郭洪義

(西南大學(xué) 漢語言文獻(xiàn)研究所，重慶 400715)

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從避諱字看《廣韻》版本

郭洪義

(西南大學(xué) 漢語言文獻(xiàn)研究所，重慶 400715)

張氏澤存堂本《廣韻》應(yīng)是南宋寧宗年間的遞修本，而學(xué)界向來誤認(rèn)為是高宗年間的浙刊本。周祖謨用來參校的傅氏雙鑒樓藏宋刻本《廣韻》實(shí)當(dāng)為南宋高宗紹興年間的浙刊本，而非北宋本。對張氏澤存堂本《廣韻》版本問題的探討，可糾正歷來對張氏校改《廣韻》的誤會。通過闡釋《廣韻》避諱字采取缺筆避諱方式的原因，為韻書的避諱研究提供一定參考。

避諱字；《廣韻》；特點(diǎn)；版本；成因

避諱是中國古代一種獨(dú)特的文化現(xiàn)象，從先秦到清代，避諱制度已達(dá)三千年之久①，反映了人們對君長的敬畏心理。其體現(xiàn)在口頭上是改音避諱，體現(xiàn)在書面上是改字避諱、空字避諱或缺筆避諱，往往在當(dāng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的文獻(xiàn)上打上時(shí)代的烙印，這為文獻(xiàn)學(xué)、文化學(xué)、歷史學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)研究提供了一定的線索和依據(jù)。本文試圖從避諱字這一時(shí)代印記出發(fā)，來探究《廣韻》避諱字的特點(diǎn)及版本問題。通過對張氏澤存堂本《廣韻》版本問題的深入探討，亦可糾正學(xué)界歷來對于張氏校改《廣韻》的一些誤會。

一、《廣韻》避諱字

(一)使用版本

本文以中華書局版《廣韻校本》(周祖謨先生校本)為調(diào)查對象。該書以張士俊澤存堂本為底本，據(jù)傅氏雙鑒樓及日本金澤文庫所藏宋刻本、涵芬樓所藏景宋寫本等版本精校，以正張刻之誤，為目前《廣韻》諸版本中最可靠、?？弊罹_者。

(二)《廣韻》避諱字表

本文對《廣韻》避諱字窮盡調(diào)查，現(xiàn)列表如下： 該表按《廣韻》中反映的帝王世系排列名諱，未避的帝王名諱則省去，至于個(gè)別帝王本應(yīng)避諱卻未避諱者，將在下文討論。避諱字圖片直接剪切自《廣韻》原書，以保持字形原貌。

朝代帝王名諱 避諱字 宋代宋始祖趙玄朗宋太祖祖父趙敬宋太祖父趙弘殷宋太祖趙匡胤宋太宗趙炅宋真宗趙恒宋仁宗趙禎宋欽宗趙桓宋高宗趙構(gòu)清代清圣祖玄燁

二、《廣韻》避諱字特點(diǎn)

(一)避諱字采用缺筆避諱方式

(二)以帝王名諱用字為構(gòu)件或聲符構(gòu)成的字亦缺筆避諱

(三)避諱字的同音字或以該同音字為構(gòu)件的字亦避諱

《廣韻》中的避諱字，除了帝王名諱字及以此為構(gòu)件的字以外，與帝王名諱同音或以該同音字為構(gòu)件的字亦要避諱，這深刻反映出宋代避諱的嚴(yán)格程度簡直到了無以復(fù)加的地步。如因宋太祖趙匡胤祖父名“敬”，不僅“敬”字要避，而且與“敬”同音的“竟”字及以之為構(gòu)件的字亦要避諱，如“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”等均缺筆。又如宋仁宗名“禎”，與之同音或音近及以之為構(gòu)件的字如“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”、“”等亦缺筆。

