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同期加量調(diào)強放療聯(lián)合卡培他濱治療肛管癌的療效分析

2015-01-21 23:00:26許衛(wèi)東張富利何合良蔣華勇陳點點陳剛杜峻峰
中國臨床醫(yī)學(xué) 2015年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:同步放化療卡培他濱

許衛(wèi)東 張富利 何合良 蔣華勇 陳點點 陳剛 杜峻峰

(北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院放療科,*普外科, 北京 100700)

·論著·

同期加量調(diào)強放療聯(lián)合卡培他濱治療肛管癌的療效分析

許衛(wèi)東張富利何合良蔣華勇陳點點陳剛*杜峻峰*

(北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院放療科,*普外科, 北京100700)

摘要目的:探討肛管癌行同期加量調(diào)強放療并同步卡培他濱化療的可行性、安全性及近期療效。方法: 2009年9月—2014年2月收治的10例肛管癌患者均接受同期加量調(diào)強放療:給予原發(fā)灶肉眼可及淋巴結(jié)1.8 Gy/次×32次,總劑量57.6 Gy;雙側(cè)髂血管及腹股溝淋巴引流區(qū)1.5 Gy/次×32次,總劑量48 Gy;并同步口服卡培他濱化療,625 mg/m2,2次/d,5 d/周。2例患者由于治療至5周時仍有肉眼殘存病灶,繼續(xù)加量(1.8 Gy×2次)至結(jié)束治療。急性及晚期不良反應(yīng)評價按照通用不良事件術(shù)語標準4.0版。結(jié)果: 所有患者均順利完成放化療方案,皮膚3級不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為50%(5/10),無4級以上不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生。中位隨訪20個月(6~60個月),2年局控率、無結(jié)腸造瘺生存率、無遠處轉(zhuǎn)移生存率及總生存率為100%(10/10)、90%(9/10)、90%(9/10)和90%(9/10)。結(jié)論: 肛管癌同期加量調(diào)強放療并同步卡培他濱化療是一個可接受的安全方案,其潛力尚需更多的樣本量及長期的隨訪來評估。

關(guān)鍵詞肛管癌;同期加量調(diào)強放療;同步放化療;卡培他濱

中圖分類號R 735.3+8

文獻標識碼A

Preliminary Results of Simultaneous Integrated Boost-Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy with Concurrent Capecitabine Chemotherapy for Anal CancerXUWeidongZHANGFuliHEHeliangJIANGHuayongCHENDiandianCHENGang*DUJunfeng*

DepartmentofRadiotherapy,*DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,TheMilitaryGeneralHospitalofBeijing,PLA,Beijing100700,China

AbstractObjective: To assess the feasibility,safety and short-term outcome of simultaneous integrated boost-intensity modulated radiation therapy(SIB-IMRT) with concurrent capecitabine chemotherpay for anal cancer. Methods: A total of 10 hospitalized patients with anal cancer during Sep. 2009 and Feb. 2014 were treated with SIB-IMRT. A total dosage of 57.6 Gy was given to the primary lesion and macroscopical lymph nodes in 32 fractions, with 1.8 Gy in each fraction. And a total dosage of 48 Gy was given to the bilateral iliac vessels and inguinal lymphatic drainage region in 32 fractions, with 1.5 Gy in each fraction.And capecitabine was concurrently administered at the oral dose of 625 mg/m2,twice daily, 5 days per week. Two patients received a sequential radiation boost dose of 2×1.8 Gy due to macroscopic residual lesion at week 5 of treatment.Acute and late adverse reaction was assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. Results: All patients completed radio-chemotherapy without any treatment break.The incidence rate of grade 3 skin adverse reaction was 50%(5/10).No grade 4 adverse reaction was observed.Mean follow-up was 20 months(range 6-60 months).The 2-year-local control,colostomy-free survival,distant metastases-free survival and overall survival rates were 100%(10/10),90%(9/10),90%(9/10),and 90%(9/10), respectively. Conclusions: SIB-IMRT with concurrent capecitabine chemotherapy:an acceptable safe regimen, however, more samples and a longer follow-up are required to assess its potential superiority.

