast as man does;

Yearly the Double Ninth comes around.[6]

(李正栓,2010)

Man ages all too soon,but nature not;

Year after year the Double Ninth we’ve got.[13]

(趙甄陶,1992)

Man ages fast;but Nature hardly does—

Year by year Double Ninth comes round.[12]

(周流溪,2002)

例5中的八位(或組)譯者,有六位將“天”譯成了nature,另有兩位將其譯成heaven。聯(lián)系后半句詩“歲歲重陽”,很顯然,例5中的“天”是指“自然”或“自然界”,因?yàn)椴荒苷f天公“歲歲重陽”,重陽是節(jié)氣,與自然現(xiàn)象相關(guān)。筆者認(rèn)為,例5中的“天”翻譯成nature更符合原詩的意境。

例6 天生一個(gè)仙人洞,無限風(fēng)光在險(xiǎn)峰?！?《七絕·為李進(jìn)同志題所攝廬山仙人洞照》)

Nature has excelled herself in the Fairy Cave,

On perilous peaks dwells beauty in her infinite variety.[2]

(《毛澤東詩詞》翻譯組,2003)

The Fairy Cave’s a wonder wrought by nature’s hand:

The view from perilous peak is sublime and grand.[3]

(許淵沖,2006)

What an Immortal cavern,a Nature’s creature!

Its sheer peak commands a view of myriad charms superb beyond measure.[4]

(黃龍,1993)

The Fairy Cave is a miracle out of Nature’s hand:

The perilous peak reveals scenery boundless and grand.[6]

(李正栓,2010)

God created this natural fairy cave;

On its crags reveals the most beautiful scene.[11]

(趙恒元& Paul Woods,1993)

例6中的五位(或組)譯者,有四位(或組)將“天”譯成nature,只有趙恒元 & Paul Woods將其譯成god,但又將“仙人洞”譯為natural fairy cave。就“天生一個(gè)仙人洞”的翻譯而言,筆者認(rèn)為,黃龍的翻譯“What an Immortal cavern,a Nature’s creature”最簡潔、傳神,并且與后句的譯文“Its sheer peak commands a view of myriad charms superb beyond measure”押尾韻。李正栓對本句詩的翻譯也很簡潔、整齊,且也押尾韻。

綜合上述分析,筆者得出如下結(jié)論:“天”,在表示與“人”相對的“自然”或“天然”的意思時(shí),翻譯成nature更符合原詩詞中的意境。

三、天即“天公”

毛澤東詩詞中的“天”,有時(shí)也指具有主宰力的“天公”。例如,“六月天兵征腐惡,萬丈長纓要把鯤鵬縛”(《蝶戀花· 從汀州向長沙》),“山舞銀蛇,原馳蠟象,欲與天公試比高”(《沁園春·雪》),“人有病,天知否?”(《賀新郎》),等等。

例7 山舞銀蛇,原馳蠟象,欲與天公試比高?！肚邎@春·雪》

Mountains,silver snakes dancing,

Plateaus,wax-white elephants running,

Trying to be higher than heaven.[9]

(聶華岺& Paul Engle,1972)

The mountains dance like silver snakes,

And the highlands charge like wax-hued elephants,

Vying with heaven in stature.[2]

(《毛澤東詩詞》翻譯組,2003)

Like silver snakes the mountains dance,

Like wax elephants the highlands bounce,

All try to be higher than heaven even once![5]

(辜正坤,1995)

Mountains like silver serpents dancing,

Highlands like waxy elephants advancing,

All try to match the sky in height.[3]

(許淵沖,2006)

Like silvery snakes the mountains dance,

And like waxen elephants the highlands prance,

Both trying to outrival and dwarf heavenin height.[4]

(黃龍,1993)

Hills dancing just like silver serpents,

On highlands racing wax elephants,

All try to match the skies in height.[13]

(趙甄陶,1992)