(四)極少部分字未避諱是刻工的疏漏

三、《廣韻》避諱字反映的版本問題

由《廣韻》避諱字表可知，《廣韻》主要避宋、清兩朝帝王名諱，由此可以推斷：該《廣韻》宋代進(jìn)行過初刻，清代又進(jìn)行了重刻。

(一)關(guān)于《廣韻》避諱字中出現(xiàn)的帝王名諱避與不避的問題

該版本《廣韻》宋代帝王避諱到仁宗趙禎，仁宗以下帝王名諱不避，如哲宗趙煦之“煦”仍作“煦”；英宗趙曙之“曙”仍作“曙”，徽宗趙佶之“佶”仍作“佶”；而到欽宗趙桓、高宗趙構(gòu)又開始避諱，《廣韻》于真宗景德四年(1007)完成校定，并于真宗大中祥符元年(1008)改名為《大宋重修廣韻》，真宗大中祥符六年(1013)成書刊行，自然真宗及其以前的帝王名諱要避。但是，為什么真宗后之仁宗亦避，間隔了幾個(gè)宋代皇帝名諱不避，而到了欽宗趙桓、高宗趙構(gòu)又開始避諱了呢？根據(jù)諱避當(dāng)朝及其宗祖皇帝名諱的原則，今之常見的張氏澤存堂本《廣韻》其版本應(yīng)是南宋寧宗年間的遞修本，而學(xué)界向來誤認(rèn)為是高宗年間的浙刊本。張氏澤存堂本《廣韻》所用刻本應(yīng)是南宋寧宗年間的遞修本，這從刻工姓名可以得到證明。根據(jù)余迺永先生《澤存堂本〈廣韻〉之版本問題》一文的相關(guān)研究，現(xiàn)列出高宗本、寧宗本及孝宗之巾箱本《廣韻》版心下欄所志刻工姓名：

“高宗本刻工姓名：徐吳、余永、余竑、徐杲、徐顏、王珍、丁珪、陳錫、包正、孫勉、朱琰、阮于、徐茂、徐具、徐高、毛諒、吳亮、顧忠、許明、梁濟(jì)、陳詢、徐政、陳明仲、姚臻等。

寧宗本刻工姓名：何昇、何澄、方至、方堅(jiān)、宋琚、趙中、曹榮、吳椿、吳志、吳益、王玩、王恭、王寶、陸選、余敏、張榮、高異、劉昭、李倍、李倚、顏彥、金滋、秦顯、秦暉、陳晃、陳壽、朱玩、沈思忠、沈思恭、匋、實(shí)甫、勝之等。

孝宗時(shí)巾箱本刻工姓名：沈亨、李憲、余竑、虞正、虞道堅(jiān)、卓受、五二、徐顏、李寔、文等”[1]。

既然為宋寧宗年間的刻本，那為什么高宗之后的孝宗趙眘、光宗趙惇及寧宗自己名諱也未避呢？這主要跟寧宗年間使用的刻版有關(guān)。由于寧宗年間重刻《廣韻》時(shí)乃是直接覆刻高宗年間的舊版，所以包括寧宗在內(nèi)的三個(gè)帝王名諱亦未能進(jìn)入避諱之列(正如上文所述，也與南宋避諱不太嚴(yán)格有一定關(guān)系)。樸現(xiàn)圭、樸貞玉兩位先生亦持有跟筆者一樣的觀點(diǎn)。兩位先生在《廣韻版本考》一書中曾云：“本槧(指寧宗遞修本)覆刻高宗間版，而未加闕新廟諱，故眘、惇、擴(kuò)字皆未避?！盵2]

