陳艷 孔晨 于洪鑒
摘要:本文基于行為人的基本決策規(guī)則,以行為人調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為樣本, 考察了行為人過度自信、時間偏好、風險偏好與舞弊傾向的相關關系及影響程度。研究結論表明:第一,行為人的過度自信程度、時間偏好程度、風險偏好程度與舞弊傾向之間存在著穩(wěn)定和顯著的正相關關系。第二,上述三種心理因素對于舞弊傾向影響的程度存在著差異,其影響程度由高至低依次為:風險偏好、時間偏好和過度自信。第三,隨著年齡的增長,行為人的舞弊傾向呈下降的趨勢,且個人信仰可以有效地抑制行為人的舞弊傾向,但是學歷與舞弊傾向不存在著顯著的相關關系。
關鍵詞:行為人;會計舞弊;風險偏好;時間偏好;過度自信
中圖分類號:F832.51文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1000176X(2014)09009208
一、引言
2013年12月,國務院辦公廳頒布了《關于進一步加強資本市場中小投資者合法權益保護工作的意見》,新國九條指出將嚴肅查處上市公司編造或傳播虛假信息誤導投資者,以及進行內(nèi)幕交易和操縱市場等行為。這說明政府已經(jīng)充分認識到了在信息不對稱的情況下,上市公司會計舞弊行為會直接損害處于最外圍劣勢地位的中小投資者的切身利益。其結果不僅扭曲了資本市場資源分配功能,而且最終會導致國民財富的保值增值無法實現(xiàn)。本文通過國泰安數(shù)據(jù)庫統(tǒng)計了2006-2012年因為虛假披露、重大遺漏、誤導性陳述、推遲披露、資產(chǎn)侵占等被證監(jiān)會出示處罰公告的違法案件(如圖1所示)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),在這7年間會計舞弊行為基本上呈遞增的趨勢,在2012年已高達439起案件。在舞弊現(xiàn)象的普遍存在并出現(xiàn)嚴重的態(tài)勢時就不得不引發(fā)我們的反思:為什么隨著司法體系的不斷健全,反舞弊力度的不斷加大,舞弊行為非但沒有得到有效的遏制,反而愈演愈烈?這些反舞弊機制的指導思想是否考慮了其背后的根源,即對行為人心理因素的考量,舞弊治理研究是否考慮應根植于組織內(nèi)部去探求符合人性特質(zhì)的方法與程序?世界經(jīng)濟運行出現(xiàn)了許多超預期的新變化、新趨勢和新規(guī)律,舞弊的手段也在不斷地翻新,傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟學理論和模型對其具有多大的解釋力?
五、結論
本文以行為人調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為樣本,考察了行為人心理因素對于舞弊傾向的影響及作用機制。以“有限理性”為前提,分別從風險偏好、時間偏好、過度自信等方面提出研究結論如下:
第一,行為人的風險偏好程度與舞弊傾向之間存在穩(wěn)定、顯著的正相關關系。這說明,面對高風險的舞弊行為,風險偏好程度越大的行為人,相同的舞弊收益所帶來的個人主觀效用會更高,更好地滿足行為人由于風險排斥所要求的風險溢價,行為人實施舞弊行為的可能性會更大。因此,可以把行為人的風險偏好作為舞弊偵察的重要方面之一。無論是風險追求者還是風險規(guī)避者,本質(zhì)上都會對不確定性產(chǎn)生“恐慌”,因此在治理舞弊時應該通過舞弊風險的不斷增加來提高行為人的風險溢價,進而降低舞弊行為發(fā)生的可能性。
第二,行為人的時間偏好程度與舞弊傾向之間存在顯著的正相關關系。由于舞弊的收益期一般要早于舞弊的成本期,時間偏好的存在會使行為人更加關注近期的收益而忽略更長期的成本。隨著風險偏好程度的遞增,這種收益與成本所產(chǎn)生的凈效用會不斷的遞增,從而導致行為人的舞弊傾向不斷增強。為了在時間偏好層面抑制舞弊行為,需要不斷健全法律體系提高相應反舞弊系統(tǒng)的運行效率,使成本期和收益期之間的間隔不斷地縮小,從而使成本和收益的折現(xiàn)率不斷趨于一致。
第三,行為人的過度自信程度與舞弊傾向之間存在顯著的正相關關系。過度自信者會高估自身應對舞弊行為涉及的各個方面問題,低估舞弊被發(fā)現(xiàn)的概率,從而導致自身從主觀上更傾向于舞弊。過度自信行為人在主觀上已經(jīng)認為自己不可能成為那個最不幸的個體,因此,他們會無意識地遺漏對自身不利的有效信息,而更關注對自身有利的各方面信息。這就說明社會輿論的重要性,充分發(fā)揮輿論和媒體的導向作用,強化舞弊不利信息的宣傳,減少“潛規(guī)則”事件的報道,不斷消除我國“關系型社會”這種傳統(tǒng)觀念的影響。在聯(lián)想機制的作用下,使行為人對于不利信息產(chǎn)生路徑依賴和信息鎖定,從而降低行為人的舞弊傾向,這必須是一種長期的治理措施。
此外,三種心理特性對于舞弊傾向影響的程度存在著差異,影響程度由高到低依次為:風險偏好、時間偏好、過度自信,這主要由三種影響因素的作用階段不同所致。過度自信作用于信息的搜集,時間偏好作用于信息的折算,風險偏好作用于信息的評價,這三者的作用過程是一個由淺及深的過程,因此影響程度相應的會逐漸降低。本文還發(fā)現(xiàn)行為人的年齡和信仰對于舞弊傾向具有顯著的影響。隨著年齡的增長,心智的不斷成熟,對于客觀環(huán)境的認知會更加準確,在一定程度上會增強行為人對于舞弊收益、舞弊成本以及舞弊被發(fā)現(xiàn)概率的判斷能力,以更加理性的思維進行舞弊決策,降低行為人的舞弊傾向。個人信仰對于約束個人行為,降低舞弊傾向具有顯著的作用,而我國目前正面臨著信仰缺失的困境,因此,基于自身文化特征,培育、引導正確的國民信仰,可以有效地抑制行為人的舞弊傾向。
