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支持細胞調(diào)控精原干細胞增殖、分化和凋亡的研究進展

2016-02-22 13:39:13梁洺源朱化彬陳曉麗郝海生趙學(xué)明
畜牧獸醫(yī)學(xué)報 2016年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:增殖凋亡分化

梁洺源,朱化彬,陳曉麗,郝海生,趙學(xué)明,秦 彤,王 棟*

(1.吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動物科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,長春 130118; 2.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部畜禽遺傳資源與利用重點開放實驗室,北京100193)

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支持細胞調(diào)控精原干細胞增殖、分化和凋亡的研究進展

梁洺源1,2,朱化彬2,陳曉麗2,郝海生2,趙學(xué)明2,秦彤2,王棟2*

(1.吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動物科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,長春 130118; 2.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部畜禽遺傳資源與利用重點開放實驗室,北京100193)

摘要:精原干細胞(Spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)在支持細胞(Sertoli cells,SCs)調(diào)控下有序增殖、分化、凋亡,維持雄性動物正常的精子發(fā)生。本文主要對SCs與SSCs的生理結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系及SCs通過GDNF、FGF2、RA、BMP4、SCF、FasL和SR-BI對SSCs增殖、分化與凋亡的調(diào)控進行綜述。為精子發(fā)生機理的深入研究提供重要參考,將對提高雄性動物繁殖效率具有重要意義,還為探索男性不育疾病的臨床治療方法提供有價值的參考。

關(guān)鍵詞:精原干細胞;支持細胞;增殖;分化;凋亡

精原干細胞(Spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)是精子發(fā)生的源泉,在雄性動物遺傳信息傳遞過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。雄性動物性成熟后,睪丸生精小管基膜上的SSCs不斷分化形成分化型的A1-4型精原細胞→B型精原細胞→精母細胞→精子細胞→精子,這一分化過程即為生精過程[1]。支持細胞(Sertoli cells,SCs)是動物睪丸內(nèi)唯一與生精細胞緊密相連的體細胞,不僅在結(jié)構(gòu)上支撐整個生精過程,還分泌多種調(diào)控因子,促進SSCs增殖和分化,同時,SCs還接受機體信號調(diào)節(jié)生精細胞凋亡,保證機體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生精子數(shù)量的穩(wěn)定,在精子生成過程中具有不可或缺的重要地位。由于精子發(fā)生機理研究不但關(guān)系到家畜繁殖效率,而且還關(guān)系到人類男性不孕不育問題的解決[2],SCs對SSCs的增殖、分化和凋亡調(diào)控通路備受關(guān)注[3-6]。本文綜述了SCs對SSCs的支撐與調(diào)控作用,以期為提高雄性動物繁殖效率和治療男性不育提供重要參考。

