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急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征合并2型糖尿病患者應(yīng)用氯吡格雷與替格瑞洛后殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性及對(duì)預(yù)后影響的比較

2016-02-13 08:47汪敏雙東思蘇晞
關(guān)鍵詞:格瑞洛氯吡格雷

汪敏 雙東思 蘇晞

急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征合并2型糖尿病患者應(yīng)用氯吡格雷與替格瑞洛后殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性及對(duì)預(yù)后影響的比較

汪敏 雙東思 蘇晞

目的 比較急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)合并2型糖尿病患者應(yīng)用氯吡格雷和替格瑞洛的殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性及對(duì)預(yù)后的影響。方法選取武漢亞洲心臟病醫(yī)院2013年3月至2015年3月住院的ACS合并2型糖尿病患者175例,入院后均給予標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療,分為氯吡格雷組(153例)和替格瑞洛組(22例)。采用光比濁法測(cè)量腺苷二磷酸誘導(dǎo)的血小板聚集率。定義血小板最大聚集率>46.0%為殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性。比較兩組殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性的差異及殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性對(duì)3個(gè)月預(yù)后的影響。結(jié)果氯吡格雷組殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性的發(fā)生率顯著高于替格瑞洛組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[64.7%(99/153)比36.4%(8/22),P=0.011]。隨訪3個(gè)月,殘余血小板高反應(yīng)組發(fā)生支架內(nèi)血栓事件3例(2.8%,3/107),均發(fā)生于使用氯吡格雷患者,殘余血小板正常反應(yīng)組無(wú)一例發(fā)生,兩組的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.016);兩組患者的主要事件復(fù)合終點(diǎn)、全因死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、出血事件等發(fā)生率分別比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)。結(jié)論 ACS合并2型糖尿病患者應(yīng)用替格瑞洛較氯吡格雷顯著降低治療后的殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性,殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性增加支架內(nèi)血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征; 2型糖尿病; 氯吡格雷; 替格瑞洛; 殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性

急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)是心血管疾病的急危重癥。血小板在ACS中發(fā)揮重要的作用,抗血小板治療可有效降低急性冠狀動(dòng)脈事件發(fā)生率,減少心血管事件死亡率[1-4]。氯吡格雷是目前ACS抗血小板治療的基石[5],但是氯吡格雷需要經(jīng)肝代謝后轉(zhuǎn)化為活性藥物。血小板功能測(cè)試研究顯示,氯吡格雷抗血小板聚集存在很大的個(gè)體變異性[6-7]。

替格瑞洛是一種新型抗血小板藥物,不需要肝代謝激活,比氯吡格雷能更有效地抑制腺苷二磷酸(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)誘導(dǎo)的血小板聚集。糖尿病是冠心病患者發(fā)生殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性的獨(dú)立影響因素[8-9]。合并糖尿病的患者心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。替格瑞洛較氯吡格雷理應(yīng)有更大的心血管獲益。但PLATO研究[10]的亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者應(yīng)用替格瑞洛能顯著獲益,但是跟非糖尿病患者相比,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,其機(jī)制不明,是否與殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性相關(guān),尚未明確。本研究比較ACS合并2型糖尿病患者應(yīng)用氯吡格雷與替格瑞洛后殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性及對(duì)預(yù)后的影響。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 研究對(duì)象

選取武漢亞洲心臟病醫(yī)院2013年3月至2015年3月住院的ACS(包括不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛、急性ST段抬高心肌梗死、急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死)合并2型糖尿病患者175例。2型糖尿病按照2010年美國(guó)糖尿病學(xué)會(huì)(American diabetes association,ADA)糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11]:(1)糖化血紅蛋白≥6.5%; (2)空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L,空腹定義為至少8 h內(nèi)無(wú)熱量攝入;(3)口服糖耐量試驗(yàn)時(shí)2 h血糖≥11.1 mmol/L;(4)在伴有典型的高血糖或高血糖危象癥狀的患者,隨機(jī)血糖≥11.1 mmol/L;在無(wú)明確高血糖時(shí),應(yīng)通過(guò)重復(fù)檢測(cè)來(lái)證實(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(1)~(3)。