至于宋仁宗趙禎名諱避諱的問題，可能是北宋仁宗年間對真宗所頒行的《廣韻》又進(jìn)行過刊刻，其名諱當(dāng)然要避。清人顧沄便持這種觀點(diǎn)：“今致宋諱闕筆字有玄、敬、胤、禎等字，而英宗以下諸諱皆不缺筆，洵為仁宗時(shí)己丑可居。”顧氏根據(jù)避諱之法，將其所見《廣韻》版本定為是北宋仁宗黃祐元年槧。查相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)記載，顧氏所見《廣韻》版本其實(shí)就是張氏澤存堂本，他未看到后面的宋欽宗趙桓之“桓”、宋高宗趙構(gòu)之“構(gòu)”字亦避諱，觀點(diǎn)雖不完全正確，但是顧氏的這種猜測認(rèn)為北宋仁宗年間還存在一個(gè)《廣韻》的本子是可能的，只是后來北宋時(shí)期刊刻的《廣韻》都已亡佚而沒有保存下來，后人無從得見罷了。

最后，還有一個(gè)問題需要交代。周祖謨《廣韻?？庇洝匪阜Q的傅氏雙鑒樓所藏北宋本《廣韻》亦當(dāng)指南宋寧宗遞修本，而非學(xué)界向來認(rèn)為的北宋本。周氏校例并誤記為平、上、去三卷?！皾纱嫣帽尽稄V韻》謂清康熙四十三年甲申吳郡張士俊重刊之宋本《廣韻》。此書之底本，據(jù)其首載潘耒序，乃常熟毛扆(毛晉之子)汲古閣藏大宋本及潘耒鈔崑山徐元文含經(jīng)堂藏宋本。因毛本原缺一帙，故潘氏畀其鈔本以供張刻捕足。今存汲古閣舊藏宋本，除上舉巾箱本，尚有為明代文征明所藏，歷經(jīng)毛晉父子、季振宜父子，陸費(fèi)墀，張岱等后流散于書肆者一種?！盵1]而“流散于書肆者”的這種本子的《廣韻》后由傅增湘搜求所得，即傅氏雙鑒樓所藏刻本。而此刻本《廣韻》遇宋太祖之祖(敬、竟)、始祖(玄朗)、宋太祖之父(弘、殷)、太祖(匡胤)、太宗(炅)、仁宗(禎)、南宋高宗(構(gòu))等帝王名諱皆缺筆避諱，又所版心所存留的刻工姓名互見紹興年間所刻古籍②，故應(yīng)當(dāng)為南宋高宗紹興年間刻本無疑。

(二)學(xué)界歷來對于張氏校改《廣韻》存在一定誤解

歷來學(xué)界都認(rèn)為張氏澤存堂本《廣韻》是經(jīng)張氏勘照其他版本《廣韻》點(diǎn)竄過的本子。如周祖謨《廣韻校勘記》序言評“張氏刻書，頗好點(diǎn)竄”，并引楊守敬《日本記書志》云：“原本(指寧宗初刻本)謬誤不少，張氏校改樸塵之功不可沒。然亦有本不誤而以為誤者，有顯然訛誤而未校出者，有宜存而徑改者”以證成其說；且謂“宋本面目，惟有憑藉黎刻所附校札，始得窺其大略?！逼鋵?shí)，張氏并非自己點(diǎn)竄校改《廣韻》，張氏澤存堂本《廣韻》乃直接源自南宋寧宗年間的遞修本，而寧宗遞修本是對寧宗初刻本(其初刻本又以高宗年間刻本為底本)的修訂，較之寧宗初刻本及高宗紹興年間刻本，其誤字自然要少得多。換句話說，張氏所刊《廣韻》本身是寧宗遞修本，寧宗遞修本是對寧宗初刻本的校訂。因此，張氏澤存堂本《廣韻》當(dāng)中的部分字(較之他本不誤者)并非完全由張氏徑自校改。學(xué)界對于張氏校改《廣韻》的認(rèn)識應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)玫竭m當(dāng)糾正。