1支持細胞與精原干細胞的關(guān)系

SCs與SSCs是睪丸曲細精管中兩類重要的功能細胞。SCs體積較大,位于睪丸生精小管生精上皮,呈不規(guī)則錐體形分布,細胞一端位于基底膜上,另一端延伸至曲精細管管腔內(nèi)。SSCs則體積較小,緊貼于生精上皮基膜內(nèi)側(cè)并與SCs相接[7],完全被SCs包圍,并與SCs形成緊密嵌合體,在這個穩(wěn)定的龕環(huán)境下,SSCs與周圍SCs相互協(xié)作,依附曲精細管的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),自我更新、增殖與分化,構(gòu)成雄性動物整個生命周期中正常有序、周而復(fù)始的生精過程[8-9]。SCs質(zhì)膜間緊密結(jié)合,與曲細精管周圍基底膜肌樣細胞共同構(gòu)成血睪屏障,為SSCs自我更新及正常有序的精子發(fā)生提供免疫屏障和適宜的微環(huán)境,防止有害物質(zhì)干擾及損害精子發(fā)生[10]。對小鼠SSCs和SCs體外培養(yǎng)結(jié)果表明,兩種細胞通過細胞間的直接聯(lián)系及SCs旁分泌兩種途徑促進SSCs自我更新、增殖[11]。不添加各種SSCs增殖因子時,常規(guī)培養(yǎng)液下,以SCs為飼養(yǎng)層的SSCs培養(yǎng)效果明顯優(yōu)于常規(guī)培養(yǎng)液和SCs分泌液無飼養(yǎng)層培養(yǎng),SCs飼養(yǎng)層培養(yǎng)的SSCs貼壁率顯著高于其他兩種培養(yǎng)方式,SSCs可穩(wěn)定增殖,形成穩(wěn)定集落并維持約30 d,而另外兩組一周后SSCs數(shù)量明顯減少,說明SSCs需通過與SCs直接接觸,才能適時觸發(fā)SCs分泌與SSCs增殖、分化特定階段相適應(yīng)的各種細胞因子,并使各種因子根據(jù)SSCs生長需求達到一種動態(tài)平衡,確保SSCs的正常更新、增殖。SCs分泌液雖可為SSCs生長提供所需的部分細胞因子,但分泌液提供的靜態(tài)環(huán)境無法滿足SSCs持續(xù)生長的動態(tài)需要。SCs是生精細胞的“飼養(yǎng)細胞”,體內(nèi)與SSCs緊密結(jié)合,確保它能根據(jù)SSCs自我更新、增殖、分化需要適時分泌各種細胞因子,并通過維持SSCs龕環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定,確保雄性動物精子發(fā)生的持續(xù)性和有序性。

2支持細胞對精原干細胞的調(diào)控作用

SSCs增殖分化生成精子是睪丸最重要的生命事件,SCs對保障SSCs正常功能發(fā)揮重要調(diào)控作用。研究表明,SCs可分泌多達14種因子參與SSCs的增殖、分化與凋亡調(diào)控,其中膠質(zhì)細胞源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)、成纖維細胞生長因子2(Fibroblast growth factor 2,F(xiàn)GF2)、干細胞因子(Stem cell factor,SCF)、視黃酸(Retinoic acid,RA)、骨形態(tài)生成蛋白4(Bone morphogenetic protein 4,BMP4)、Fas配體(FasL)和清道夫B類I型(SR-BI)7種因子對SSCs的增殖、分化和凋亡具有重要調(diào)控作用[12](表1,圖1),根據(jù)生物學(xué)功能,這7種因子可分為3類,其中GDNF和FGF2參與SSCs的自我更新過程,是SSCs的增殖因子;SCF、RA和BMP4參與SSCs的分化調(diào)控,是SSCs的分化因子;FasL和SR-BI則參與精子的自發(fā)凋亡過程,是SSCs的凋亡因子。3類細胞因子通過不同的調(diào)控通路,逐級作用于其下游通路因子和效應(yīng)因子,通過這些因子共同協(xié)作,SCs實現(xiàn)對SSCs的功能調(diào)控,維持SSCs的更新、增殖、分化及凋亡,確保生精過程的正常、有序[8,12]。

表1支持細胞分泌的調(diào)控精原干細胞增殖、分化的因子[12]

Table 1Factors produced by SCs regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonia including SSCs[12]

