李東明等
【摘要】目的了解孕中期羊水母體血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平及其與不良妊娠的關(guān)系。方法對25 038例孕中期孕婦羊水采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法進行AFP檢測,隨訪妊娠結(jié)局,建立羊水AFP參考值及2.5中位數(shù)倍數(shù)(MoM)。結(jié)果孕16~23 W羊水參考值上限為15 665.6~28 766.9 ng/ml,2.5 MoM為18 712.3~38 694.3 ng/ml,且其值隨孕周增加而降低,開放神經(jīng)管缺陷、頸部淋巴管瘤、死胎和腹部畸形妊娠羊水AFP異常比例較高,其他不良妊娠結(jié)局則較低,但其AFP值明顯增加。結(jié)論羊水AFP異常升高與神經(jīng)管缺陷、頸部淋巴管瘤、死胎和腹部畸形等不良妊娠相關(guān),但仍有一定漏診和誤診,應(yīng)結(jié)合動態(tài)超聲監(jiān)測以確診和排除相關(guān)畸形。
【關(guān)鍵詞】羊水;甲胎蛋白;不良妊娠結(jié)局
中圖分類號:R714.53文獻標識碼:ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.10031383.2015.04.006
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate relationship between level of amniotic fluid alphafetoprotein(AFP) in second trimester and adverse pregnancy outcomes.MethodsEnzymelinked immunosorbent assay was used to detect amniotic fluid AFP of 25 038 pregnant women in second trimester.And pregnancy outcomes were followed up.Reference values of amniotic fluid AFP and 2.5 multiple of median(MoM) were established.Results Upper limit of normal amniotic fluid was 15 665.6~28 766.9 ng/ml and 2.5 MoM was 18 712.3~38 694.3 ng/ml during 16~23 weeks of pregnancy,and the values were decreased with the increase of gestational weeks.Proportions of abnormal amniotic fluid AFP were quite high in open neural tube defects,cervical lymphangioma,stillbirth and abdominal abnormality,and proportion of other adverse pregnancy outcomes was relatively,but value of AFP significantly increased.ConclusionAbnormal increase of amniotic fluid AFP is related to the adverse pregnancy outcomes such as neural tube defects,cervical lymphangioma,stillbirth and abdominal abnormality,but some misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis still exist,so ultrasound monitoring is needed to make a definite diagnosis and exclude related malformations.
【Key words】amniotic fluid;AFP;adverse pregnancy outcomes
母體血清甲胎蛋白(alphafetoprotein,AFP)已被廣泛應(yīng)用于開放性神經(jīng)管缺陷(open neural tube defects,NTDs)的產(chǎn)前篩查,當母體血清AFP≥2.5中位數(shù)倍數(shù)(MoM)時采用超聲掃描或取羊水檢測AFP予以排除或確診[1~2]。Wald等[3]研究表明羊水AFP異常升高時提示NTDs可能性較大;而以往研究[2,4]表明母體血清或羊水AFP≥2.5 MoM時,胎兒為開放神經(jīng)管缺陷或其他畸形的確診率較低,且樣本量較少。為此,筆者對2006年1月~2014年6月進行產(chǎn)前診斷的25 038例孕中期孕婦羊水進行AFP檢測,并隨訪妊娠結(jié)局,進一步修正AFP中位數(shù)值,評價不良妊娠結(jié)局與羊水 AFP的相關(guān)性,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1對象與方法1.1對象2006年1月~2014年6月在我院進行產(chǎn)前診斷的孕婦25 038例,產(chǎn)前診斷指征包括:高齡、母體血清學篩查高風險、地中海貧血高風險和超聲異常發(fā)現(xiàn)等,排除腫瘤和肝臟疾病等導(dǎo)致母體血清學AFP升高的疾病。年齡18~47歲,均行羊膜腔穿刺術(shù),孕周 16~23周。
