崔照忠+劉仁忠
收稿日期:2014-03-11
作者簡介:崔照忠,博士生,主要研究方向為區(qū)域發(fā)展與城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃。
通訊作者:劉仁忠,教授,博導(dǎo),主要研究方向為農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟、環(huán)境生態(tài)。
基金項目:山東省高校人文社科研究計劃“山東省縣域生態(tài)城鎮(zhèn)化動力機制與發(fā)展模式研究”(編號:J13WC58)。
摘要農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化是提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率的有效手段,農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式的優(yōu)化選擇是實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營方式現(xiàn)代化的必由之路。從企業(yè)和農(nóng)戶間利益聯(lián)結(jié)緊密程度看,中國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展過程中依次出現(xiàn)了“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”、“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶合作社+農(nóng)戶”、“企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”三類主要模式。本文以圖示模型為工具,將三類模式進行了分類歸納描述,并論述了“農(nóng)戶合作社”和“股份合作社”的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系?;谵r(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)模經(jīng)營的視角,通過對三類農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式經(jīng)營主體間在交易環(huán)節(jié)和加工環(huán)節(jié)進行博弈分析,最終得出農(nóng)戶通過股份合作經(jīng)營可以獲得農(nóng)產(chǎn)品經(jīng)營的規(guī)模效益,實現(xiàn)交易和加工的剩余價值最大化。剩余規(guī)模越大,合作主體間的利益越大,雙方的合作也越穩(wěn)定?!褒堫^企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”是市場機制下靠購銷關(guān)系將企業(yè)和農(nóng)戶聯(lián)結(jié)的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化運作模式,具有靈活多變的特點,但主體間權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系不明,難以穩(wěn)定運行;“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式下引入中介合作組織后,經(jīng)營主體間合作邊界條件并沒有降低,擴大了經(jīng)營的規(guī)模效應(yīng),經(jīng)營主體間合作可能性增加;“企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式采用了現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度的組織方式,經(jīng)營主體間合作邊界條件顯著降低,使農(nóng)戶收益由農(nóng)產(chǎn)品收購深入到農(nóng)產(chǎn)品深加工領(lǐng)域,擴大了農(nóng)戶利益空間,實現(xiàn)了經(jīng)營模式的現(xiàn)代化,此模式成為最為穩(wěn)定的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式。三類農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式的穩(wěn)定性依次增加,經(jīng)營主體的收益依次更高,股份合作社模式是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化最優(yōu)模式。最后,從上述結(jié)論出發(fā),提出了我國推進農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的相關(guān)建議。
關(guān)鍵詞農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化;合作社;博弈;最優(yōu)選擇
中圖分類號K826.3文獻標(biāo)識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)08-0114-08doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.08.015
農(nóng)業(yè)興則百業(yè)興,農(nóng)民富則國家富。農(nóng)業(yè)在中國是安天下,穩(wěn)民心的基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè),戰(zhàn)略產(chǎn)業(yè)。然而,隨著市場經(jīng)濟不斷深入和全球化進一步發(fā)展,中國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展面臨更多的困難,農(nóng)民的小生產(chǎn)更難對接復(fù)雜的大市場。深入研究農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)模化發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營模式,全面提高農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營的組織化、現(xiàn)代化程度,是應(yīng)對國際化挑戰(zhàn),推動農(nóng)業(yè)增效、農(nóng)民增收和農(nóng)村發(fā)展的必然選擇。
1農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化及其主要模式分類1.1農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化主要觀點