納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)ACS;(2)2型糖尿病。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)對(duì)氯吡咯雷禁忌,入選前24 h行溶栓治療,未行起搏器植入增加心動(dòng)過(guò)緩風(fēng)險(xiǎn),聯(lián)合使用細(xì)胞色素P4503A的強(qiáng)效抑制劑或誘導(dǎo)劑;(2)1型糖尿病;(3)酮癥酸中毒;(4)乳酸酸中毒;(5)慢性腎病4期以上[估算的腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率 (estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)<30 ml/(min· 1.73 m2)];(6)紐約心臟病協(xié)會(huì)(new york heart association,NYHA)心功能Ⅳ級(jí),血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定,不能平臥24 h以上;(7)需口服抗凝藥。

1.2 方法

患者入院時(shí)均先頓服阿司匹林300 mg和氯吡格雷300 mg或者替格瑞洛180 mg,之后用氯吡格雷75 mg、每日1次(氯吡格雷組,153例)或者替格瑞洛90 mg、每日2次(替格瑞洛組,22例)的維持劑量治療12個(gè)月。于清晨服藥前采集肘靜脈血檢測(cè)血小板聚集功能,使用2支3.8 mg/dl枸櫞酸鈉抗凝管采血3 ml。

血小板聚集功能檢測(cè)(光比濁法):采用美國(guó)Helena Laboratories公司生產(chǎn)的血小板聚集儀(AggRAM)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)分析,誘導(dǎo)劑為ADP,ADP最終誘導(dǎo)濃度為5 μmol/L,定義血小板最大聚集率>46.0%為殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性。

其他檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目:入院后第2天查糖化血紅蛋白,空腹血糖;左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF);肝功能(谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶);血液分析(紅細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、血小板計(jì)數(shù)),電解質(zhì)(K+、Na+、Cl-);血脂,甲狀腺功能(游離 T3、游離T4、促甲狀腺激素);血清肌鈣蛋白I。以上生化檢驗(yàn)均使用本院檢驗(yàn)科設(shè)備。

其他基本情況如年齡、性別、體重、身高、血壓等,既往病史如高血壓病、卒中、高脂血癥、心力衰竭、經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)、冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)、外周血管疾病等,心血管危險(xiǎn)因素如吸煙、高血壓病、血脂異常等被記錄,同時(shí)所有患者進(jìn)行臨床隨訪,記錄3個(gè)月主要事件(包括全因死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、支架內(nèi)血栓)和出血事件的發(fā)生情況。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(ˉx±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(百分率)表示,組間比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患者的基線資料比較

氯吡格雷組患者的白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)顯著低于替格瑞洛組[(7.72±2.51)×109/L比(9.21±3.68)×109/L,P=0.016],血清 Na+濃度顯著高于替格瑞洛組[(139.48±2.16)mmol/L比(138.25±2.49)mmol/ L,P=0.015],差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。兩組患者的性別、年齡、身高、體重、收縮壓、舒張壓、既往史、血液分析、血脂、甲狀腺功能、肝功能、左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)等其他指標(biāo)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05,表1)。

2.2 兩組患者殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性比較

氯吡格雷組殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性患者99例,占64.7%。按本院常規(guī),血小板最大聚集率>46.0%給予氯吡格雷劑量翻倍或替換為替格瑞洛。替格瑞洛組殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性患者8例,占36.4%,顯著低于氯吡格雷組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.011)。

2.3 殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性和3個(gè)月隨訪事件的關(guān)系

根據(jù)血小板最大聚集率>46.0%為殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性,將患者分為殘余血小板高反應(yīng)組(107例)和殘余血小板正常反應(yīng)組(68例)。隨訪3個(gè)月,殘余血小板高反應(yīng)組發(fā)生支架內(nèi)血栓事件3例(2.8%),殘余血小板正常反應(yīng)組無(wú)一例發(fā)生,兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.016);3例支架內(nèi)血栓均發(fā)生于氯吡格雷組。兩組患者3個(gè)月的主要事件復(fù)合終點(diǎn)、全因死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、出血事件等發(fā)生率分別比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均 P>0.05,表2)。

表1 兩組患者的基線資料比較

表2 殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性和3個(gè)月隨訪事件的關(guān)系[例(%)]

2.4 主要事件及臨床特點(diǎn)