在例7中,六位(或組)譯者只有兩位(或組)將“天”譯成sky或skies,其余四位(或組)將其譯成heaven。原詩中非常明確地說的是“天公”,而非“天空”,所以筆者認(rèn)為,將此處的“天公”譯成sky或skies,不如譯成heaven更能忠實(shí)地體現(xiàn)原詩的意思。就例7的翻譯而言,辜正坤的翻譯三個(gè)短句均押尾韻,并且句式工整、簡潔,顯然更勝一籌。而《毛澤東詩詞》翻譯組將“欲與天公試比高”翻譯為Vying with heaven in stature,內(nèi)涵最豐富。stature在《21世紀(jì)大英漢詞典》中的釋義為:1)身高,身材;2)(物體的)高度;3)(發(fā)展、成長的)水平、程度;4)(道德、精神等達(dá)到的)高度境界,等等。通過《毛澤東詩詞翻譯組》的翻譯,人們仿佛看到大山、高原欲與天公比的,不僅僅是物質(zhì)上的高度,而且是一種精神上的高度、境界上的高度。

例8 一代天驕,成吉思汗,只識彎弓射大雕?！肚邎@春·雪》

That tough spoiled child of heaven,

Genghis Khan,

Only knew to pull the bow

Shooting eagles.[9]

(聶華岺& Paul Engle,1972)

And Genghis Khan,

Proud Son of Heaven for a day,

Knew only shooting eagles,bow outstretched.[2]

(《毛澤東詩詞》翻譯組,2003)

Even the Proud Son of Heaven,for a time,

Called Genghis Khan,in his prime,

Knowing only shooting eagle,over his tent with a bow so bent.[5]

(辜正坤,1995)

And Genghis Khan,proud son of Heaven for a day,

Knew only shooting eagles by bending his bows.[3]

(許淵沖,2006)

Genghis Khan,

The proud son of Heaven,

Knew only shooting hawks with his bows.[6]

(李正栓,2010)

The great monarch,

Genghis Kham was

Only capable of shooting the big eagles with his bow.[11]

(趙恒元& Paul Woods,1993)

在例8中,六位(或組)譯者有五位(或組)將“天”譯成heaven,只有趙恒元& Paul Woods將“一代天驕”的翻譯采用意譯法,譯成了the great monarch,此譯法只部分體現(xiàn)了“一代天驕”的意思,因?yàn)樵诠艜r(shí)候,成吉思汗被稱為“一代天驕”,不僅僅指成吉思汗是偉大的君王,而且還暗含成吉思汗是“天之驕子”的意思。

由上述例句可見,毛澤東詩詞中的“天”在表示“天公”的含義時(shí),將其譯成heaven,能夠較好地再現(xiàn)詩人在原詩詞中創(chuàng)設(shè)的意象。

四、天的其它含義

除了上述的三層含義之外,毛澤東詩詞中還有少數(shù)含有“天”字的詞語,需要聯(lián)系上下文,遵照最大限度再現(xiàn)詩人所創(chuàng)設(shè)意境的原則進(jìn)行翻譯。例如,“鷹擊長空,魚翔淺底,萬類霜天競自由”(《沁園春·長沙》),“山,刺破青天鍔未殘”(《十六字令三首》),等等。

例9 萬類霜天競自由。——《沁園春·長沙》

For freedom all creatures with each other vie,

Under the frosty and vaulted sky.[5]

(辜正坤,1995)

Liberally all creatures vying under freezing skies.[12]

(周流溪,2002)

In the freezing air a million creatures compete

For freedom.[14]

(Willis Barnstone &郭清波,1972)

All creatures demonstrate their freedom in autumn.[11]

(趙恒元& Paul Woods,1993)

All things in frosts for freedom vie.[13]

(趙甄陶,1992)