Key WordsAnal cancer;Simultaneous integrated boost-intensity modulated radiation therapy;Concurrent radiochemotherapy;Capecitabine

肛管癌是一種臨床較為少見的疾病,發(fā)病率為(1~2)/10萬,肛管癌的發(fā)病率約為肛周癌的3~4倍[1]。1974年Nigro等[2]首次報道了同步放化療用于肛管癌的治療,此舉此后成為肛管癌的標準治療手段[3]。UKCCCR、RTOG8804、ECOG1289等[4-6]進一步確立了5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)/絲裂霉素C(mitomycin C,MMC)同步放化療是肛管癌的標準治療手段。但是,同步放化療雖然提高了療效,但也不可避免地帶來了更嚴重的不良反應(yīng)。在UKCCCR研究[4]中,盡管未發(fā)現(xiàn)同步放化療對肛管癌患者產(chǎn)生顯著的晚期不良反應(yīng),但急性不良反應(yīng)較重,主要為骨髓抑制、血小板計數(shù)下降、放射性皮炎以及消化和泌尿系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng),其中6例死于化療相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)。借鑒近年來局部晚期直腸癌患者接受同期加量調(diào)強放療(simultaneous integrated boost-intensity modulated radiation therapy,SIB-IMRT)并聯(lián)合卡培他濱治療獲得優(yōu)異療效及其安全性[7-10]的經(jīng)驗,本研究前瞻性地對10例肛管癌患者采用SIB-IMRT并聯(lián)合卡培他濱治療,代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的5-FU/MMC化療的根治性治療策略,以觀察其安全性及可行性。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料2009年9月—2014年2月我院收治10例肛管癌患者接受SIB-IMRT并聯(lián)合卡培他濱治療。入組標準:經(jīng)纖維直腸鏡組織病理學(xué)檢查證實為肛管癌,診斷參照美國癌癥聯(lián)合會(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)與國際抗癌聯(lián)盟(International Union Against Cancer,UICC)推薦的定義[11-12]:KPS評分70~100分;無經(jīng)影像學(xué)證實的腹腔外遠處轉(zhuǎn)移;既往無化療及腹腔放療史。入組患者男性6例,女性4例,年齡34~78歲,中位年齡53歲。肛管鱗癌9例,肛管腺癌1例。T1期1例,T2期5例,T3期4例。N0期5例,N1期3例,N2期2例。M0期10例。

1.2治療方法

1.2.1CT模擬定位患者空腹,膀胱充盈,取仰臥位,水解熱塑膜體罩固定。CT掃描前90 min和40 min口服2%泛影葡胺各600 mL,靜脈注射碘伏醇100 mL,以作增強掃描。掃描范圍從第2腰椎下緣至股骨上1/3,掃描層厚5 mm。圖像通過局域網(wǎng)上傳至瑞典醫(yī)科達公司的PINNACLE 7.0計劃系統(tǒng)。

1.2.2靶區(qū)及治療設(shè)計靶區(qū)設(shè)計參照國際輻射單位與測量委員會(International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements,ICRU)50號和60號報告。采用CT影像結(jié)合MRI、結(jié)直腸鏡、直腸內(nèi)超聲及直腸指檢確定腫瘤區(qū)(gross tumor volume,GTV)。計劃靶區(qū)(planning target volume, PTV)1定義為GTV均勻外放20 mm。臨床靶區(qū)(clinical target volume,CTV)定義為髂內(nèi)、髂外淋巴引流區(qū),骶前區(qū),坐骨直腸窩肛管及肛緣皮膚;PTV2為CTV均勻外放10 mm。處方劑量至少包繞95% PTV;≥110%劑量區(qū)體積應(yīng)<2%;≤93%劑量區(qū)體積應(yīng)<3%。PTV1給予 1.8 Gy/次,1次/d,共32次,總劑量57.6 Gy;PTV2給予1.5 Gy/次,1次/d,共32次,總劑量48 Gy。放療5周后,所有患者均行二次CT模擬定位,有2例GTV有肉眼癌組織殘存/可疑殘存,于一療程后接受加量放療1.8 Gy×2次(GTV總量61.2 Gy)至結(jié)束治療。

