崔佳佳,尹繼業(yè)
肺癌是目前全世界面臨的最嚴(yán)重公共健康問題之一。其病理類型主要有小細(xì)胞肺癌和非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC)2種。其中,NSCLC占85%左右[1]。到目前為止,基于鉑類的聯(lián)合化療仍然是NSCLC主要的治療方案,尤其對于中晚期腫瘤患者。但在臨床實踐中,不同患者的化療療效存在巨大差異。部分患者對鉑類藥物敏感,有些患者則有原發(fā)或者繼發(fā)性耐藥。藥物基因組學(xué)的研究表明,遺傳因素是導(dǎo)致藥物反應(yīng)個體差異的決定性因素[2]。隨著研究的深入,人們同樣也發(fā)現(xiàn)遺傳變異是影響NSCLC鉑類化療療效的重要因素之一。
鉑類藥物是一種含鉑的重金屬配合物,進(jìn)入細(xì)胞后可以與DNA鏈上的堿基形成交叉聯(lián)結(jié),從而起到破壞腫瘤細(xì)胞DNA結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的作用,在臨床廣泛應(yīng)用于實體瘤的治療[3]。它在體內(nèi)的具體過程如圖1所示,其療效主要受DNA損傷與修復(fù)、藥物代謝與解毒、細(xì)胞周期和凋亡、藥物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體與膜受體等通路的影響。因此,上述通路基因的遺傳變異是NSCLC鉑類化療藥物基因組學(xué)研究的重點。
DNA損傷與修復(fù)通路是影響鉑類化療效果最重要的機(jī)制。因此,該通路的基因變異目前得到了最廣泛的研究。與鉑類化療有關(guān)的DNA修復(fù)途徑主要有核酸剪切修復(fù)(nucleotide excision repair,NER)、堿基剪切修復(fù)(base excision repair,BER)、錯配修復(fù)(mismatch repair,MMR)和雙鏈斷裂(double-strand break,DSB)修復(fù) 4種。
圖1 鉑類藥物的體內(nèi)代謝過程
NER是細(xì)胞修復(fù)鉑類造成DNA破壞的主要途徑,而ERCC1是NER途徑中研究最多的基因。目前對于ERCC1多態(tài)性的研究主要集中于C354T和C8092A。Li等[4]對89例NSCLC 的研究表明,ERCC1 C354T CC基因型的敏感性比TC、TT基因型的低,但其差異沒有達(dá)到統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。而Kalikaki等[5]在119例NSCLC患者中的研究,則發(fā)現(xiàn)TT基因型患者的敏感性比 CC、CT基因型低。Isla等[6]同樣也在62例接受順鉑和多西他賽聯(lián)合化療的NSCLC患者中研究了該位點,結(jié)果研究表明該多態(tài)性與鉑類化療敏感性無關(guān)。而對于C8092A多態(tài)性的研究來自于Takenaka等[7]研究,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)C8092A多態(tài)性與ERCC1蛋白表達(dá)和鉑類化療敏感性無關(guān)。由于這些研究的樣本量太少,因此部分學(xué)者對它們進(jìn)行了薈萃分析。比如Yu等[8]對1 252例NSCLC患者的薈萃分析表明,ERCC1 C354T和C8092A多態(tài)性與鉑類化療敏感性無顯著性相關(guān)。Yin等[9]的研究也得到同樣的結(jié)果。NER通路另一個被廣泛研究的基因是ERCC2,主要集中于Asp312Asn和Lys751 Gln 2個位點。Booton等[10]對 108例 NSCLC患者的研究表明,野生型患者的鉑類化療敏感性(40%)比Asp312Asn/Lys751Gln(35.3%)和Asn312Asn/Gln751Gln(22.2%)基因型高。而Kim等[11]和 Provencio等[12]研究顯示,Asp312Asp/Lys751Lys基因多態(tài)性與鉑類化療敏感性無顯著相關(guān)性。針對中國人群的研究也存在類似的結(jié)果。Li等[13]對496例NSCLC患者的研究證明,Asp312Asn和Lys751Gln突變型患者的敏感性比野生型患者低。Wu等[14]對353例NSCLC患者的研究則未發(fā)現(xiàn)Asp312Asn和Lys751Gln突變與鉑類化療敏感性顯著相關(guān)。薈萃分析的結(jié)果也不一致。Qin等[15]包含2 383例NSCLC患者的結(jié)果表明在白種人中,攜帶突變型等位基因的患者比野生型患者化療敏感性要高,而在亞洲人群中這個結(jié)果則正好相反。而Yin等[9]和Qiu等[16]的研究結(jié)果則表示,ERCC2多態(tài)性與鉑類化療敏感性之間無顯著性關(guān)聯(lián)。除Asp312Asp/Lys751Lys基因之外,NER途徑的核糖核苷酸還原酶M1(ribonucleotide reductase M1,RRM1)的 C-37A[17],ERCC5 的rs751402、rs2094258 和 rs2296147[18],XPC 的 Lys939Gln和Ala499Val也得到了研究[19]。但這些研究樣本量較少,還需要重復(fù)性研究。
