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經(jīng)胸微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)治療繼發(fā)孔房間隔缺損140例分析

2016-01-31 19:15錢松屹張總剛郭永忠馬中原杜宇奎買買提艾力艾則孜陶建雙
關(guān)鍵詞:經(jīng)胸房間隔體外循環(huán)

錢松屹,張總剛,劉 筠,郭永忠,郭 盛,馬中原,杜宇奎,買買提艾力·艾則孜,陶建雙,劉 鵬

1中日友好醫(yī)院心臟血管外科,北京 1000292新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院心外科,烏魯木齊 830001

·論 著·

經(jīng)胸微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)治療繼發(fā)孔房間隔缺損140例分析

錢松屹1,張總剛2,劉 筠2,郭永忠2,郭 盛2,馬中原2,杜宇奎2,買買提艾力·艾則孜2,陶建雙2,劉 鵬1

1中日友好醫(yī)院心臟血管外科,北京 1000292新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院心外科,烏魯木齊 830001

目的 探討經(jīng)胸小切口繼發(fā)孔房間隔缺損(ASD)微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)的可行性及有效性。方法 回顧性分析2004年8月至2014年7月收治的140例繼發(fā)孔房間隔缺損患者,其中男47例、女93例,年齡3~63歲,房間隔缺損直徑6~36 mm。患者均于靜吸復(fù)合全麻下,經(jīng)右前胸第4肋間小切口進(jìn)胸,在術(shù)中經(jīng)食管超聲(TEE)引導(dǎo)下行房缺封堵術(shù)。結(jié)果 134例患者經(jīng)封堵器封堵成功。6例患者因封堵不成功,改行體外循環(huán)下ASD修補(bǔ)術(shù)。封堵失敗原因包括:術(shù)后封堵傘脫落2例,均為中央型大ASD,以及術(shù)中封堵不成功4例,其中術(shù)中TEE發(fā)現(xiàn)殘余分流2例、篩孔狀A(yù)SD 1例、術(shù)中封堵器脫落1例。術(shù)后規(guī)律隨訪,隨訪期間無嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。結(jié)論 TEE引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)胸小切口非體外循環(huán)下ASD封堵術(shù)安全、有效、創(chuàng)傷小、操作簡便,有一定推廣價(jià)值。

經(jīng)胸小切口;繼發(fā)孔房間隔缺損;封堵器;經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖

ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(6):650-653

心房間隔缺損(atrial septal defect,ASD)為常見的心臟先天性畸形,可分為繼發(fā)孔ASD(80%)、原發(fā)孔ASD(10%)及靜脈竇型(10%)[1],男女發(fā)病比例約為1∶2[2]。體外循環(huán)下房間隔缺損修補(bǔ)術(shù)為治療ASD的傳統(tǒng)方法,術(shù)式成熟、效果確切,但是手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、術(shù)中出血多、體外循環(huán)并發(fā)癥可能。經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖(trans-esophageal echocardiography,TEE)引導(dǎo)下,經(jīng)右胸小切口、非體外循環(huán)下以封堵器封堵ASD,是近年發(fā)展起來的一項(xiàng)治療繼發(fā)孔ASD的新術(shù)式。為探討此種術(shù)式的可靠性及安全性,新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院心外科于2004年8月至2014年7月采用微創(chuàng)經(jīng)胸封堵術(shù)治療繼發(fā)孔ASD 140例,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

對(duì)象和方法

對(duì)象 選取新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院心外科2004年8月至2014年7月采用微創(chuàng)經(jīng)胸封堵術(shù)治療繼發(fā)孔ASD患者140例,其中男47例、女93例;年齡3~63歲,中位年齡31歲,體重11~86 kg,中位體重 62.2 kg。術(shù)前心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí)(紐約心臟病協(xié)會(huì)分級(jí))。術(shù)前經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷為ASD(繼發(fā)孔型),未發(fā)現(xiàn)其他合并心內(nèi)畸形。其中中央型ASD 109例、上腔型ASD 19例、下腔型ASD 12例。缺損長徑(22.3±9.8) mm(6~36 mm)。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)繼發(fā)孔ASD,未合并其他心內(nèi)畸形;(2)超聲心動(dòng)圖提示ASD缺損長徑≤36 mm,周圍殘邊≥4 mm且較為厚實(shí);(3)體重>10 kg;(4)超聲心動(dòng)圖提示ASD左向右分流為主。所有患者均被充分告知手術(shù)可能風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及并發(fā)癥,由本人或其監(jiān)護(hù)人簽署知情同意書。