殘余血小板高反應(yīng)組共5例患者發(fā)生主要事件,其中3例心肌梗死合并支架內(nèi)血栓,1例猝死,1例心力衰竭合并腎衰竭死亡。殘余血小板正常反應(yīng)組共3例患者發(fā)生主要事件,其中1例心肌梗死,1例卒中,1例室性心動(dòng)過(guò)速、心室顫動(dòng)死亡。8例主要事件及其臨床特點(diǎn)見(jiàn)表3。

表3 8例主要事件及其臨床特點(diǎn)

2.5 出血事件及臨床特點(diǎn)

殘余血小板高反應(yīng)組和殘余血小板正常反應(yīng)組各2例患者發(fā)生出血事件,均分別為消化道出血或血尿。4例出血事件及其臨床特點(diǎn)見(jiàn)表4。

表4 4例出血事件及其臨床特點(diǎn)

3 討論

ACS是心血管疾病的急危重癥。血小板在ACS中發(fā)揮重要的作用,抗血小板治療可有效地降低急性冠狀動(dòng)脈事件,減少心血管事件死亡率。氯吡格雷是ACS抗血小板治療的基石,可是氯吡咯雷需要經(jīng)肝代謝后轉(zhuǎn)化為活性藥物才能發(fā)揮抗血小板效果,而大約85%的氯吡格雷被水解為無(wú)活性的產(chǎn)物,只有小部分轉(zhuǎn)為活性產(chǎn)物,CYP2C19基因在這個(gè)過(guò)程中起著關(guān)鍵作用[12]。但是,氯吡格雷反應(yīng)的變異性是多因素的,CYP2C19基因僅僅只解釋5%~12%的總變異性[8-9,13]。血小板功能測(cè)試顯示,氯吡格雷抗血小板聚集表現(xiàn)了很大的個(gè)體變異性。糖尿病是增加殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性的另一個(gè)主要危險(xiǎn)因素[8-9]。評(píng)估殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性的檢測(cè)方法比較多,光比濁法是血小板聚集功能檢測(cè)的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,雖然可重復(fù)性差,非ADP受體特異性,但其價(jià)格低廉、易于普及,是目前國(guó)內(nèi)使用最為普遍的檢查方法之一,有很好的實(shí)用性。本研究選擇該方法評(píng)估殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性。

多項(xiàng)研究顯示,即使給予負(fù)荷劑量氯吡格雷,仍有5%~44%的患者不能獲得充足的抗血小板效應(yīng)[14-18]。不同檢測(cè)方法、不同誘導(dǎo)劑濃度決定了殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性的閾值。Cuisset等[19]使用10 μmol/L ADP作為誘導(dǎo)劑,將研究人群四等分,其中25%的研究對(duì)象表現(xiàn)為低反應(yīng),確定ADP誘導(dǎo)的血小板最大聚集率>70%作為臨界值。最近的一項(xiàng)共識(shí)[20]在殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性的定義中指出,采用光比濁法測(cè)定5 mmol/L ADP誘導(dǎo)的血小板最大聚集率>46%的患者常合并嚴(yán)重不良心臟事件。

影響氯吡格雷殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性的因素包括細(xì)胞因素(降低的CYP3A代謝活性,增加ADP暴露,P2Y12路徑的上調(diào)等)、基因因素(如CYP450基因多態(tài)性)、臨床因素(如依從性差,ACS、糖尿病、心力衰竭、腎衰竭,體重指數(shù)增加,高齡)以及藥物代謝性因素[如吸收差、代謝下降、劑量不足、藥物相互作用(鈣離子拮抗藥、質(zhì)子泵抑制藥)]。Saad等[21]研究顯示,采用5 mmol/L ADP誘導(dǎo),糖尿病患者的平均血小板最大聚集率為22%,非糖尿病患者為11%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Mylotte等[22]研究顯示,采用5 mmol/L ADP誘導(dǎo),糖尿病患者的平均血小板最大聚集率為(56.0±11.1)%。由此可見(jiàn),糖尿病是殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性的危險(xiǎn)因素。Mobley等[23]研究顯示,糖尿病組抗血小板無(wú)反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率高達(dá)40%,非糖尿病組為23%;并且,氯吡格雷治療0~3 d后殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性患者所占比例仍高達(dá)40%。本研究的研究對(duì)象為ACS合并糖尿病患者,同時(shí)存在氯吡格雷用藥時(shí)間過(guò)短、給予負(fù)荷劑量不足、合并使用質(zhì)子泵抑制藥及他汀類藥物等多種因素的影響,導(dǎo)致氯吡格雷組的殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性發(fā)生率增加。殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性比血小板低反應(yīng)性增加了缺血并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。RECLOSE 2-ACS研究[24]顯示,氯吡格雷的殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性發(fā)生率為14%,即使增加氯吡格雷劑量或更改為噻氯匹定,血小板高反應(yīng)性的發(fā)生率仍保持將近40%;殘余血小板高反應(yīng)組中,心臟病死亡的一級(jí)終點(diǎn)發(fā)生率是血小板低反應(yīng)組的2倍以上,支架內(nèi)血栓的發(fā)生率絕對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加3.2%。