(三)關(guān)于清刻本中的避諱字問題

四、《廣韻》避諱字成因探討

中國古代主要避諱方式有四，而《廣韻》獨(dú)采用缺筆避諱的方式。原因主要有兩方面：

(一)這是由字書的性質(zhì)決定的

《廣韻》不僅是科舉考試時(shí)詩歌創(chuàng)作用韻標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的工具書，同時(shí)又是一部按韻編排的同音字典。作為奉勅編纂的官書，《廣韻》編成后由真宗皇帝頒行天下，與《大廣益會玉篇》一起形成了韻書與字書并行的局面。作為國家語音規(guī)范教材，用音、用字都要做到盡量規(guī)范。與此同時(shí)，《廣韻》闡釋字音、字形、字義，客觀上又是一部同音字典，具備其他字書的性質(zhì)和功用。字書的性質(zhì)決定它必須交代字形，而缺筆避諱的方式最大限度地保留了字形，保留了字形的區(qū)別性特征；如果采用改音、空字、改字等避諱方式，就會造成字形使用混亂、文字形音義不對稱的情況，這不符合國家語音規(guī)范教材的要求。采用缺筆避諱的方式，則最大限度地保持了字形原貌，盡量做到了文字形、音、義的統(tǒng)一，從而有效解決了國家級規(guī)范教材與避諱之間的矛盾，求得了新的平衡。這正是《廣韻》避諱字采用缺筆避諱的形式的最根本原因。

(二)缺筆避諱符合人類記憶聯(lián)想規(guī)律

較之其他避諱方式，缺筆避諱是一種最經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的避諱方式，符合人類記憶聯(lián)想的規(guī)律。翻開任何一本書籍，人們首先感知到的是字形，接著才是音義。采用缺筆避諱的方式，最大限度地保持了字形的原貌。即使是缺一筆，人們通過聯(lián)系和類推的心理作用也可快速復(fù)原字形的原貌，這符合人類記憶聯(lián)想的規(guī)律。如果采用改字、改音或空字等方式，都會在字形和字音、字義之間設(shè)置障礙，完全不如缺筆避諱來得那么直接，這不符合人們識字、認(rèn)字的規(guī)律，更不便于人們聯(lián)想記憶。字書里的缺筆避諱是字書的社會功用和“為尊者諱”的社會文化心理共同作用的結(jié)果。

從研究的角度看，文獻(xiàn)中的避諱現(xiàn)象有其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。從直接的感知方面說，它給古籍的閱讀和整理設(shè)置了許多文字上的障礙，如果不通過深入的文獻(xiàn)調(diào)查做文獻(xiàn)復(fù)原工作，往往會造成讀者認(rèn)識上的干擾乃至錯(cuò)誤，不利于文獻(xiàn)的整理和研究。據(jù)焦培民先生統(tǒng)計(jì)，唐朝修《南史》，為避唐太宗李世民諱，將《宋書》、《南齊書》、《梁書》及《陳書》中“左民”改為“左戶”者達(dá)50例之多?！赌鲜贰愤€將《宋書》、《齊書》、《梁書》、《陳書》中的“左民郎中”寫作“左戶郎中”，“左民侍郎”寫作“左戶侍郎”；“左民令史”也寫作“左戶令史”等[3]，這給后人造成了很多認(rèn)識上的混亂。

同時(shí)，避諱客觀上也反映了古籍的版本，是標(biāo)示版本的忠實(shí)標(biāo)志，為古籍版本的鑒定提供了一定的線索和依據(jù)。“避國諱對古籍版本的鑒定有重要作用。熟記宋、明、清帝王的名號及其避諱字，對鑒定版本的年代有很大的幫助”[4]。張氏澤存堂本《廣韻》的辨別就是明證。其他如宋刊遼僧行筠《龍龕手鏡》，為避宋太祖趙匡胤祖父趙敬諱而改作《龍龕手鑒》。避諱字還可為辨?zhèn)螌W(xué)提供一定的線索和依據(jù)，這里不再詳述。