手術(shù)方法 患者仰臥位,靜吸復(fù)合全麻下,術(shù)前經(jīng)口置入9 mm食管超聲(TEE)探頭(HP Sonos 7500彩色多普勒超聲儀),測(cè)量ASD最大直徑,并分別測(cè)量缺損距上腔靜脈、下腔靜脈、主動(dòng)脈后壁、肺靜脈開口、冠狀靜脈竇口、二尖瓣環(huán)距離,以及心房、房間隔長度。手術(shù)均在非體外循環(huán)下進(jìn)行,右側(cè)胸骨旁線第4肋間水平行4~6 cm縱行切口,女性患者可采用右側(cè)乳房下緣弧形切口,切斷肋間肌、注意勿傷右乳內(nèi)動(dòng)脈,于第4肋間行2~3 cm橫行切口進(jìn)入胸腔,牽開萎陷肺葉、顯露右房面心包,于膈神經(jīng)前約1.5 cm處切開心包并懸吊、暴露右心房。全身肝素化(1 mg/kg),活化凝血時(shí)間>250 s。右房外側(cè)壁牽引固定,縫雙層荷包、直徑約1.0 cm,根據(jù)TEE測(cè)量結(jié)果選擇相應(yīng)尺寸封堵器(西安中丹康博生物科技有限公司),應(yīng)用封堵器及其輸送系統(tǒng)在雙荷包線中心穿刺,在TEE引導(dǎo)下,將封堵器導(dǎo)管送至左心房,先將封堵器的左房側(cè)推出,后撤鞘管、使傘內(nèi)側(cè)面與房間隔左房側(cè)面緊密貼合,然后釋放右房側(cè)傘,于TEE 下確定封堵傘位置,觀察心房水平有無殘余分流,二、三尖瓣瓣葉開閉是否受限,牽拉牽引線了解封堵傘固定是否牢固,經(jīng)反復(fù)檢查無誤后,剪斷牽引線、完全釋放封堵傘,撤出鞘管,結(jié)扎荷包縫線,完成封堵。若術(shù)中TEE提示封堵器型號(hào)或位置不適合,則于完全釋放前回收封堵器重新釋放或更換適合封堵器,并重復(fù)上述步驟,直至手術(shù)醫(yī)師及超聲醫(yī)師確認(rèn)滿意后完全釋放封堵器??p合心包切口,靜推魚精蛋白中和肝素,徹底止血,膨肺后逐層關(guān)胸。

術(shù)后處理 術(shù)后第1日起予阿司匹林,成人100 mg每日1次、兒童按3 mg/kg,規(guī)律抗凝3個(gè)月。分別于術(shù)后即刻、3~5 d及1、3、6、12、18、24、30、36、42、48個(gè)月進(jìn)行隨訪,行超聲心動(dòng)圖及心電圖檢查。

結(jié) 果

134例患者經(jīng)封堵器封堵成功,無手術(shù)死亡,術(shù)后即刻復(fù)查TEE未見殘余分流。手術(shù)時(shí)間(1.4±0.3)h,術(shù)中失血量(40.6±11.7)ml,無術(shù)中、術(shù)后輸血。6例患者因封堵不成功,改行體外循環(huán)下ASD修補(bǔ)術(shù)。封堵失敗原因包括,術(shù)后封堵傘脫落2例,均為中央型大ASD(>30 mm),經(jīng)胸壁超聲證實(shí)后,急診行體外循環(huán)下ASD修補(bǔ)術(shù)。術(shù)中封堵不成功4例,其中2例術(shù)中封堵傘釋放后,TEE發(fā)現(xiàn)ASD下緣殘余分流,改為體外循環(huán)下ASD修補(bǔ)術(shù);1例經(jīng)術(shù)中TEE證實(shí)為篩孔狀A(yù)SD,遂放棄行ASD封堵術(shù)、改為體外循環(huán)下ASD修補(bǔ)術(shù);1例術(shù)中封堵傘釋放后即刻發(fā)生封堵器脫落,經(jīng)TEE證實(shí)封堵傘移位至三尖瓣口,遂擴(kuò)大右房切口,在TEE引導(dǎo)下以鑷子夾持封堵傘邊緣取出封堵傘,并改為體外循環(huán)下ASD修補(bǔ)術(shù)。術(shù)后氣管插管拔除時(shí)間(187.2±16.1) min。ICU停留時(shí)間(11.2±2.6) h。住院時(shí)間(8.9±3.8) d,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間(5.3±2.7) d。術(shù)后隨訪122例,隨訪率91.0%(122/134),隨訪時(shí)間(31.4±5.8)個(gè)月(3~48個(gè)月),隨訪方式為門診或住院檢查,分別于術(shù)后3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月,以后每半年1次,復(fù)查超聲心動(dòng)圖,未見心房水平殘余分流,未見封堵傘移位。