要翻譯好“萬類霜天競自由”這半句詩,需要很好地聯(lián)系前半句,并透徹理解“鷹擊長空,魚翔淺底,萬類霜天競自由”這一整句詩。這句詩的意思是:鷹在廣闊的天空中矯健有力地飛,魚在清澈的水里輕快地游,萬物都在秋光中爭相過自由自在的生活。另,“霜天”有兩層含義:一是“深秋的天空”,例如,隋朝薛道衡的《出塞》詩之二“寒夜哀笛曲,霜天斷雁聲”,元朝馬致遠(yuǎn)的《任風(fēng)子》第四折中“鶴泣霜天表,猿啼夜月高”,等等;二是“深秋的天氣”,例如,唐朝李商隱的《九日》詩中“曾共山翁把酒時(shí),霜天白菊繞階墀”,宋朝蘇舜欽的《詩僧則暉求詩》中“好約長吟處,霜天看怒潮”,等等。很顯然,“鷹擊長空,魚翔淺底,萬類霜天競自由”中的“霜天”是“深秋的天氣”的意思,否則前面的“魚翔淺底”就說不通了。

例9中的五位(或組)作者,有二位譯者采用直譯法,將“霜天”譯成the frosty and vaulted sky或freezing skies,該譯法顯然沒有很好地考慮到此處的“霜天”是“深秋的天氣”的意思。Willis Barnstone &郭清波將“霜天”譯成the freezing air,趙恒元& Paul Woods將“霜天”譯成autumn,趙甄陶將“霜天”直接譯成frosts,這三種翻譯均采用意譯法,將“霜天”在此處的意思(深秋的天氣)準(zhǔn)確地翻譯出來。筆者認(rèn)為,該句詩也可以這樣翻譯:All creatures strive for freedom in the frosty weather.

例10 刺破青天鍔未殘。——《十六字令三首》(其三)

Piercing the blue without blunting the blade.[3]

(許淵沖,2006)

Piercing the blue of heaven,your barbs unblunted![2]

(《毛澤東詩詞》翻譯組,2003)

You stab the blue sky with your blade unbroken.[11]

(趙恒元& Paul Woods,1993)

Pierces the azure without blunting the blade.[6]

(李正栓,2010)

例10將“刺破青天”譯成Piercing the blue給人的感覺是意猶未盡;譯成Piercing the blue of heaven,雖也達(dá)意,但氣勢稍弱;譯成You stab the blue sky簡潔明快,氣勢如虹;而李正栓的譯文Pierces the azure,更是令人眼前一亮,拍案叫絕!因?yàn)閍zure在《21世紀(jì)大英漢詞典》中作為名詞時(shí)的釋義為:1)(晴空的)蔚藍(lán)色,天藍(lán)色;2)[詩歌用語]碧空,蒼穹,蒼天,等等。所以將“青天”譯成azure,非常貼切地再現(xiàn)了詩人所創(chuàng)設(shè)的意境。

所以,在翻譯含有“天”字的詞語時(shí),應(yīng)聯(lián)系上下文,很好地考慮作者創(chuàng)設(shè)的意境,不能硬譯,應(yīng)以最大限度再現(xiàn)作者所創(chuàng)設(shè)的意境為準(zhǔn)則,可以靈活地將“青天”譯成“azure”;將“霜天”譯成the freezing air,the freezing weather,autumn,frosts,the frosty weather,等等。

五、結(jié)束語

毛澤東詩詞如此多嬌,引中外譯者競折腰。毛澤東詩詞中“天”的英譯,諸多譯者各領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷。學(xué)習(xí)、研究毛澤東詩詞中“天”的各種英譯,每每讓人或拍案叫絕,或掩卷沉思。學(xué)習(xí)、研究毛澤東詩詞中“天”的各種英譯,也必將對我們今后的漢譯英實(shí)踐產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。經(jīng)過深入研究,得出如下結(jié)論:漢字“天”是一個(gè)多義詞,毛澤東詩詞中“天”或含有“天”的詞語,含義不同,譯法也應(yīng)各異。當(dāng)表示“天空”的意思時(shí),翻譯成sky比較達(dá)意;當(dāng)表示“自然”或“天然”的含義時(shí),翻譯成nature比較貼切;當(dāng)表示“天公”的含義時(shí),翻譯成heaven比較傳神。另外,少數(shù)含有“天”字的詞語,需聯(lián)系原詩的上下文來翻譯,以最大限度再現(xiàn)詩人所創(chuàng)設(shè)的意境為原則。