總之，避諱作為中國古代文獻(xiàn)的一種獨(dú)特形式，已成為中國古代文化中一種特殊的組成部分。研究中國古籍中的避諱字，能夠?yàn)楣偶姹镜蔫b別提供一定的線索和依據(jù)，并有利于探究中國古代社會的避諱心理。

注釋：

①關(guān)于避諱，歷史悠久?？傮w來說，避諱大概始于周，秦漢漸成定制，入隋以后諱禁漸嚴(yán)，唐代更加盛行，宋代發(fā)展至頂峰。元明諱禁有所放寬，清代又日趨嚴(yán)格。目前關(guān)于避諱的最早古籍記載出自《尚書》?！渡袝そ痣罚骸拔栐獙O某，遘厲虐疾。若爾三王，是有丕子之責(zé)于天，以旦代某之身。”《尚書》孔安國傳：“元孫武王，某名，臣諱君，故曰某?！薄督痣菲獮榻裎摹渡袝分械囊黄?，非后世假讬，應(yīng)無疑義。

②見《阿部隆一遺稿》第一卷所附“宋元版刻工名表”。日本東京，汲古書院一九九三年版。

[1]余迺永.澤存堂本《廣韻》之版本問題[J].語言研究，1999(2)：154.

[2]樸現(xiàn)圭，樸貞玉.《廣韻》版本考[M].臺北：學(xué)海出版社，1986：22.

[3]劉學(xué)文.略論唐人修史諱書及其不良影響[J].蘭臺世界，2010(3)：63.

[4]趙雅麗. 避諱在古籍版本鑒定中的作用[J].語文學(xué)刊，2006(8)：129.

[責(zé)任編輯 李夕菲]

The Vicissitude of Jiangmen’s Arcade Buildings along the Chang Di (Causeway) Street

(by ZHANG Chao)

Abstract: The arcade buildings at the Chang Di Street in Jiangmen were constructed in the beginning of the twentieth Century and were a successful example of urban construction. They were constructed, developed and protected along with China’s political and economic changes. Researching the rise and decline of these structures in Jiangmen and understanding their relationship with similar structures in other areas are of realistic significance to the protection and development of historical streets in contemporary Jiangmen region.

Key words: Jiangmen; the Republic of China; arcade buildings; development

An Exploration of the Subsidiary Purposes of the Kaiping Diaolou Towers

(by YE Juan)

Abstract: It is well known that warding off bandits, protecting against floods, and dwelling are the three major and special functions of the Kaiping diaolou towers. An organization and re-examination of the survey data on 1833 existing towers reveals that Kaiping diaolou towers also served as venues for education, banking, treasury, pawnshops, remittances transfer, hospital and ancestral worship. Classifying and summarizing the non-mainstream purposes of Kaiping diaolou towers can provide a new foothold for further exploring the value and significance of Kaiping diaolou towers.

Key words: Kaiping diaolou; subsidiary; purposes

Liang Qichao’s Sublation and Evaluation of Wang Yangming’s Study of the Mind

(by ZHANG Ji-guang)

Abstract: Liang Qichao revered Wang Yangming’s study of the mind and from the antithesis between Wang’s theory and that of Zhu Xi’s made accurate analysis and evaluation of the two important propositions of Wang Yangming: acquiring conscience and the unity of knowledge and action. Liang believed Wang Yangming’s study of the mind is a good remedy for the times. The purpose of his exaltation of Wang Yangming was to arouse people’s morale and vitality, and courage and conscience to seek social progress. Liang Qichao evaluated Wang Yangming from a holistic and historical perspective.

Key words: Liang Qichao; Wang Yangming; the study of the mind; acquiring conscience; the unity of knowledge and action

On the Development of Liang Qichao’s National Ideology

(by WANG Ping-xiu)

Abstract: Liang Qichao’s national thought underwent a gradual process of development. It budded before 1902, flourished in the period from 1903 to 1907 and took shape in 1922. In order to fight against imperialist and save the nation, Liang Qichao gradually formed his systematic concept of “nation” based on his understanding of the western “nation” concept.