1.2.3化療從放療第1天開始口服卡培他濱,每次625 mg/m2體表面積,2次/d,連續(xù)口服5 d。放療結(jié)束后不再給予口服卡培他濱或其他化療。

1.3不良反應(yīng)評價及放化療調(diào)整預(yù)案急性及晚期不良反應(yīng)評價按照通用不良事件術(shù)語標準4.0版(Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Events Version 4.0,CTCAE4.0)。所有患者放化療期間每周行血常規(guī)、血生化和肝功能檢查。同步放化療期間若發(fā)生3、4級血液學(xué)不良反應(yīng),則暫停放化療,待血液學(xué)不良反應(yīng)恢復(fù)至1、2級后,繼續(xù)同步放化療,但卡培他濱用量減半;若發(fā)生4級非血液學(xué)不良反應(yīng)(除腹瀉外),則停用卡培他濱;若發(fā)生4級腹瀉,則暫停同步放化療,待腹瀉恢復(fù)至2、3級后,行單純放療。

1.4研究終點及統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法主要研究終點為急性、遠期不良反應(yīng)及放化療完成情況,次要終點為近期療效。生存率統(tǒng)計采用Kaplan-Meier法。

2結(jié)果

2.1放化療完成情況及急性不良反應(yīng)所有患者均順利完成同步放化療,包括2例GTV有肉眼癌組織殘存/可疑殘存患者。血液系統(tǒng)1~2級不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為60%(6/10),其中1級白血病或血小板下降5例,2級白細胞或血小板下降1例。胃腸道不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為20%(2/10),均為1級腹瀉。未發(fā)生血液系統(tǒng)及胃腸道3、4級急性不良反應(yīng)。肛周、會陰區(qū)及腹股溝區(qū)皮膚不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為100%(10/10),其中1~2級不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為50%(5/10),3級為50%(5/10),無4級以上不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生。未發(fā)生因嚴重不良反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致放化療中斷或劑量調(diào)整。

2.2疾病控制情況所有患者均獲得隨訪,中位隨訪20個月(6~60個月),2年局控率、無結(jié)腸造瘺生存率、無遠處轉(zhuǎn)移生存率及總生存率為100%(10/10)、90%(9/10)、90%(9/10)和90%(9/10)。1例同步放化療前分期T3N2M0患者病理診斷為腺癌,放化療后20個月出現(xiàn)遠處轉(zhuǎn)移(肺及肝多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移),放化療后29個月死亡。1例同步放化療前分期T3N0M0患者放化療后11個月出現(xiàn)肛管內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā),隨后行腹會陰聯(lián)合根治并結(jié)腸造瘺術(shù),至今隨訪39個月無瘤生存。

2.3遠期不良反應(yīng)1例患者于放化療后14個月出現(xiàn)間斷性腹瀉。未觀察到3級或以上的遠期不良反應(yīng)。

3討論

自從Nigro等[2]報道了器官保護的同步放化療用于肛管癌的治療,根治性放化療已成為肛管癌的標準治療,而且同步放化療的療效優(yōu)于單純放療[3]。放射治療腫瘤學(xué)組(Radiation Therapy Oncology Group,RTOG)和東部腫瘤協(xié)作組(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,ECOG)[13]的1個隨機試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),MMC、5-FU和放療聯(lián)合治療比單獨應(yīng)用5-FU與放療聯(lián)合更有效。卡培他濱是一種口服氟尿嘧啶類藥物,在胃腸道吸收,可模擬持續(xù)輸注5-FU的療效,并避免了由于靜脈輸注5-FU引起的不良反應(yīng)[14]??ㄅ嗨麨I在細胞內(nèi)由胸苷磷酸化酶將其轉(zhuǎn)換為活性5-FU,胸苷磷酸化酶在腫瘤細胞中濃度較高,特別是腸道腫瘤,且口服卡培他濱給藥方式也優(yōu)于5-FU靜脈輸注方式[15]。在整個放療過程中,卡培他濱口服2次/d,每次625~825 mg/m2體表面積。相對于5-FU/亞葉酸鈣,卡培他濱的腹瀉、口腔炎、惡心和中性粒細胞減少急性不良反應(yīng)較小,加之卡培他濱口服方便易行,因此本研究采用口服卡培他濱化療方案。