討 論

經(jīng)胸微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì) ASD為先天性心臟病中發(fā)病率最高的類型,缺損造成心房水平的左向右分流,長期肺血流量增加可導(dǎo)致肺動(dòng)脈高壓,如不及時(shí)手術(shù),將發(fā)生右心功能不全,并最終累及左心功能,影響患者預(yù)期壽命[3]。缺損的存在還可導(dǎo)致矛盾栓塞,即靜脈系統(tǒng)的栓子通過缺損進(jìn)入體循環(huán),而造成全身動(dòng)脈栓塞[4]。傳統(tǒng)體外循環(huán)下ASD修補(bǔ)術(shù),技術(shù)成熟、效果確切,不受發(fā)病位置、大小的限制[5],且可同期矯治其他合并心內(nèi)畸形[6],但是存在需體外循環(huán)、手術(shù)時(shí)間長、創(chuàng)傷大等缺點(diǎn)。而導(dǎo)管介入房缺封堵術(shù),適應(yīng)證較窄,通常適用于中、小型ASD[7],其導(dǎo)管行徑長、可控性差。當(dāng)缺損直徑較大時(shí),封堵傘往往與房間隔呈垂直位,調(diào)整、釋放困難,對(duì)于缺損邊緣較窄的大ASD,由于導(dǎo)管由下腔靜脈進(jìn)入,釋放封堵傘時(shí)易致傘穿越缺損而無法準(zhǔn)確定位于ASD兩側(cè),導(dǎo)致操作時(shí)間延長,醫(yī)患雙方均需接觸放射線,增加了手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。若對(duì)ASD介入封堵術(shù)適應(yīng)證選擇不慎,有發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥的可能[8]。

本術(shù)式采用胸骨旁小切口、女性患者可采用乳房下切口,較為美觀,術(shù)中無需體外循環(huán),手術(shù)操作簡便、時(shí)間短、創(chuàng)傷較小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快、住院時(shí)間短[9]。與導(dǎo)管介入封堵相比,該術(shù)式應(yīng)用范圍有所擴(kuò)大,TEE顯示ASD更為直觀,封堵傘尺寸選擇更為精確,手術(shù)徑路短,操作準(zhǔn)確性高,且釋放不滿意尚可回收。因不受靜脈內(nèi)徑限制,故該術(shù)式對(duì)于嬰幼兒患者亦適用。術(shù)中無需使用造影劑,亦不接觸放射線。若術(shù)中發(fā)生并發(fā)癥或意外情況,方便轉(zhuǎn)為體外循環(huán)下ASD修補(bǔ)術(shù),提高了手術(shù)安全性。較之胸腔鏡或機(jī)器人輔助下胸腔鏡房缺修補(bǔ)術(shù),此種手術(shù)具備設(shè)備要求低、操作簡便、易于掌握、學(xué)習(xí)曲線短等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[10]。