2.1支持細胞對精原干細胞增殖的調(diào)控機制

對遺傳修飾小鼠的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GDNF是促進SSCs增殖的關(guān)鍵因子[13-14],使GDNF對SSCs增殖調(diào)控機理成為研究焦點[15-16]。隨著研究的不斷深入,GDNF的調(diào)控作用逐漸清晰。SCs中GDNF過表達會導(dǎo)致小鼠曲細精管內(nèi)未分化SSCs數(shù)量顯著增多,甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)生殖細胞瘤[13];但敲除GDNF的成年雜合小鼠中GDNF表達量顯著下降,SSCs大量消亡,精子發(fā)生受阻,并最終導(dǎo)致小鼠不育[17]。GDNF與SSCs細胞膜上膠質(zhì)細胞源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子受體α1(Glialcellline derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha1,GFRα1)結(jié)合,介導(dǎo)磷酸化受體酪氨酸激酶RET激活肉瘤基因(Sarcoma gene,Src)家族激酶/癌基因Ras通路,刺激磷脂酰肌醇激酶(PI3K)活化,激活蛋白激酶B(Protein kinase B,稱為AKT),促進細胞增殖和抑制細胞凋亡。GDNF還可通過Src/Ras激活刺激絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)家族的三級激酶的級聯(lián)反應(yīng),將胞內(nèi)信號傳遞進入核內(nèi),上調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Ets差異基因5(Etv5),繼而上調(diào)序列特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子(B cell CLL/lymphoma 6,member B,Bcl6b)、miRNA21和Brachyury的表達[18]。敲除Bcl6b基因,小鼠表現(xiàn)出局部SSCs缺失,說明Bcl6b是一個重要的SSCs增殖調(diào)控因子[19]。由GDNF誘導(dǎo)表達的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Etv5還可促使GDNF受體Ret合成[20],促進GDNF胞外信號向胞內(nèi)傳遞。

FGF2是重要的精原干細胞增殖調(diào)控因子之一[21-22]。K.Ishii 等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),向生殖干細胞(Germline stem cell,GS)體外培養(yǎng)體系添加FGF2因子,可促進MAP2K1磷酸化,推動GS細胞增殖;而采用抑制劑抑制MAP2K1后,GS細胞增殖速度下降;轉(zhuǎn)染活化型MAP2K1后,細胞增殖速度加快,Etv5和Bcl6b蛋白水平上升,說明MAP2K1是FGF2的下游靶蛋白,Etv5和Bcl6b是MAP2K1的下游靶蛋白。FGF2可通過MAP2K1/Etv5/Bcl6b通路參與SSCs增殖調(diào)控。SCs分泌的FGF2與膜上成纖維細胞生長因子受體(Fibroblast growth factor receptor,F(xiàn)GFR)結(jié)合,相繼激活Src/Ras/MEK通路各因子,磷酸化MAP2K1,上調(diào)下游靶蛋白Etv5的表達水平,進而上調(diào)下游蛋白Bcl6b,促進SSCs增殖。

2.2支持細胞對精原干細胞分化的調(diào)控機制

維生素A衍生物RA對SSCs分化起重要調(diào)控作用。受到精子生成生理因素的影響,SCs表達的RA與其受體RARα結(jié)合,抑制了SCs表達和分泌GDNF,并使SCs表達促進SSCs分化的因子KL、BMP4,SCs分泌BMP4 與SSCs膜上受體Bmpr1a(又稱ALK3)結(jié)合,促進SSCs內(nèi)的RA與其受體RARγ結(jié)合,誘導(dǎo)未分化的SSCs表達酪氨酸激酶Kit(又稱c-kit)和分化細胞特異基因Stra8,推動SSCs分化[24]。SCs分泌的分化因子KL與分化型精原細胞膜上受體Kit結(jié)合,使Kit自我磷酸化,促進分化型精原細胞進一步分化(圖2)。無飼養(yǎng)層SSCs培養(yǎng)證明RA能直接誘導(dǎo)Stra8和Kit表達,使SSCs過度成分化型精原細胞[25]。供體SSCs移植入KL或Kit基因突變鼠睪丸曲細精管,SSCs雖能增殖,但不能分化,精子發(fā)生因此受阻[26]。推測RA/KL/kit通路可能是精原細胞分化的開關(guān)[27]。