Key words: Liang Qichao; nation; national ideology; formation

Bell-ringing Speaker:Yi Xueqing in the Period of Guangdong Provincial Assembly in the Late Qing Era

(by ZHAO Jian)

Abstract: Yi Xueqing was the only Speaker of Guangdong Provincial Assembly of the late Qing era. He was elected to the position mainly because of his credentials and record of service, political attitude and inclinations, and his interpersonal connections. Yi devoted himself to his duties and was especially concerned with proposals on gambling prohibition, boundary settlement and family craft businesses which were closely related to local politics and people’s livelihood. Yi’s efforts at Guangdong Provincial Assembly were typical of the traditional gentry’s attempts to adapt to the changing society and a reflection of the hard exploration made by intellectuals in an age of transformation.

Key words: Yi Xueqing; Guangdong Provincial Assembly; local autonomy; Speaker

Friendships between Vietnam’s Envoy Dang Huy Tru and Chinese in the Qing Dynasty and Other Matters

(by LI Biao-fu)

Abstract：During the reign of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty, Dang Huy Tru, as a Vietnamese envoy, came to China twice and stayed in Guangzhou for almost three years, during which time he compiled his poems and essays and friends’reply poems and essays into a book entitled Dong Nan Jin Mei Lu which he then published. The book shows that he had wide exchanges with Chinese scholars, businesspeople, Buddhist monks and others in Guangzhou. In addition, Dang also married a Chinese woman and had a child, purchased and published books. An exploration of Dang Huy Tru’s experiences in China can afford us more concrete understanding of the close connections between Guangdong and Vietnam in the Qing dynasty.

Key words: Dang Huy Tru; Dong Nan Jin Mei Lu; Guangzhou; Chinese

A Study of Kang Guangren and China’s First Women’s Academy

(by LIU Fang-wei)

Abstract: The founding of China’s first women’s academy ushered in China’s women’s education in modern times. As one of the “Six Gentlemen of the Hundred Days’ Reform”, Kang occupied an important place in the founding of the academy but his contributions were ignored by later generations. Kang not only advocated female education and participated in the preparation and founding of the school, but also made use of social media to publicize the school. His efforts enhanced its reputation, promoted the development of women education and accelerated the process of women’s liberation in modern times.

Key words: Kang Guangren; China’s Women’s Academy

A Review of the Research on Chen Xun

(by ZHOU Chun-yan)

Abstract: Since the turn of the century, academic study of Chen Xun has mainly focused on his social circle, the ideological content and artistic style of his ci and his theory on the creation of ci, all of which fall within the scope of traditional research. The argument that his ci got Zhu Zumou’s appreciation due to Li Xuefang’s recommendation is questionable. As regards his place in the field of ci in late Qing Dynasty, systematic assessment is lacking and more concern and research is needed on the part of scholars.

Key words: Lingnan; Chen Xun; Haixiao Ci; Haixiao Shuo Ci; theory of ci

On “Extraordinary” Beauty in Ancient Chinese Poetry Criticism

(by CHEN Yu-qiang)

Abstract: Viewed from the perspective of ancient Chinese poetry criticism, encountering extraordinary things and producing extraordinary beauty from unexpected things are the main means of generating extraordinary beauty. The former focuses on the cause of poetry creation and is the development of literary theory of sensuous sense; the latter focuses on poetry creation techniques and is an extension of the theory of general transformation. Extraordinary poetic beauty can also be divided into two levels: literal extraordinariness and implicative extraordinariness. The latter is higher than the former and has developed into one of Chinese people’s aesthetic tastes since the Wei and Jin Dynasties and hence has been accepted by poets of later generations. Of course, poetic implicative beauty is not limited to “extraordinariness” and poets do not blindly go after “extraordinariness”. Poetic beauty pursues intrinsic implicative beauty in a dynamic balance between extraordinariness and uprightness, between extraordinariness and normality, between extraordinariness and stableness, between extraordinariness and rationality and between extraordinariness and naturalness.