農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化是在市場經(jīng)濟條件下,將農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)、加工和銷售鏈條上不同環(huán)節(jié)的主體聯(lián)結(jié)起來,實行農(nóng)工商、產(chǎn)供銷專業(yè)化、商品化、規(guī)?;鸵惑w化經(jīng)營,是解決當(dāng)前一系列農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟深層次矛盾和問題的現(xiàn)實選擇,促進了傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)向現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)變。這種有別于傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)組織方式和經(jīng)營模式是在20世紀90年代初由山東省濰坊市最先提出,并經(jīng)過各地實踐形成了多種模式。
學(xué)術(shù)界對農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化在發(fā)展過程中形成的多種模式分類上取得了很多共識。例如,關(guān)銳捷將中國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式歸結(jié)為公司帶動型(公司+農(nóng)戶)、市場帶動型(專業(yè)市場+農(nóng)戶)、合作組織帶動型(合作社+農(nóng)戶、公司+合作社+農(nóng)戶等)和專業(yè)協(xié)會帶動型(專業(yè)協(xié)會+農(nóng)戶)[1]。牛若峰通過調(diào)研表明,中國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式依次是龍頭企業(yè)帶動型、合作經(jīng)濟等中介組織帶動型、專業(yè)市場帶動型[2]。黃祖輝等從種植養(yǎng)殖和加工階段投資決策的角度把農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式分為三類:農(nóng)戶支配型(合作社+農(nóng)戶、專業(yè)協(xié)會+農(nóng)戶)、公司支配型(公司直接辦農(nóng)業(yè)基地)和各自支配型(公司+農(nóng)戶)[3]。劉斌等認為,按照龍頭企業(yè)的性質(zhì)可將農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式劃分為龍頭企業(yè)帶動型、市場帶動型、中介組織帶動型、合作經(jīng)濟組織帶動型、主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)帶動型、綜合開發(fā)集團帶動型[4]。張曉山認為,農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式主要有“公司+農(nóng)戶”、“合作社+農(nóng)戶”和“龍頭企業(yè)+合作社+農(nóng)戶”三類形式[5]。郭曉鳴等從經(jīng)濟學(xué)的角度對農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式的制度特征、績效、演化關(guān)系等方面進行系統(tǒng)的分析,提出龍頭企業(yè)帶動型、中介組織聯(lián)動型和合作社一體化三類農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式[6]。黃婧對農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化中 “公司+農(nóng)戶”模式存在的問題利用博弈論分析方法,闡述了此種模式下各利益主體的利益訴求與后效行為[7]。萬倫來以安徽省為例,研究不同農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式中龍頭企業(yè)技術(shù)效率差異問題,指出不同模式下企業(yè)的技術(shù)效率存在顯著差別[8]。梁靜溪通過對比分析農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營的規(guī)?;M織選擇,認為農(nóng)地經(jīng)濟合作組織和專業(yè)股份合作經(jīng)濟是未來農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)營的主要方向[9]。黃紅球以廣東省為例構(gòu)建了專業(yè)化、社會化、組織化、規(guī)模化、市場化、科技化、效益化、一體化、商品化為代表的“九化一體”農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)營評價指標(biāo)體系,為開展農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式探索,開辟了一條思路[10]。
綜合以上觀點并結(jié)合農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化實踐,從龍頭企業(yè)和農(nóng)戶之間的利益聯(lián)結(jié)關(guān)系緊密程度由低到高,可將農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化主要模式分為“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”、“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶合作社+農(nóng)戶”、“企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶” 三類主要模式。農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營模式的演變是和特定的歷史時期和一定的生產(chǎn)力水平相對應(yīng)的,一方面合適的組織形式是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營效率的一個重要來源,另一方面對應(yīng)不同的發(fā)展時期,不同的發(fā)展水平,形成的組織形式也不相同。三類主要農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式就是對應(yīng)農(nóng)業(yè)不同發(fā)展階段,由初級階段的松散組織形式逐步向高級階段的緊密組織形式演變。不同的模式導(dǎo)致各經(jīng)營主體之間利益聯(lián)接的緊密程度不同,這就直接影響到企業(yè)及農(nóng)戶經(jīng)營的積極性和效率[11]。2013年12月召開的中央農(nóng)村工作會議中指出要堅持農(nóng)村集體土地應(yīng)該堅持以家庭經(jīng)營的基礎(chǔ)性地位,確保土地承包權(quán)都屬于農(nóng)戶家庭所有[12]。這對農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)營模式提出了更高的要求,尋求最優(yōu)的模式是各地區(qū)的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