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(責任編輯:于振榮)
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[7]Goh,B.Audit Committees, Boards of Directors, and Remediation of Material Weaknesses in Internal Control[J].Contemporary Accounting Research, 2009,26(2):549-570.
[8]Krishnan,G.,Visvanathan,G.Reporting Internal Control Deficiencies in the Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Era: The Role of Auditors and Corporate Governance[J].International Journal of Auditing, 2007,11(2):73-90.
[9]Jenson,M.The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems[J].The Journal of Finance, 1993,48(3):831-880.
[10]Chaganti, R.,Damanpour, F.Institutional Ownership, Capital Structure, and Firm Performance[J].Strategic Management Journal, 1991, 12(7):479-491.
[11]Dechow,P., Sloan,R., Sweeney ,A.Cases and Consequences of Earnings Manipulations: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC [J].The Accounting Review, 1996, 71(4):441-454.
[12]La Porta,R.,Lopez-de-Silanes,F(xiàn).,Shleifer,A.Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation[J].The Journal of Finance, 2000,57(3):1147-1170.
[13]Chen, G.M.,F(xiàn)irth, M.,Gao, N.Ownership Structure, Corporate Governance and Fraud: Evidence from China [J].Journal of Corporate Finance, 2006, 12(3):424-448.
[14]Chaney,P.The Quality of Accounting Information in Politically Connected Firms[R].Owen Graduate School of Management of Vanderbilt University, Working Paper,2007.
[15]杜興強,周澤將.政治聯(lián)系與會計穩(wěn)健性:基于中國民營上市公司的經(jīng)驗證據(jù)[J].經(jīng)濟管理,2009,(7).
[16]張琰.基于政治關聯(lián)的會計舞弊實證研究[D].大連:東北財經(jīng)大學碩士學位論文,2013.
[17]蔡赟.短視認知偏差與會計舞弊行為——基于行為財務理論的視角[D].廣州:暨南大學博士學位論文,2010.
[18]陳艷,劉欣遠.前景理論的職務舞弊行為決策[J].北京理工大學學報(社會科學版),2012,(3).
[19]楊明俊.基于管理者過度自信的A股上市公司會計舞弊研究[D].大連:東北財經(jīng)大學碩士學位論文,2012.
[20]Gervaris,S., Heaton,J., Odean,T.The Positive Role of Overconfidence and Optimism in Investment Policy[R].Rodney L White Center For Financial Research, 2002.
[21]Frank, J.D.Some Psychological Determinants of the Level of Aspiration [J].The American Journal of Psychology, 1935, 47(2): 285-293.
[22]Kunda, Z.Motivated Inference: Self-Serving Generation and Evaluation of Causal Theories[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1987, 53(4): 636-647.
[23]歐根·馮·龐巴維克.資本與利息[M].何岜曾,高德超譯,北京: 商務印書館,2010.
[24]Laibson,D.Life-Cycle Consumption and Hyperbolic Discount Functions[J].European Economic Review, 1998, 42(3): 861-871.
