吳 倍,滕金亮,王新生,楊躍平
(1.河北北方學院,河北 張家口 075000;2.河北北方學院附屬第一醫(yī)院,河北 張家口 075000)
術后認知障礙危險因素分析及應對
吳 倍1,滕金亮2,王新生1,楊躍平1
(1.河北北方學院,河北 張家口 075000;2.河北北方學院附屬第一醫(yī)院,河北 張家口 075000)
術后認知障礙(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是臨床術后常見中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,表現(xiàn)為記憶力受損、注意力不集中及學習能力、語言和思維能力下降等,患者日常生活質量下降,增加圍術期并發(fā)癥甚至死亡率,越來越受到社會及學術界重視?,F(xiàn)有資料表明POCD發(fā)生與年齡有關,最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術前基礎疾病和用藥、術中麻醉藥物和手術方式的選擇、術后疼痛和炎癥等都能誘發(fā)POCD。深入研究POCD發(fā)生的危險因素及應對方案對預防其發(fā)生發(fā)展有重要意義。
術后認知障礙;七氟烷;異氟烷;中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥
術后認知障礙(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是麻醉和手術后腦加工處理信息能力包括注意力、集中能力、語言能力、學習記憶及抽象思維等方面的損傷。早期POCD是暫時性腦機能障礙,可導致病人并發(fā)癥增加、延遲康復、增加醫(yī)療費用,嚴重時甚至轉化為永久性認知障礙。雖然醫(yī)療技術水平的提高降低了圍術期的死亡率和并發(fā)癥,但POCD發(fā)生率居高不下,其危險因素涉及術前、術中和術后的各個方面。
研究認為,年齡是POCD發(fā)生的重要因素,老年大腦與青年大腦在體積、分布、神經(jīng)傳遞素類型、代謝水平及可塑性能力方面都有明顯不同,隨著年齡增長所帶來的腦血流下降、神經(jīng)元丟失和神經(jīng)遞質的改變也可能是導致早期POCD的原因[1]。Canet[2]認為年齡大于70歲是發(fā)生POCD的危險因素。Kotekar[3]對200名接受非心臟手術的老年患者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著術后時間延長POCD逐漸下降,受過高等教育的患者POCD的發(fā)病率更低,女性的患病率要高于男性,除去性別因素,年齡增長是POCD發(fā)生的主要潛在因素?;颊叩囊恍┗A性疾病如糖尿病和高血壓等對POCD的發(fā)生和發(fā)展有復雜意義。高糖通過TLR4/JAK2/STAT3通路可以擴大LPS誘導的小膠質細胞的活性及炎癥因子和有毒物質如TNF-ɑ、PEG-2、IL-6、NO、ROS等大量產(chǎn)生和聚集,這些物質的神經(jīng)毒作用對糖尿病患者POCD的發(fā)生和發(fā)展有復雜意義[4]。而高血壓患者對低血壓敏感度增高及對腦血流自身調節(jié)耐受性降低等均是POCD發(fā)生的誘因?;颊吣I功能[5]下降可通過影響麻醉藥物排泄增加藥物在體內存留時間增加對老年人認知功能的影響。另外,患者受教育程度,術前使用大量抗膽堿藥物等因素也可加重POCD發(fā)生危險。針對術前因素,應積極治療和控制糖尿病和高血壓等基礎病,同時應積極做好患者的術前教育。Saleh[6]證實手術前期短期的如MoL帶有記憶技巧的認知功能訓練能減少老年患者術后1周POCD發(fā)生率。
麻醉深度對POCD有較大影響,Chan[7]的實驗中干預組維持BIS值在53,對照組維持在36,結果不僅POCD的發(fā)生率明顯降低,也降低了術后譫妄的發(fā)生率。而麻醉過程中由于體溫降低[8]可誘導Tau的高磷酸化狀態(tài),相對應則是在正常體溫下Tau的去磷酸化,病理性微管蛋白高磷酸化與Tau結合成神經(jīng)纖維團NFTs,在Tau高磷酸化狀態(tài)和βAP濃度降低是AD腦內的共同病理途徑。
不同種類麻醉藥物對POCD的影響有較大差異。研究表明[9]小分子麻醉藥容易進入βAP微聚腔進行低聚反應,而大分子麻醉藥則無這種效應。小分子吸入麻醉藥相比靜脈麻醉藥更易引起認知損傷[10]。吸入七氟烷麻醉[11]的老年患者蘇醒質量和術后認知能力明顯低于地氟烷麻醉的老年患者。七氟烷通過抑制GABAR和NMDAR發(fā)揮麻醉和遺忘作用[12],可能通過抑制海馬和額前葉皮質NMDAR影響認知功能。Le Freche[13]證實七氟烷能增加Tau(微管相關蛋白)磷酸化,使小鼠術后1個月空間記憶能力受損。而七氟烷麻醉對短時程認知功能的損害[14]可能與p-CREB1和Bcl-2下調及Caspase-8上調致海馬區(qū)神經(jīng)元凋亡減少有關,雄性大鼠術后認知障礙程度比雌性嚴重。異氟烷誘導的認知損傷可能是由于海馬區(qū)CaN/NFAT信號通路被激活,細胞核轉錄因子進入細胞核并調控下游基因表達從而影響神經(jīng)元和突觸的功能[15]。與對照組相比,用1.5%異氟烷處理過的20月齡老年大鼠其海馬區(qū)表現(xiàn)出可逆的時間依賴性的血腦屏障超顯微形態(tài)學改變和緊密連接蛋白表達水平明顯下降,引起海馬相關性認知損傷[16]。靜脈麻醉藥物氯胺酮對認知功能的影響及影響程度可能與給藥途徑、劑量和年齡不同而得出不盡相同的結論。氯胺酮[17]是非競爭性NMDA受體阻滯劑,可以通過減少NMDA受體介導的Ca2+內流影響LTP,從而影響認知功能。有研究認為[18],長時間使用氯胺酮可導致Tau過度磷酸化和神經(jīng)細胞凋亡,從而產(chǎn)生AD樣神經(jīng)退行性病變。