BER通路研究最多的基因是XRCC1,其Arg399 Gln位點在中國人群被廣泛研究。大量研究表明,Arg399Gln突變型患者對鉑類化療敏感性較野生型患者高。比如Zhao等[20]對147例NSCLC患者的研究表明,突變型等位基因攜帶者的化療敏感性明顯比野生型高。Zhang等[21]對375例NSCLC患者的研究表明,AA基因型的化療敏感性、無疾病生存期和總體生存率比其他基因型患者顯著增加。對這些研究的薈萃分析也得到類似結(jié)論。AA基因型患者的鉑類化療敏感性(45.2%)高于AG(29.9%)、GG(30.7%)基因型患者[22]。BER通路另一個廣泛研究的位點是 XRCC3的 Thr241Met,包含2 828例和2 201例NSCLC患者的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在白種人中突變型患者的化療敏感性顯著高于野生型,而亞洲人群中不存在這種相關(guān)性[23-24]。因此,XRCC3 Thr241Met位點的臨床意義存在種族特異性。此外,XRCC1 Arg194Trp和ERCC5 His46His也有報道。Sun等[25]對82例NSCLC患者的研究表明,XRCC1 Arg194Trp的CT基因型患者鉑類化療敏感率(48.6%)要顯著高于CC(20.5%)基因型,還顯示ERCC5 His46His CT(36.1%)、CC(35.3%)基因型患者鉑類化療敏感率要高于TT(13.5%)基因型。
除以上廣泛研究的2條通路之外,其他DNA修復(fù)通路的基因多態(tài)性也有報道。Cui等[26]對438例NSCLC患者的研究表明,亞甲基四氫葉酸還原酶(methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)C677T TT基因型患者的鉑類化療敏感率要高于CT、CC基因型;來自于Zhu等[27]的薈萃分析結(jié)果也表明,MTHFR C677T TT基因型對鉑類化療更有效。其他的研究還包括 hMSH2 IVS12-6T>C、hMLH1 T-1151A[28]、胞苷脫氨酶(cytidine deaminase,CDA)Lys27Gln[29]、連接酶 4(ligase Ⅳ,LIG4)Thr9Ile[30]等(表 1)。
表1 與鉑類藥物化療敏感性相關(guān)的主要遺傳變異
轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體和受體在藥物的吸收、分布和消除過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用,當(dāng)前針對鉑類藥物研究較為充分的主要是三磷酸腺苷結(jié)合盒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(ATP-binding cassette transporters,ABC)。Sun 等[31]在113 例 NSCLC患者中研究了ABCC2的突變與鉑類化療敏感性的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)C-24T突變型等位基因攜帶者的鉑類化療敏感性(63.3%)要顯著高于野生型患者;而Val417Ile的GA+AA基因型患者敏感性顯著低于GG基因型患者,Ile1324Ile的CT+TT基因型患者敏感性顯著低于CC 基因型。Yan 等[32]和 Chen 等[33]則研究了 ABCB1,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)C3435T野生型患者的鉑類化療敏感性(21.4%)要高于CT(19.0%)、TT(12.5%)基因型患者,而T2677A/G的T等位基因攜帶者(36.2%)敏感性高于G(51.0%)、A(69.6%)等位基因攜帶者。Yoh等[34]對72例NSCLC 患者的 ABCC1、ABCC3 進(jìn)行了研究,未發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的多態(tài)性與鉑類化療敏感性相關(guān)。除了ABC 家族轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體,Wang 等[35-36]和 Li等[37]也對其他轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體與NSCLC患者鉑類化療敏感性進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)全面的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)TMEM205 rs896412、OCT2 rs1869641和rs195854、AQP9 rs1516400、AQP2 rs7314734 及ATP7B rs9535826和rs9535828多態(tài)性可以影響鉑類的化療敏感性。
除了轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體,受體也得到了廣泛研究。如Fang等[38]在629例NSCLC患者中研究了成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子受體4(fibroblast growth factor receptor 4,F(xiàn)GFR4)的多態(tài)性,發(fā)現(xiàn)rs351855 AA基因型患者的鉑類化療敏感性要顯著高于GG基因型患者。Carcereny等[39]則在305例NSCLC患者中發(fā)現(xiàn),尼古丁乙酰膽堿受體 α3(cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3,CHRNα3)rs1051730的CT基因型患者鉑類化療敏感率高于CC、TT基因型。Xiong等[40]則針對755例中國患者研究了維生素D受體(vitamin D receptor,VDR),發(fā)現(xiàn)ApaI G>T基因rs7975232的攜帶GG基因型的患者比攜帶TT基因型的患者更有可能對鉑類化療敏感。