BMP4為轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(Transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)家族成員。小鼠出生后7 d內(nèi),BMP4由SCs表達,此后主要由精原細胞和精母細胞表達。BMP4可與SSCs表面受體Bmpr1a(又稱Alk3)特異結(jié)合,將細胞分化信號傳導(dǎo)至SSCs胞內(nèi),誘導(dǎo)胞內(nèi)下游特異型蛋白Smad1/5/8磷酸化,磷酸化的Smad1/5/8可與公共調(diào)節(jié)型Smad4結(jié)合形成Smad復(fù)合物并轉(zhuǎn)運到細胞核內(nèi),與靶基因結(jié)合,促進黏附相關(guān)分子的轉(zhuǎn)錄與合成,尤其是E-鈣粘蛋白,調(diào)控細胞骨架蛋白-微絲、微管,保障細胞正常分裂、分化[28]。Smad復(fù)合物還作為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,上調(diào)精卵發(fā)生堿性螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋蛋白轉(zhuǎn)錄因子2(Spermatogenesis-and oogenesis-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor 2,Sohlh2)表達,Sohlh2再促進下游基因c-kit表達[5],推動分化型精原細胞的形成,形成BMP4/BMPRIA/Smads/Sohlh2/c-kit SSCs分化調(diào)控通路。

c-kit是精原細胞分化標志。SCs分泌的SCF能夠與c-kit特異結(jié)合,促進精原細胞繼續(xù)分化并產(chǎn)生精子。敲除試驗表明,SCF基因突變小鼠曲細精管內(nèi)僅存留未分化的A型精原細胞,精子發(fā)生受阻[29]。c-kit受體基因719位酪氨酸(Tyr)突變?yōu)楸奖彼?Phe)的組織學(xué)分析顯示,生后10 d,對照鼠曲細精管內(nèi)精原細胞增殖并開始減數(shù)分裂,而突變鼠曲細精管內(nèi)可發(fā)現(xiàn)A1~A4型精原細胞,但從A型精原細胞~B型精原細胞、B型精原細胞形成精母細胞的分化過程受到阻礙,精原細胞分化減少,生精細胞凋亡比例上升。生后21 d,僅在曲細精管基底膜處存有小部分生精細胞,雄性動物因此喪失生殖功能,表明c-kit突變導(dǎo)致精子發(fā)生在減數(shù)分裂前受到阻滯[30]。SCF/c-kit是調(diào)控精原細胞的分化及精原細胞分化至精母細胞的關(guān)鍵通路,是保證精子生成的重要途徑。

2.3支持細胞對精原干細胞凋亡的調(diào)控機制

生精細胞是曲細精管主要的細胞成分,具有無限增生潛能。但是其賴以生存的SCs數(shù)量較少,僅占成年睪丸細胞總數(shù)的3%,并且一個SCs大約僅能支撐30~50個生精細胞的正?;顒覽31-32]。為維持睪丸正常的生精能力,SCs除分泌SSCs增殖和分化因子外,還分泌凋亡因子,促使大部分生精細胞走向凋亡。所以,僅約25%的A1型精原細胞分化生成初級精母細胞[33]。受到細胞凋亡信號刺激,SCs分泌腫瘤壞死因子家族(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF) 配體(如FasL)等促凋亡因子,啟動凋亡程序。一方面,SCs分泌FasL與其SSCs受體Fas結(jié)合,將胞外信號傳遞到生精細胞內(nèi)。另一方面,細胞內(nèi)的DNA損傷等信號向線粒體內(nèi)傳遞,促使細胞色素C釋放。兩個通路均可造成Caspase家族激活,線粒體細胞色素C釋放,使細胞質(zhì)、核質(zhì)濃縮,核仁碎裂及DNA降解等[34-35],并使膜內(nèi)側(cè)磷脂酰絲氨酸(PS)外翻,PS標記一旦被SCs檢測到,SCs上的清道夫B類I型(Scavenger receptor class B type I,SR-BI)受體便立即與細胞內(nèi)吞噬銜接蛋白(Engulfment adapter protein,GULP)結(jié)合,觸發(fā)p38胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38MAPK)磷酸化水平,進一步活化SCs細胞Rac1(信號傳導(dǎo)分子小 G 蛋白Rac亞家族),使肌動蛋白微絲(Actin filaments)發(fā)生重排,吞噬凋亡細胞[36]。