1.2農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化主要模式
1.2.1“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”模式
“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”模式(見圖1.a)指以企業(yè)為龍頭,聯(lián)合廣大農(nóng)戶在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條上實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)供銷一條龍式的經(jīng)營組織形式。農(nóng)戶與企業(yè)通過規(guī)范化的購銷合同,形成了一定的利潤共享、風(fēng)險共擔(dān)機制,因此雙方都獲得了一種較為穩(wěn)定的收益率[13]。在現(xiàn)實生活中,這種模式有“公司+農(nóng)戶”、“基地+農(nóng)戶”、“市場+農(nóng)戶”、“經(jīng)紀人(或大戶)+農(nóng)戶”等多種表現(xiàn)形式,多以合同契約聯(lián)接利益雙方。該模式是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化初期的主要組織形式。
1.2.2“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式
該模式由相關(guān)農(nóng)戶組建專業(yè)協(xié)會或合作社等合作經(jīng)濟組織,并以此為載體,通過農(nóng)戶間橫向聯(lián)合與龍頭企業(yè)實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營的縱向合作(見圖1.b)。在農(nóng)戶分散經(jīng)營的體制下,公司與單家單戶發(fā)生交易的交易成本很大,而且質(zhì)量難以控制,而自己租用大面積的土地又要付出高成本。因而公司非常需要一個主體,它能組織并代表農(nóng)戶與企業(yè)合作。同時,在合作社內(nèi)部通過組織產(chǎn)前、產(chǎn)中、產(chǎn)后全方位服務(wù),把企業(yè)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求等傳達到農(nóng)戶,并監(jiān)督執(zhí)行,使眾多農(nóng)戶分散的小生產(chǎn)聯(lián)合起來形成統(tǒng)一的規(guī)?;?jīng)營,從而實現(xiàn)規(guī)模效益。企業(yè)與合作經(jīng)濟組織之間的代理成本代替了企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶間的市場交易成本。這種模式是在上一種模式基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的,在發(fā)達和欠發(fā)達地區(qū)都有大量運行。
1.2.3“企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”一體化模式
該模式是指由廣大農(nóng)戶或聯(lián)合企業(yè)成立股份合作社,或合作社發(fā)展壯大后成立企業(yè)實體來銷售、加工農(nóng)戶的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,從而實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)、加、銷和貿(mào)、工、農(nóng)一體化經(jīng)營的模式(見圖1.c)。該模式中的合作方通過合作制、股份制、股份合作制等方式一體化為同一個產(chǎn)權(quán)組織。農(nóng)戶和企業(yè)都是股份合作社的股東,利潤分配時既有按股分紅,又有按付出勞動多少支付工資或按銷售農(nóng)產(chǎn)品多少分享利潤。
前兩種模式主要主體間的聯(lián)結(jié)主要體現(xiàn)在農(nóng)業(yè)初級產(chǎn)品的“購銷”關(guān)系上,農(nóng)戶與龍頭企業(yè)之間是初級產(chǎn)品的流通網(wǎng)絡(luò),并不涉及到后續(xù)深加工農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。與前兩種方式不同“企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式,跳出了初級產(chǎn)品流通的傳統(tǒng)渠道,深入到初級產(chǎn)品的“加工”環(huán)節(jié),農(nóng)戶第一次擺脫了僅僅對土地上的初級農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進行種植,繼續(xù)向具有更高利潤的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工端邁進,分享了初級農(nóng)產(chǎn)品與深加工農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的雙層剩余價值。由于企業(yè)、股份合作社、農(nóng)戶三者具有緊密的資本紐帶,所以其利益聯(lián)接機制更完善,利益關(guān)系更緊密,從而確保了企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶、合作組織在利益上的一致性,較好地避免了其他模式經(jīng)營中出現(xiàn)的問題。由于該模式投資規(guī)模大,主要出現(xiàn)于我國東部沿海地區(qū)[14]。
“股份合作社”與“農(nóng)戶合作社”兩者在內(nèi)部管理模式、利益分配體系有顯著區(qū)別。在經(jīng)營管理上,農(nóng)戶合作社作為一種農(nóng)戶自發(fā)組織的具有社區(qū)性和互利性的基礎(chǔ)合作組織,以集聚經(jīng)濟為目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向,以降低生產(chǎn)風(fēng)險為保證,對有效提高生產(chǎn)效率,擺脫個體經(jīng)濟的弊端是一種有益嘗試,但是在日新月異的市場變化下,以“大戶”或“能人”發(fā)起的合作社經(jīng)營模式不能保證合作社公平運營,也難以實現(xiàn)預(yù)期的經(jīng)濟收益。而股份合作模式則借鑒了現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度,具有股份制企業(yè)特征也具有合作社的特征,實行勞動與資本的聯(lián)合[9],跳出“大戶”或“能人”把控合作社的弊端,施行股份民主與勞動民主相結(jié)合,實現(xiàn)經(jīng)營管理的科學(xué)化與現(xiàn)代化。在利益分配模式上,“農(nóng)戶合作社”一定程度上了保留了人多好辦事和人多力量大的計劃經(jīng)濟思維,雖然在某些時期能給農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營主體帶來一些實際利益,但從長遠看,如何克服集聚的外部性帶來的“集聚不經(jīng)濟”,避免由于管理層實際掌控導(dǎo)致利益分配不均是“農(nóng)戶合作社”與生俱來的最大弊端;而“股份合作社”施行按勞分配與按股分紅相結(jié)合,既充分實現(xiàn)股員之間合作互助的愿望,又保持現(xiàn)代企業(yè)追逐利潤的特點,最大程度上提高了合作社整體和社員個體的經(jīng)濟效益。