研究顯示,亞急性支架內(nèi)血栓患者血小板反應(yīng)性顯著升高[25]。Müller等[14]的隊(duì)列研究共納入105例行PCI的患者,結(jié)果顯示,氯吡格雷無(wú)反應(yīng)者的支架內(nèi)血栓發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。Cuisset等[26]的研究結(jié)果證實(shí)了該現(xiàn)象。CREST研究[27]結(jié)果證實(shí),殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性以及不完全的P2Y12受體抑制是亞急性支架內(nèi)血栓的危險(xiǎn)因素。2007年的一項(xiàng)觀察性研究顯示,對(duì)行藥物洗脫支架置入的PCI患者,給予600 mg負(fù)荷劑量的氯吡格雷后,隨訪6個(gè)月發(fā)現(xiàn),殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性增加支架內(nèi)血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[28]。

替格瑞洛是一種新型抗血小板藥物,不需要經(jīng)肝代謝激活,比氯吡格雷能更有效地抑制ADP誘導(dǎo)的血小板聚集。本研究證實(shí)了對(duì)于ACS合并糖尿病患者,替格瑞洛顯著降低血小板高反應(yīng)性的發(fā)生率,并且證實(shí)了對(duì)于ACS合并糖尿病患者,殘余血小板高反應(yīng)性同樣增加支架內(nèi)血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但本研究樣本量偏小,同時(shí)為觀察性研究,需要更多樣本的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究證實(shí)。

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High residual platelet reactivity in patients with acute coronary syndrome and diabetes mellitus receiving dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel or ticagrelor and its influence on prognosis

WANG Min,SHUANG Dong-si,SU Xi.
Department of Cardiology,Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital,Wuhan 430022,China

SHUANG Dong-si,Email:sds97@163.com

ObjectiveTo observe high residual platelet reactivity in patients with acute coronary syndrome and diabetes mellitus receiving dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel or ticagrelor and its influence on prognosis.MethodsA total of 175 patients with acute coronary syndrome and diabetes mellitus in Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital were included in this retrospective study,and all patients were divided into two groups:ticagrelor group(n=22)and clopidogrel group(n=153).The platelet aggregation function was tested by light transmission platelet aggregation(LTA).The high residual platelet reactivity was defined as maximum platelet aggregation rate>46.0%.The differences of high residual platelet reactivity and the effect of high residual platelet reactivity on cardiovascular events were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe number of patients with high residual platelet reactivity in the clopidogrel group were 99 patients(64.7%),and 8 patients(36.4%)in the ticagrelor group(P=0.011).For stent thrombosis developed in three months,3 patients were from the high residual platelet reaction group(n= 107),none from the normal residual platelet reaction group(n=68)(P=0.016).For bleeding events at 3 months,there were 2 patients(1.9%,2/107)from the high residual platelet reaction group and 2 patients (2.9%, 2/68) were from the normal residual platelet reaction group (P=0.631).ConclusionsTicagrelor significantly decreases high residual platelet reactivity than clopidogrel.High residual platelet reactivity increases stent thrombosis risk for ACS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Acute coronary syndrome; Diabetes mellitus; Clopidogrel; Ticagrelor; High residual platelet reactivity

R541.4

2016-05-18)

10.3969/j.issn.1004-8812.2016.12.004

武漢市衛(wèi)計(jì)委課題(WX14C78)

430022 湖北武漢,武漢亞洲心臟病醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科

雙東思,Email:sds97@163.com

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