2.3.1胞外信號通路Fas/FasL胞外途徑是哺乳動物生精細胞凋亡主要途徑[37]。在凋亡信號調(diào)控下,生精細胞特異表達跨膜糖蛋白Fas,與SCs特異表達的配體FasL特異結(jié)合,使Fas形成帶有死亡結(jié)構(gòu)域的三聚化體,吸引生精細胞內(nèi)Fas相關(guān)的新死亡結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白(Fas-associating protein with a novel death domain,F(xiàn)ADD)并與之結(jié)合,F(xiàn)ADD蛋白再與Caspase-8前體結(jié)合,形成死亡誘導(dǎo)信號復(fù)合物(Death-inducing signaling complex,DISC)[38]。在I型細胞中,Caspase-8自身激活,激活后的Caspase-8再激活Caspase-3和Caspase-7等凋亡效應(yīng)因子[39],對特定凋亡底物DNA修復(fù)酶PARP(Poly ADP-ribose polymerase)實施切割,使其失去正常功能,致使Ca2+/Mg2+依賴性核酸內(nèi)切酶活性增高,DNA裂解,細胞凋亡。I型細胞死亡過程,不依賴細胞內(nèi)凋亡通路。在II細胞中,X連鎖凋亡抑制蛋白(X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis,XIAP)可以直接抑制Caspase-3和Caspase-7,導(dǎo)致Caspase-8激活Bcl-2家族中凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子Bid,激活后的Bid移位至線粒體并激活凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子Bax,促進線粒體釋放細胞色素C,進入細胞內(nèi)凋亡通路[40]。

2.3.2胞內(nèi)信號通路胞內(nèi)凋亡途徑對生精細胞凋亡也至關(guān)重要,Bcl-2家族基因在該途徑中發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用,可分為Bax、Bid、p53基因上調(diào)凋亡調(diào)控因子(Thep53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis,PUMA)、Noxa和Bak等主要細胞凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子和Bcl-2、Bcl-x1等主要細胞凋亡抑制因子。其中,Bcl-2對細胞存活起關(guān)鍵作用,Bax對細胞死亡起關(guān)鍵作用,兩者的相對水平?jīng)Q定了細胞的生死[41]。研究表明,Bcl-2蛋白主要通過抑制細胞線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)換孔(Mitochondrial permeablity transition pore,mPTP)的開放,保證線粒體滲透壓平衡,維持線粒體完整性,進而保證細胞能量系統(tǒng)正常運轉(zhuǎn)。同時,Bcl-2還通過阻斷內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)Ca2+流出,降低依賴Ca2+的核酸內(nèi)切酶活性,抑制其對核DNA的切割損傷;Bcl-2還具有抗氧化作用,抑制氧自由基的產(chǎn)生,阻斷細胞凋亡[42]。相反,Bax則能促進線粒體mPTP開放,使線粒體膜通透性增強,導(dǎo)致細胞質(zhì)流入線粒體,滲透壓失衡,使線粒體膜破裂,釋放細胞色素C。細胞色素C和凋亡酶激活因子(Apoptotic protease activating facter-1,APAF-1)結(jié)合形成復(fù)合體,激Caspase-9,進而激活凋亡效應(yīng)因子Caspase-3、6、7等[43],引發(fā)細胞凋亡。