1.2檢測方法B超引導(dǎo)下,經(jīng)腹抽取羊水1~5 ml,2000 r/min 離心 10 min。樣本按1∶100 稀釋后,采用酶聯(lián)免疫法檢測羊水AFP,試劑盒購于瑞典 Fujirebio AB 公司。按試劑盒說明書進行操作、質(zhì)量控制及結(jié)果判斷。異常結(jié)果進行復(fù)檢,結(jié)果一致后及時報告臨床。電話隨訪妊娠結(jié)局,了解新生兒是否存在外觀及各組織器官畸形等。
1.3統(tǒng)計學方法采用SPSS 17.0軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(±s)表示,正態(tài)性檢驗采用D檢驗,三個及三個以上樣本均數(shù)的比較采用方差分析,計數(shù)資料的比較采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結(jié)果2.1各孕周羊水AFP水平及參考值上限25 038例孕婦羊水APF含量為180~191 159 ng/ml,隨訪妊娠結(jié)局,共獲得健康出生孕婦羊水AFP值15 968例,經(jīng)對數(shù)概率圖、偏度與峰度檢驗、正態(tài)D檢驗,該資料對數(shù)值屬正態(tài)總體,95%參考值上限(SI)為均數(shù)±1645 s。見表1。
2.2羊水AFP水平與不良妊娠結(jié)局的相關(guān)性572例不良妊娠結(jié)局羊水AFP結(jié)果,按類型以SI為界分為兩個觀察因素。神經(jīng)管缺陷、頸部淋巴管瘤、死胎和腹部畸形組AFP>SI的比例較高,AFP≥2.5 MoM,明顯高于其他組AFP>SI的比例 (χ2=245.12,P<0001),但兩組(AFP≥2.5 MoM、AFP<2.5 MoM)AFP水平均高于健康組。見表2。
3討論以往研究[4~5]顯示,研究對象及樣本量的差異對羊水AFP的參考值及其2.5 MoM值的影響較大。本研究對 25 038例孕中期孕婦羊水進行AFP檢測,排除AFP離群值及不良妊娠結(jié)局的樣本,共獲得健康出生妊娠羊水AFP值15 968例,經(jīng)對數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為近正態(tài)分布資料,完善了16~23 W參考值上限及2.5 MoM值,結(jié)果顯示羊水APF水平隨著孕周的增大而明顯降低,與以往報道[4]一致,而各孕周參考值上限及2.5 MoM值均較以往研究略為降低。
20世紀70年代美國等國家已將血清學篩查高風險孕婦羊水AFP檢測作為確診NTDs的常規(guī)檢測項目,當羊水AFP≥5 MoM,且羊水膽堿酯酶檢測陽性時可以確診NTDs[3,6],而國內(nèi)還未見大樣本的相關(guān)報道。本研究對25 038例孕中期孕婦羊水進行AFP檢測,并隨訪妊娠結(jié)局,共發(fā)現(xiàn)NTDs14例,其中無腦兒7例,腦膜腦膨出4例,脊柱裂1例,其AFP≥2.5 MoM;而1例開放性脊柱裂和1腦膜腦膨出其孕母羊水AFP<2.5 MoM,經(jīng)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)這些病例的確診孕周均在23 W,是否為羊水中胎兒其他成分較多影響檢測結(jié)果還需進一步分析,結(jié)果表明對血清學或羊水檢測正常者,應(yīng)進行動態(tài)超聲監(jiān)測以防止該類患兒的漏診。
研究[4,7]表明頸部淋巴管瘤和死胎等與羊水AFP升高有相關(guān)性,胎兒腹部畸形時羊水AFP也明顯升高。本研究對不良妊娠結(jié)局產(chǎn)前診斷指征按AFP水平分組,結(jié)果顯示染色體數(shù)目異常和重型地中海貧血胎兒組妊娠羊水AFP異常主要為45、X和巴氏水兒等因胎兒水腫引起。在8例頸部淋巴管瘤胎兒妊娠中有5例羊水AFP異常增高,甚至高于開放神經(jīng)管缺陷,另3例羊水AFP值正常,與Musone等[8]報道有一定的差異,這可能與頸部淋巴管瘤發(fā)生及持續(xù)時間有關(guān)。死胎和胎兒腹部畸形組AFP異常升高的比例也較大,這可能與皮膚通透性增加或畸形腹部等導(dǎo)致AFP釋放到羊水中增多有關(guān)。其他畸形組羊水AFP升高的比例較小,且AFP水平也明顯低于其他不良妊娠結(jié)局組。
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