不同手術術后POCD發(fā)生率不同,CABG[19](冠狀動脈旁路移植術)術后老年患者POCD的發(fā)生率約為50%,術后6周接近36%,術后6個月在24%,術后5年達到42%。國內大多數(shù)學者研究稱,老年患者在非心臟、非神經(jīng)外科手術術后出現(xiàn)POCD的概率為29.6%~40.5%[20,21]。房顫后消融治療[22]是一種有效的治療方法,在對房顫病人的長期隨訪過程發(fā)現(xiàn),消融治療后患者POCD發(fā)生率為13%~20%。針對術中影響因素,可從麻醉藥物選擇、麻醉深度、麻醉過程中體溫控制、最佳手術方式選擇、控制手術時間等方面探討和研究,以期降低POCD事件的發(fā)生。
術后疼痛是腹部手術后老年患者早期出現(xiàn)認知功能改變的危險因素之一[23],減輕術后疼痛可減少術后認知功能改變。超前性給予鎮(zhèn)痛藥帕瑞考昔40mg能減少老年患者髖關節(jié)置換術或股骨頭重建術術后POCD的發(fā)生率[24]。
術后海馬及與學習記憶相關的大腦區(qū)域中炎性細胞因子受體高度集中[25],炎性因子抑制長時程增強,引發(fā)海馬介導的認知功能下降。麻醉狀態(tài)下術后神經(jīng)炎癥有關因子包括TNF-α和IL-6[26],在動物脛骨手術模型中,白介素IL-1β水平升高[27];髖關節(jié)術后發(fā)生POCD的患者中IL-6、C反應蛋白(CRP)水平明顯升高[28];53例老年患者胃十二指腸術后發(fā)生認知障礙的17例病例中血漿HMGB1和IL-6水平顯著增高[29]。七氟烷在圍術期通過抑制炎癥反應而對Wistar大鼠長時程認知功能有保護作用[30],依達拉奉通過抑制炎癥反應和增強血管修復發(fā)揮腦保護作用[31],氯胺酮通過阻滯谷氨酸鹽引起的興奮性毒物損傷,調控凋亡蛋白,干擾炎癥反應減少缺血后神經(jīng)元的減少[32]。在全麻誘導時單次使用氯胺酮能有效減少心臟手術后1周POCD發(fā)生率[33]。右美托咪定是α2-腎上腺素受體激動劑,通過減少中樞炎癥因子IL-6和TNF-α水平的釋放減少POCD的發(fā)生率[34]。
全麻下微血管減壓術后給予大劑量地塞米松(0.2 mg·kg-1)能增加術后早期的POCD發(fā)生率[35]。
針對術后影響因素,減輕術后患者疼痛癥狀及減輕術后炎癥反應等對降低POCD的發(fā)生具有重要意義。
積極探索誘發(fā)POCD的危險因素,開展POCD的早期預防和治療對合并多種基礎疾病的老年患者能夠安全進行手術具有積極意義。
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[責任編輯:李薊龍 英文編輯:劉彥哲]
Analysis and Its Countermeasures of Risk Factorsof Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction
WU Bei1,TENG Jin-liang2,WANG Xin-sheng1,YANG Yue-ping1
(1.Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou,Hebei 075000 China;2.Department of Anaesthesiology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou,Hebei 075000 China)
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD)is a central nervous system complication after the operation.It represents a syndrome of disruption of memory,concentration,impaired ability of learning,language and thinking.Additionally,it would have a negative effect on patients quality of life and contribute greatly to perioperative morbidity and mortality,which have drawn significant attention from the public and academic community.Available clinical and preclinical evidences indicate a link between age and cognitive deficits,but recent studies have shown that preoperative basic diseases and medication,anesthesia and surgical methods,postoperative pain and inflammation can induce the occurrence of POCD.So studying the risk factors of POCD and the solutions is very significant to prevent it.
POCD;isoflurane;sevoflurane;central nervous system inflammation
吳倍(1990-10),女,河北曲陽人,碩士研究生;研究方向:術后認知障礙研究。
楊躍平(1958-03),男,河北撫寧人,碩士生導師,教授。
R 749.1
C
10.3969/j.issn.1673-1492.2016.12.018
來稿日期:2016-01-11