當細胞暴露在輻射、化學(xué)毒物、氧化等非正常環(huán)境后,部分生精細胞的DNA會受到損傷,進而啟動細胞DNA修復(fù)或凋亡程序。p53感知DNA損傷,使細胞在G1期停滯,啟動DNA修復(fù),p53在此通路中發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要的作用。一旦DNA無法修復(fù),p53則啟動損傷細胞凋亡程序[44]。一方面核內(nèi)四聚化p53可作為反式作用因子,上調(diào)銜接蛋白ASK,刺激Bax、Bid、PUMA和Noxa等促凋亡靶基因表達水平上升[45],并定位于線粒體膜上,誘發(fā)線粒體膜通透性增加,釋放細胞色素C,誘發(fā)胞內(nèi)凋亡途徑。此外,p53還可促進DNA損傷釋放的組蛋白H1.2向細胞質(zhì)遷移,通過Bak依賴方式,誘發(fā)線粒體釋放細胞色素C,推動細胞走向凋亡[43];另一方面,胞質(zhì)中的p53可誘發(fā)異源二聚體Bax-Bcl-xl和Bax-Bcl-2等解聚釋放Bax,隨后Bax定位于線粒體膜上,促進mPTP開放,釋放細胞色素C。p53還可直接激活Bak,同樣誘發(fā)線粒體內(nèi)的細胞色素C流向細胞質(zhì),推動細胞凋亡。敲除Bax/Bak凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子的小鼠可抵抗包括基因損傷在內(nèi)的各種凋亡刺激,說明Bax/Bak在凋亡途徑起到死亡關(guān)卡作用[46]。

3小結(jié)

研究表明,SSCs增殖、分化、凋亡的主要調(diào)控機制已逐漸清晰,為精子發(fā)生機理研究奠定堅實基礎(chǔ),但各個通路中的具體調(diào)控細節(jié)及各個通路間的調(diào)控關(guān)系還有待深入研究,隨著人類文明的不斷進步,人和動物都將面臨越來越多的藥物殘留、電子輻射、生產(chǎn)生活壓力等,這些負效應(yīng)對雄性生殖機能的影響將越來越明顯[47-49],生精細胞抵抗白消安等藥物、放射性傷害和生產(chǎn)生活壓力等的具體機制及調(diào)控機理還有待深入研究。

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(編輯程金華)

The Study Progress of the Proliferation,Differentiation and Apoptosis of Spermatogonial Stem Cells under the Regulation of Sertoli Cells

LIANG Ming-yuan1,2,ZHU Hua-bin2,CHEN Xiao-li2,HAO Hai-sheng2,ZHAO Xue-ming2,QIN Tong2,WANG Dong2*

(1.CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology,JilinAgriculturalUniversity,Changchun130118,China;2.TheKeyLaboratoryforFarmAnimalGeneticandUtilizationofMinistryofAgricultureofChina,InstituteofAnimalScience,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100193,China)

Key words:spermatogonial stem cells;sertoli cells;proliferation;differentiation;apoptosis

Abstract:The proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are regulated orderly by sertoli cells (SCs) and maintain the spermatogenesis of male animals.This review focuses on the relationship of physical structure between SCs and SSCs,and the regulation for the proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis of SSCs by GDNF,F(xiàn)GF2,RA,BMP4,SCF,F(xiàn)asL and SR-BI which are SCs-derived factors.This information provides an important reference for the further studies of spermatogenesis and will have great significance to improve reproductive efficiency of male animals,and also provides a valuable reference to explore the clinical treatment of male infertility disease.

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2016.02.003

收稿日期:2015-07-08

基金項目:奶牛產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系北京創(chuàng)新團隊項目;中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院家畜胚胎工程與繁殖創(chuàng)新團隊項目(cxgc-ias-06);國家十二五科技支撐計劃課題資助項目(2011BAD19B02)

作者簡介:梁洺源(1989-),女,河北燕郊人,碩士,主要從事動物遺傳育種與繁殖研究,E-mail:mingyuanliang@163.com *通信作者:王棟,研究員,博導(dǎo),主要從事動物遺傳育種與繁殖研究,E-mail:dwangcn2002@vip.sina.com

中圖分類號:S814

文獻標志碼:A

文章編號:0366-6964(2016)02-0225-07

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