Key words: “extraordinariness”; ancient poetic criticism; aesthetics; generation

On the Subjectivity Theory for the Argumentative Essays of the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties

(by YANG Zhao-lei)

Abstract: Writers of argumentative essays in the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties were distributed throughout the whole of the gentry, with their different statuses, backgrounds, character, talent and learning aptitudes. Their psychological characteristics were mainly characterized by independent personality, aggressive temperament, open-mindedness and divergent thinking. They crystallized their wisdom of life, rational thinking and artistic talent into unrivaled works of deliberate thoughts.

Key words: Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties; argumentative essays; types of subject; psychological characteristics

Discourse Space of the Obscure

(by YU Qin)

Abstract: Since the 1980s, there has been a wave of migrant workers in China’s southeastern coastal areas, which in turn spawned a wave of“l(fā)abor literature” and a large number periodicals publishing “l(fā)abor literature”. As one of the most important publications in the tide of labor literature, “Jiangmen Literature” stands out for its being easy-to-read, its popularity and inclusiveness. A study of its features and characteristics can cast a glimpse into the Chinese literary periodicals’achievements, and gains and losses in the “l(fā)abor literature” wave.

Key words:“l(fā)abour literature”; popularity; being easy-to-read; inclusiveness; “Jiangmen Literature”

A Study of Political Participation of Chinese Canadian Women

(by WU Ting)

Abstracts: The political participation of the Chinese Canadian women provides an important perspective to studying Chinese Canadians’ adaptation to and integration into the local communities. The increasing number of Chinese Canadian women resulting from changes of immigration policy has laid the foundation for their political participation. Since the 1980s, especially in the new century, Chinese Canadian women’s political participation awareness has gradually risen and an insignificantly increasing number of women have been elected to public offices, which is the result of a combination of internal and external forces. The quality enrichment of Chinese Canadian women pushes them to go outside the home and the optimized policy environment of Canada pulls them into politics. However, the weak political power base of Chinese Canadians and the social discriminating atmosphere are still restricting Chinese Canadian women from playing a large role.

Key words: Canada; immigration policies; Chinese Canadian women; political participation

On Coping Strategies for Local Governments on Low-carbon Industrial Structure and Adjustment

(by SHAO Yan-fei ,WANG Xiao-bin)

Abstract: Low-carbon economy is a new economic form of lower energy consumption and emissions. The adjustment of the industrial structure can help reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Developing low-carbon economy is an important measure for Jiangmen to break through the bottleneck of insufficient resources and optimize its industrial structure. The Jiangmen government should take the initiative to upgrade the traditional industries using low-carbon technology, accelerate the process of upgrading its secondary industry, vigorously develop the tertiary industry and strengthen the development of low-carbon industrial clusters.

Key words: local governments; industrial structure; low-carbon

Effect of Optimization of Decision-making Rules on Citizens’Effective Participation under the Premise of Democratic Centralism

(by SU Ai)

Abstract：The practice and exploration of citizens’participation as an important method of reforming government governance has achieved increasingly results both at home and abroad. Exploring the issue of optimization of collective decision-making rules under the premise of democratic centralism, analyzing effective ways for citizens to participate in public affairs, expounding the meaning of citizen’s effective participation and building a voting model and constraining conditions for citizens to participate effectively are conducive to the theory building for the optimization of collective decision-making rules under the premise of democratic centralism.

Key words: democratic centralism; effective participation; rules

Five New Realms of Xi Jinping’s Outlook on Youth

(by HU Hong-bin)

Abstract: Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the youth work, and in his practice, has given a new definition to the nature and place of youth, put forward new requirements for their education and cultivation, raised new expectations for their growth and development, given new guarantees for the building of youth organizations, and set new standards for the selection and use of youth talent. Summarizing Xi’s new ideas and new judgments on youth is of extremely important theoretical and practical significance.

