耿新榮

摘 要： 英語(yǔ)文章中的生詞是影響閱讀理解和速度的一個(gè)重要因素，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，即通過(guò)定義法、邏輯關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法等猜測(cè)詞義，對(duì)突破高考閱讀理解、提高英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言能力都有非常重要的意義。

關(guān)鍵詞： 高考題例 因果法 關(guān)鍵詞法

近年來(lái)，全國(guó)統(tǒng)一高考中加大了對(duì)考生猜詞義能力的考查，閱讀理解題中設(shè)置的詞義猜測(cè)類題多是對(duì)生詞、短語(yǔ)、指示代詞的猜測(cè)，生詞的詞義猜測(cè)題常見(jiàn)的有：

The word “...” in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by...

The underlined word “...” refers to / probably means...

By saying “...”，the author means...

The expression “...” is closest in meaning to...

Which of the following words can take the place of the word...

針對(duì)這些問(wèn)題，可以歸納出以下有效的方法。

一、因果法

在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們就可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)生詞詞義。常用的表示因果關(guān)系的詞有：because，since，now that，in that，as，for，result in，result from，because of，as a result of，on account of ，thanks to，owing to，due to，so，therefore，thus，consequently，so/such...that，so that。

例1：I hated dinner parties.But I decided to give them another shot because Im in London.And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York.

What does the word “shot” in Paragraph 1 probably mean

A.Choice B.Try C.Style D.Goal

“我”原來(lái)不喜歡派對(duì)，但是“我”決定試試，因?yàn)椤拔摇爆F(xiàn)在是在倫敦。此處的shot與 try同義，表示“嘗試”，所以選擇B。

二、對(duì)比法（或轉(zhuǎn)折法）

利用文中的反義詞或者表轉(zhuǎn)折和否定意義的詞匯猜測(cè)詞義。英文中常表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞或短語(yǔ)有：but，however，while，whereas，yet，though，表示讓步關(guān)系的單詞或短語(yǔ)有：although，as，though，while，even if，even though，in spite of，despite，例表示否定語(yǔ)境中的前者意義的短語(yǔ)有：unlike，instead，instead of，rather than，otherwise，on the contrary，not...but....

例2：The major points of your plan are clear to me ，but the details are still haze.

A.not clear B.well organised C.very long

根據(jù)but，所以答案是A。

三、定義法

一般通過(guò)定義、定語(yǔ)從句，或者同位語(yǔ)從句確定詞義。通常通過(guò)is，that is（to say），or，in other words，define，refer to，mean，namely等詞匯或者破折號(hào)表示。

例3：Here is The Pines ，whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ，wild boar ，and reindeer with surprising sauces .

According the passage，The Pines is a ？搖 ？搖.

A.place in which you can see many mobile homes

B.mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

C.town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

D.restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

通過(guò)whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，不難推出理解題的答案為D。

四、關(guān)鍵詞法

關(guān)鍵詞就是題目中或者文中最重要的某個(gè)詞或多數(shù)詞，如果改變它們，那么整個(gè)句意就會(huì)發(fā)生根本性的改變，所以找見(jiàn)關(guān)鍵詞具有至關(guān)重要的作用。

例4：I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car，so this was the first time I was on a train.I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread.

Which of the following words can best take the place of the word “relish” in the second paragraph？

A.choose B.enjoy C.prepare for D.carry on

通過(guò)體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)境的關(guān)鍵詞first time，read and reread，知道雖然是第一次旅行，但是作者買了很多雜志在火車上反復(fù)讀，所以選擇B。

五、指代法

就是通過(guò)句中的各種代詞，如other，some，still others等猜測(cè)詞義。

例5：Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs The answer is“yes”，according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.

In Science / Health，“Johns Hopkins” is ？搖 ？搖.

A.a famous university B.a medical center

C.a well-known doctor D.a drug company

根據(jù)代詞three other medical centers中的other，不難猜出Johns Hopkins是一家醫(yī)療中心，故選擇B。

六、舉例法

根據(jù)生詞后舉出的有關(guān)例子進(jìn)行適當(dāng)歸納，即使不能完全猜測(cè)生詞的詞義，也能猜出大致意義。標(biāo)志性的短語(yǔ)有：for example ，for instance，such as，like，and so on。

例6： This is the reason why the word belated was invented. “Happy belated birth day！”is short for：“Well. I know I forgot，but then I remembered. Forgive me and happy birthday.”

The word “belated” in Situation IV probably means .

A.predicted B.returned C.cancelled D.delayed

根據(jù)引號(hào)所列舉的例子“Well. I know I forgot，but then I remembered”，所以D正確，“delayed”遲到的，晚來(lái)的。

七、同義詞法

在英語(yǔ)閱讀文章中，多數(shù)句子是通過(guò)同義詞或者近義詞表達(dá)句意的，考查學(xué)生對(duì)于同義詞的認(rèn)知能力。

例7：As we walked up to her，my son became intimated by all the blood and medical equipment.He said he was just too scared to go up to her.

The underlined word intimated in the fourth paragraph probably means ？搖 ？搖.

A.astonished B.struck C.frightened D.excited

這道題只要知道scared是frightened的同義詞，都是害怕的意思，就很容易選對(duì)答案C。

所以在日常教學(xué)中，教師要幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)行同義詞的專項(xiàng)總結(jié)。

八、構(gòu)詞法

在猜測(cè)詞義的過(guò)程中，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識(shí)，從生詞本身猜測(cè)詞義。英文單詞大多是由詞根、前綴、后綴組成的。在詞根前后加上前綴或后綴，可以改變磁性或者詞義。所以掌握了英文中常見(jiàn)的前后綴就可以很容易猜測(cè)詞義了。英文中常見(jiàn)的表否定的前后綴有：unlike，dislike，misunderstanding，incorrectly，impolite，illegal，irregular，abnormal，non-smokers，anti-Japanese war，endless。