[1] 榮天玙.袁水拍與毛澤東詩詞英譯定稿小組[J].百年潮,1999(7):62-64.

[2] 《毛澤東詩詞》翻譯組.毛澤東詩詞(漢英對照)[M].北京:外文出版社,2003.

[3] 許淵沖.精選毛澤東詩詞與詩意畫(英漢對照)[M].北京:五洲傳播出版社,2006.

[4] 黃龍.毛澤東詩詞英譯[M].南京:江蘇教育出版社,1993.

[5] 辜正坤.毛澤東詩詞:英漢對照韻譯[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,1995.

[6] 李正栓.毛澤東詩詞精選(漢英對照讀本)[M].石家莊:河北人民出版社,2010.

[7] 張智中.毛澤東詩詞英譯比較研究[M].北京:中國社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社,2008:228.

[8] Wang H M.Ten Poems and Lyrics by Mao Tze-tung[M].London:Jonathan Cape Ltd.,1975.

[9] Engle H L,Engle P.Poems of Mao Tse-tung[M].New York:Simon and Schuster,1972.

[10] Bullock M,Chen J.Mao and the Chinese Revolution:With Thirty-seven Poems by Mao Tse-tung[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1967.

[11] 趙恒元,Woods P.毛澤東詩詞(英漢對照)[M].天津:天津人民出版,1993.

[12] 周流溪.流溪詩外編[M].香港:華人出版社有限公司,2003.

[13] 趙甄陶.漢英對照毛澤東詩詞[M].長沙:湖南師范大學(xué)出版社,1992.

[14] Mao Z D.The Poems of Mao Tse-tung[M].Translated by Barnstone W,Ko C P.New York:Harper & Row Publishers Inc.,1972.

(編輯: 朱渭波)

On the Translation of“Tian” in Mao Zedong’s Poems

Gong Huiying1,Zhai Honghua2

(1.FacultyofFoundationCourses,QingdaoHuanghaiCollege,Qingdao266427,China;2.FacultyofForeignLanguages,ShandongAgriculturalUniversity,Taian271000,China)

The study of English versions ofPoemsofMaoZedongis not only highly beneficial to our aesthetic appreciation of the tremendous momentum and magnificent scene but also to our appreciation of the English language and to translate Chinese into English.By means of comparing and analyzing a variety of translation versions,we draw the following conclusion:Most of the Chinese character “Tian” in the poems of Mao Zedong can be used to convey three different implications,and their translations are supposed to vary according to the various meanings.The authors commented on these translation versions,and put forward their own opinions:When it refers to “Tiankong”,it is mostly translated as “sky”;when it refers to “Ziran”,it is rendered into “nature”;when it implies the sense of “Tiangong”,it is usually transformed into “heaven”.There are also a very few Chinese character “Tian” in the poems of Mao Zedong should be translated according to the context,conforming to the principle of maximally reproducing the artistic conception of the original poem.

EnglishtranslationversionsofPoemsofMaoZedong;connotationof“Tian”;differenttranslationof“Tian”

2014-06-14

山東省文化廳項(xiàng)目“文革期間革命歌曲歌詞的語言學(xué)解讀”(2011079)階段性成果

宮慧英(1970-),女,副教授。研究方向： 英語教學(xué)、英漢互譯。E-mail:ghy_ing777@163.com

H 315.9

A

1009-895X(2016)04-0318-06

10.13256/j.cnki.jusst.sse.2016.04.004