Key words: Xi Jinping; youth; youth education; youth growth; youth organizations; youth talent

On Wang Bi’s New Methods of Studying Metaphysics

(by LIU Ji-dong)

Abstract: Wang Bi united Confucianism and Taoism to form a new metaphysical thought system, which was achieved by annotating Laotzu. Wang Bi adopted various methods to annotate Laotzu, including intuitive thinking, definition and analysis, but his main method was “holding a unifying them to control all and using less to accomplish more”, which was also adopted by Wang Bi in annotating The Book of Changes and The Analects. The simultaneous use of numerous methods with “holding a unifying them to control all and using less to accomplish more”as the main one was Wang Bi’s approach to metaphysics.

Key words: Wang Bi; new methods for studying metaphysics; “holding a unifying them to control all and using less to accomplish more”

An Exploration of Seven Issues in the New Text Laotzu

(by PANG Guang-hua)

Abstract: A new text research on the pronunciation of seven words in the new text Laotzu reveals that Guanzi and Warring States can be used to collate Laotzu. In the new text of Laotzu,“營” could be interpreted as“魂”, “學(xué)”and “教”were often confused,“華”could be interpreted as outward appearance, the character“物” in“有物混成”referred to vigor, the character“民”in “民不畏死”could be used interchangeably with "愍", and“襲明”meant“重明”.

Key words: Laotzu; ying (營); xue (學(xué));jiao (教) ; min (愍); xi (襲)

Editions of Guang Yun Viewed from Characters Avoided as Taboos

(by GUO Hong-yi)

Abstract: The Zhang Shi Ze Cun Tang edition of Guang Yun is the modificatory edition in the Ning Zong period of the Southern Song Dynasty, often mistaken for the edition of the Gao Zong reign period. The edition used by Zhou Zu-mo to proof-read Fu Shi Shuang Jian Lou edition of Guang Yun was actually an edition produced in Zhejiang during the Shaoxing reign period of the Gao Zong Emperor, and not a Northern Song Dynasty edition. An in-depth exploration of the edition issue of the Zhang Shi Ze Cun Tang edition of Guang Yun can correct the misunderstanding of the edition proof-read and corrected by Zhang Shi. Finally, explaining the reason of using characters with reduced strokes for taboo avoiding by Guang Yun can provide reference to the research on naming taboos included in rhyming dictionaries in general.

Key words: characters avoided as taboos; Guang Yun; characteristics; editions; causes

1009-1513(2015)02-0092-03

SStatus, Problems, and Countermeasures: Overseas Chinese Charity Donations to Education in Wuyi(by WANG Ji-yuan ,JI Xiao-hong)Abstract: Charity donations made to education has promoted the development of education in Wuyi region. Surveys by questionnaires, field visits and data statistics reveal that at present, charity donations to education have been made mostly in a single and traditional way and have been influenced by multiple factors, including donors’ personal factors, the not so sound soft environment of national-level policies and laws, and the defective mechanisms of recipient institutions. The basic legal system regulating overseas Chinese educational donations should be improved, a college charitable education endowment strategy should be adopted, the management mode for educational donations should be innovated and the transparency of the use of donations should be enhanced so as to cultivate a philanthropic cohort among Wuyi’s overseas compatriots and promote educational donations by overseas Chinese.

educational donations; rights of overseas Chinese; legislation

2015-01-23

本文系教育部中央高校基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)基金資助項(xiàng)目(批準(zhǔn)號：swu1409255)的階段性成果。

郭洪義(1985-)，男，河北保定人，博士研究生，主要從事古漢語詞匯和碑刻語言文字研究。

H028；H113.4

A

1009-1513(2015)02-0088-04