一項隨機對照試驗[16]報道肛管癌同步放化療后5年局控率達84%,但不良反應(yīng)大,治療中斷比例較高。近年來研究的主要焦點是,在腫瘤達到同樣更好局控率的同時減少治療相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)。鑒于IMRT 能夠?qū)嵤┌袇^(qū)高度適形照射的同時,能保護周圍累及器官,所以在肛管癌治療中采用IMRT可減少靶區(qū)鄰近的小腸、膀胱及臀部折疊區(qū)皮膚的放射劑量。近期的幾個單中心和多中心研究[17-20]證明,與傳統(tǒng)對穿照射以及三維適形放療相比,IMRT在不降低療效的同時可降低放療相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)。

放療劑量與控制率相關(guān),一項回顧性研究[21]認為,總劑量≥54 Gy時,肛管癌患者的5年局控率和生存率隨之提高。但是,高劑量也會帶來嚴重的并發(fā)癥,如嚴重的胃腸道及泌尿系不良反應(yīng)、下肢水腫、大便失禁、潰瘍不愈、肛門狹窄及肛周壞死等。IMRT能在同一治療系列中給予不同的靶劑量,理論上講,在不延長總治療時間的前提下,既同步給予腫瘤區(qū)高劑量,又滿足了預(yù)防照射區(qū)的照射。近年來已有幾個SIB-IMRT研究[17,20,22-26],但化療方案則以5-FU/MMC為主,腫瘤區(qū)放射劑量1.28~2.25 Gy/次,總劑量30.6~59.4 Gy。

本研究采用口服卡培他濱并采用較低的劑量(625 mg/m2,2次/d,5 d/周),較低的IMRT分次量(PTV1:1.8 Gy/次,PTV2:1.5 Gy/次),而總劑量達49.5~57.6 Gy,目的是探索一個既保證局控率又安全易行的肛管癌同步放化療方案。從已取得的結(jié)果看,該治療方案對血液系統(tǒng)及胃腸道不良反應(yīng)少,皮膚黏膜不良反應(yīng)亦輕,2年局控率、無結(jié)腸造瘺生存率、無遠處轉(zhuǎn)移生存率及總生存率高。但由于入組病例少、觀察期短,確切的結(jié)論還需更多病例和長期的隨訪研究來證實。

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[17]Bazan JG,Hara W,Hsu A,et al.Intensity-modulated radiation therapy versus conventional radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal[J].Cancer,2011,117(15):3342-3351.

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[19]Brooks CJ,Lee YK,Aitken K,et al.Organ-sparing intensity-modulated radiotherapy for anal cancer using the ACTⅡ schedule:a comparison of conventional and intensity-modulated radiotherapy plans[J].Clin Oncol(R Coll Radio),2013,25(3):155-161.

[20]Mitchell MP,Abboud M,Eng C,et al.Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy for anal cancer:outcomes and toxicity[J].Am J Clin Oncol,2014,37(5):461-466.

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[24]Kachnic LA,Tsai HK,Coen JJ,et al.Dose-painted intensity-modulated radiation therapy for anal cancer:a multi-institutional report of acute toxicity and response to therapy[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,82(1):153-158.

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[26]Janssen S,Glanzmann C,Bauerfeind P,et al.Clinical experience of SIB-IMRT in anal cancer and selective literature review[J].Radiat Oncol,2014,9:199.

通訊作者許衛(wèi)東,E-mail:xwddc@126.com

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