代謝和解毒是藥物在體內(nèi)的重要過程,藥物經(jīng)過體內(nèi)一些酶的轉(zhuǎn)化后其藥理活性發(fā)生變化,因此該通路的基因多態(tài)性可以影響藥物的療效,當(dāng)前針對鉑類藥物研究較多的是GST。
Sun等[31]研究了113例NSCLC患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)GSTP1 Ile105Val突變G等位基因攜帶者的鉑類化療敏感性(40.5%)要高于AA基因型(18.3%)患者。而Li等[41]對217例NSCLC患者的研究表明,GSTM1缺失型多態(tài)性在敏感患者中出現(xiàn)的頻率(69.8%)與耐藥患者(45.8%)不同。Yang 和Xian[42]對GSTP1 Ile105Val和GSTM1進(jìn)行了薈萃分析,結(jié)果顯示在東亞人中,GSTP1 Ile105Val的G等位基因攜帶者對鉑類化療敏感性較好,而白種人中無相關(guān)性。同樣的情況也存在于GSTM1插入缺失型突變,東亞人群缺失型患者比插入型患者對鉑類的敏感性要高,這些結(jié)果與Yin等[9]研究一致。此外,Li等[41]也對細(xì)胞色素 P4501A1的T264C進(jìn)行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)TT基因型在敏感患者中的頻率(47.7%)與耐藥患者(25.5%)有顯著差異,TC基因型患者的鉑類化療敏感率要高于其他基因型。
鉑類藥物最終通過誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡來發(fā)揮療效,因此該通路基因變異可以影響其療效,也得到了廣泛研究。Shiraishi等[43]對640例日本NSCLC患者的研究表明,腫瘤抑制蛋白p53(tumor protein p53,TP53)Arg72Pro的非同義突變 TP53-72Pro基因型患者的鉑類化療敏感性(54.3%)要顯著高于p53-72Arg基因型(29.1%)患者。Su等[44]對 230例NSCLC患者的研究表明,iASPP A67T的A等位基因攜帶者對化療更敏感。Xu 等[45]和 Wang等[46]則研究了AKT1 rs2494752和Bcl-2結(jié)合抗凋亡基因1(Bcl-2 associated athanogene 1,BAG-1)C324T,發(fā)現(xiàn)AKT1 rs2494752突變型的鉑類化療敏感性降低,而BAG-1 C324T的CC基因型患者鉑類化療敏感率高于CT基因型患者。另外,也有人研究了基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2、脫嘌呤/脫嘧啶核酸內(nèi)切酶1等基因,但均未發(fā)現(xiàn)其與化療療效相關(guān)[44,47]。
除了以上通路的基因多態(tài)性,其他基因也被廣泛研究,如Xu等[48]在771例不同地區(qū)中國NSCLC患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)真核翻譯起始因子3α(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3α,eIF3α)的rs3740556多態(tài)性與鉑類藥物化療敏感性相關(guān),攜帶A等位基因的患者鉑類化療敏感性顯著高于GG基因型的患者;并且Yin等[49-50]進(jìn)一步闡明了 eIF3α rs3740556 改變鉑類化療敏感性的具體機(jī)制。此外對pre-miRNA-27α 的 rs895819、NQO1 C609T、galectin-3 A191C 和A292C都有相關(guān)報道,但尚需更多研究進(jìn)行重復(fù)[51-53]。全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析(Genome Wide Association Studies,GWAS)是近年在藥物基因組學(xué)領(lǐng)域興起的研究方法,有研究人員利用HapMap數(shù)據(jù)庫結(jié)合體外藥物敏感性實驗對鉑類藥物的敏感性進(jìn)行GWAS研究,取得了一些結(jié)果,但是尚缺乏體內(nèi)研究數(shù)據(jù)[54-58]。
隨著最近這些年的研究,NSCLC鉑類化療藥物基因組學(xué)吸引了越來越多研究人員的興趣,同時也發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量相關(guān)遺傳變異。但是該領(lǐng)域的研究結(jié)果往往不一致,其主要原因有以下幾個方面,同時也是以后研究需要解決的問題。①當(dāng)前所開展研究樣本量較少,也未經(jīng)多中心驗證,因此導(dǎo)致結(jié)果難以被重復(fù);②當(dāng)前所發(fā)現(xiàn)的單個遺傳變異均對NSCLC鉑類化療貢獻(xiàn)較小,因此依靠單個位點難以準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測化療敏感性;③除了遺傳因素,環(huán)境因素也對鉑類化療敏感性有影響,但目前的研究均缺乏環(huán)境因素的考慮。相信隨著以上問題的解決,最終可以建立準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測NSCLC鉑類化療療效的藥物基因組學(xué)模型,從而實現(xiàn)個體化治療。
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