手術(shù)操作要點(diǎn) 合適適應(yīng)證的選擇是提高ASD微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)成功率及降低并發(fā)癥的首要前提。中央型繼發(fā)孔ASD適合行ASD封堵術(shù),而上腔型、下腔型及混合型ASD,因缺少邊緣、封堵傘固定不穩(wěn),均不宜接受封堵術(shù)。本研究1例術(shù)中發(fā)生封堵傘滑脫,即為下腔型ASD。選擇封堵傘型號(hào)即封堵傘腰部直徑是術(shù)中的重要決策。一般根據(jù)TEE測(cè)得缺損最大直徑,在此基礎(chǔ)上增加4~6 mm、選擇相應(yīng)型號(hào)的封堵器。對(duì)于柔軟邊緣,應(yīng)視同缺損范圍。對(duì)于大直徑ASD(>30 mm),若邊緣完整且寬度>4 mm,可考慮行封堵術(shù),若TEE提示ASD存在1條及以上邊緣缺乏,則放棄行ASD封堵術(shù),改行體外循環(huán)下ASD修補(bǔ)術(shù)。TEE對(duì)于術(shù)中判斷ASD分型、直徑、邊緣寬度、與瓣膜關(guān)系,以決定術(shù)式及選擇適當(dāng)型號(hào)封堵傘,以及術(shù)后即刻判斷有無脫落、移位、殘余分流等均有重要意義。故術(shù)中手術(shù)醫(yī)師與超聲醫(yī)師的配合,對(duì)于封堵傘釋放的精確性、穩(wěn)定性非常重要。針對(duì)幼兒或成人大型ASD,可在右房壁與封堵傘邊緣縫合1針,以防封堵傘脫落后移位至瓣膜口或心室流出道,導(dǎo)致急性心功能不全或繼發(fā)血栓形成、栓子脫落栓塞等可能危及生命的并發(fā)癥。

術(shù)后注意事項(xiàng) 術(shù)后聽診心臟雜音消失,術(shù)后每日查體心臟聽診,若雜音復(fù)現(xiàn)、提示封堵傘脫落可能。術(shù)后1周內(nèi)復(fù)查超聲心動(dòng)圖,觀察封堵傘位置有無改變,之后按計(jì)劃規(guī)律復(fù)查超聲心動(dòng)圖。因切口小、術(shù)中出血量少,常規(guī)不放置胸腔引流管,術(shù)中止血徹底,術(shù)后常規(guī)行半坐位床旁胸片,觀察有無胸腔及心包積液征象;術(shù)后應(yīng)用阿司匹林腸溶片規(guī)律抗血小板治療3個(gè)月,預(yù)防血栓形成。

綜上,經(jīng)胸小切口房缺修補(bǔ)術(shù)作為復(fù)合手術(shù),結(jié)合開放手術(shù)與介入治療的優(yōu)勢(shì)、克服了二者各自的不足,具有操作簡便、效果確切、創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),經(jīng)中長期隨訪效果肯定,具備推廣的價(jià)值。

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Effectiveness of Secundum Atrial Septal Defect Occlusion with the Septal Occluder through Right-chest Small Incision: Clinical Analysis of 140 Cases

QIAN Song-yi1,ZHANG Zong-gang2, LIU Jun2,GUO Yong-zhong2,GUO Sheng2,MA Zhong-yuan2,DU Yu-kui2,MAI MAI TI AI LI·AI Ze-zi2,TAO Jian-shuang2,LIU Peng1

1Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Hospital, Urumchi 830001, China

QIAN Song-yi Tel:010- 84205089,E-mail:theme2@163.com

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of secundum atrial septal defect(ASD)occlusion with the septal occluder through right-chest small incision. Methods The clinical data of 140 secundum ASD patients (47 males and 93 females) aged 3- 63 years who were treated in our center from August 2004 to July 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The diameter of ASD was 6 to 36 mm. Under general anesthesia, all patients underwent intraoperative transtsophageal echocardiography (TEE), during which no associated cardiac deformity was found. All patients received ASD occlusion via a small incision (3- 4 cm) at the right anterior chest. The occluders were released with the help of TEE. Results The atrial septal defect closure was successfully completed in 134 cases. Six cases received surgical closure of ASD after the failure of occlusion. The reasons of conversion included postoperative dislodgement of occlusion device (n=2, both were central type with large size) and technically unsuitable for occlusion (n=4, in whom residual shunt was found in 2 case, sieve pore type in 1 case, and intraoperative dislodgement in 1 case). All of these 6 patients were treated surgically under cardiopulmonary bypass. No dislocation of the device or atrial shunt was found within 3 to 48 months after the operation. Conclusion Occlusion via small chest incision of ASD under TEE guidance without cardiopulmonary bypass is a safe, minimally invasive, effective, and convenient treatment and worth clinical application.

small chest incision;secundum atrial septal defect;occluder;transesophageal echocardiography

錢松屹 電話:010- 84205089,電子郵件:theme2@163.com

R541.1;R65.2

A

1000- 503X(2016)06- 0650- 04

10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.06.005

2015- 11- 30)

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