[25]Prelec, D.Decreasing Impatience: Definition and Consequences[R].Harvard Business School Working Paper,1989.
[26]Bawerk,B.K.Marx and the Close of His System [M].New York: Orion Editions,1984.
[27]Stanovich,K.,West,R.Discrepancies between Normative and Descriptive Models of Decision Making and the Understanding Acceptance Principle[J].Cognitive Psychology, 1999,38(3): 349-385.
[28]Kahneman,D.Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgment and Choice[M].Nobel Prize Lecture,2002.
(責任編輯:于振榮)
[4]Dechow,P.,Sloan,R.,Sweeney,A.Cases and Consequences of Earnings Manipulations: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC[J].The Accounting Review, 1996,71(4):441-454.
[5]McMullen,D.Audit Committee Performance: An Investigation of the Consequences Associated with Audit Committees[J].Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 1996,16(1):87-103.
[6]Beasley,M.An Empirical Analysis of the Relation between the Board of Director Composition and Financial Statement Fraud [J].The Accounting Review, 1996, 71(4):443-465.
[7]Goh,B.Audit Committees, Boards of Directors, and Remediation of Material Weaknesses in Internal Control[J].Contemporary Accounting Research, 2009,26(2):549-570.
[8]Krishnan,G.,Visvanathan,G.Reporting Internal Control Deficiencies in the Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Era: The Role of Auditors and Corporate Governance[J].International Journal of Auditing, 2007,11(2):73-90.
[9]Jenson,M.The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems[J].The Journal of Finance, 1993,48(3):831-880.
[10]Chaganti, R.,Damanpour, F.Institutional Ownership, Capital Structure, and Firm Performance[J].Strategic Management Journal, 1991, 12(7):479-491.
[11]Dechow,P., Sloan,R., Sweeney ,A.Cases and Consequences of Earnings Manipulations: An Analysis of Firms Subject to Enforcement Actions by the SEC [J].The Accounting Review, 1996, 71(4):441-454.
[12]La Porta,R.,Lopez-de-Silanes,F(xiàn).,Shleifer,A.Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation[J].The Journal of Finance, 2000,57(3):1147-1170.
[13]Chen, G.M.,F(xiàn)irth, M.,Gao, N.Ownership Structure, Corporate Governance and Fraud: Evidence from China [J].Journal of Corporate Finance, 2006, 12(3):424-448.
[14]Chaney,P.The Quality of Accounting Information in Politically Connected Firms[R].Owen Graduate School of Management of Vanderbilt University, Working Paper,2007.
[15]杜興強,周澤將.政治聯(lián)系與會計穩(wěn)健性:基于中國民營上市公司的經(jīng)驗證據(jù)[J].經(jīng)濟管理,2009,(7).
[16]張琰.基于政治關聯(lián)的會計舞弊實證研究[D].大連:東北財經(jīng)大學碩士學位論文,2013.
[17]蔡赟.短視認知偏差與會計舞弊行為——基于行為財務理論的視角[D].廣州:暨南大學博士學位論文,2010.
[18]陳艷,劉欣遠.前景理論的職務舞弊行為決策[J].北京理工大學學報(社會科學版),2012,(3).
[19]楊明俊.基于管理者過度自信的A股上市公司會計舞弊研究[D].大連:東北財經(jīng)大學碩士學位論文,2012.
[20]Gervaris,S., Heaton,J., Odean,T.The Positive Role of Overconfidence and Optimism in Investment Policy[R].Rodney L White Center For Financial Research, 2002.
[21]Frank, J.D.Some Psychological Determinants of the Level of Aspiration [J].The American Journal of Psychology, 1935, 47(2): 285-293.
[22]Kunda, Z.Motivated Inference: Self-Serving Generation and Evaluation of Causal Theories[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1987, 53(4): 636-647.
[23]歐根·馮·龐巴維克.資本與利息[M].何岜曾,高德超譯,北京: 商務印書館,2010.
[24]Laibson,D.Life-Cycle Consumption and Hyperbolic Discount Functions[J].European Economic Review, 1998, 42(3): 861-871.
[25]Prelec, D.Decreasing Impatience: Definition and Consequences[R].Harvard Business School Working Paper,1989.
[26]Bawerk,B.K.Marx and the Close of His System [M].New York: Orion Editions,1984.
[27]Stanovich,K.,West,R.Discrepancies between Normative and Descriptive Models of Decision Making and the Understanding Acceptance Principle[J].Cognitive Psychology, 1999,38(3): 349-385.
[28]Kahneman,D.Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgment and Choice[M].Nobel Prize Lecture,2002.
(責任編輯:于振榮)