2三類農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式中企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶間博弈分析企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營的兩個主要主體,他們之間的博弈有完全信息動態(tài)博弈和不完全信息動態(tài)博弈兩種情況。由于分析結(jié)果相同,在這里只做完全信息動態(tài)博弈分析,并只選用比較簡單的博弈模型進行推理。通過對企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶博弈的分析,以期達到對農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化三類模式的穩(wěn)定性和發(fā)展方向有一個評價和預(yù)期,科學(xué)的進行最優(yōu)模式的選擇。
基本假設(shè):①博弈主體為龍頭企業(yè)、農(nóng)戶、合作組織,假定都為同質(zhì)農(nóng)戶,其農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量為qi,i=1,2,…。企業(yè)加工該農(nóng)產(chǎn)品量為q,采購成本Cb是交易量的函數(shù);②完全信息動態(tài)博弈:在產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營過程中,企業(yè)和農(nóng)戶都是在知道相對方動作后才開始自己的動作,后動作者選擇余地依賴于前動作者的選擇,并且非常清楚前動作者進行了怎樣的動作,雙方也都能知道市場需求情況(由于農(nóng)戶動作在前與企業(yè)動作在前的分析結(jié)論一致,我們只做農(nóng)戶動作在前的博弈分析);③只選某一種特定產(chǎn)品做分析,這種圖1多種農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式
Fig.1Variety of agricultural industrialization mode
圖2“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”模式下農(nóng)戶先動模型
Fig.2Farmers first model under “enterprises plus farmers” mode
產(chǎn)品在當(dāng)?shù)氐氖袌鰞r格為Jm,企業(yè)收購農(nóng)戶的價格為Jb;④企業(yè)和農(nóng)戶都是理性的,都追求利益最大化。
2.1“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”模式下企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶博弈分析
該模式下企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶之間只存在“購銷”關(guān)系。農(nóng)戶一直種植并自由銷售某一農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,現(xiàn)在來了一家龍頭企業(yè)以價格Jb收購,然后再按市場價格Jm在市場上銷售。這樣,農(nóng)戶是否出售給企業(yè)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在前,企業(yè)根據(jù)利潤P情況是否收購在后。博弈模型如圖2。
圖2中,支付函數(shù)為P=(Jm-Jb)∑qi-∑Cb(qi)
從圖2中可以看出,企業(yè)選擇的關(guān)鍵在于是否P>0,即:(Jm-Jb)∑qi-∑Cb(qi)≥0
Jm-Jb≥∑Cb(qi)/∑qi=AVCb(qi)(1)
當(dāng)P>0時,農(nóng)戶愿意出售給企業(yè)產(chǎn)品的條件是Jbqi≥Jmqi-Cb(qi),即:
Jm-Jb≤Cb(qi)/qi(2)
農(nóng)戶與龍頭企業(yè)要實現(xiàn)合作,要同時滿足兩個條件——對農(nóng)戶的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品企業(yè)愿意收購,農(nóng)戶也愿意售出。即必須同時滿足(1)、(2)式,由此得:
Jb=Jm-Cb(qi)/qi(3)
對農(nóng)戶來說,無論出售給市場還是出售給企業(yè),最后單位收益都是Jm-Cb(qi)/qi,交易成本由其自己負擔(dān)。(3)式中Jb是不斷變化的,只有在每個農(nóng)戶的產(chǎn)量、市場交易成本和市場價格等信息為雙方所共知時,才有可能達成合作。即使有收購協(xié)議,當(dāng)市場價格出現(xiàn)大的波動時,雙方都有可能違約。
由以上分析可知:①“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”是一種非常松散的縱向一體化農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化組織形式。龍頭企業(yè)通過與農(nóng)戶簽訂購銷協(xié)議,實現(xiàn)了一體化經(jīng)營。但企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶相對獨立,二者主要通過購銷農(nóng)產(chǎn)品來實現(xiàn)聯(lián)結(jié),不可能成為完全的縱向一體化組織。②合作雙方契約期限短履約差。企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶憑借的是短期契約且雙方不履約的現(xiàn)象經(jīng)常發(fā)生,一方面農(nóng)戶感到完全按契約來太吃虧,甚至感覺有欺詐,簽約是上當(dāng)受騙;另一方面企業(yè)對農(nóng)戶偷工減料搭便車等行為監(jiān)督困難,導(dǎo)致監(jiān)督成本太高。這就增加了企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶信用成本和履約風(fēng)險性,所以這種模式不穩(wěn)定性高。③博弈雙方地位差別大。一是實力不對稱。企業(yè)位處主導(dǎo),農(nóng)戶需要一對一與龍頭企業(yè)博弈,劣勢地位明顯。二是信息不對稱。企業(yè)對市場信息敏銳,而農(nóng)戶不敏銳,企業(yè)常常因此壓低收購價格。三是決策權(quán)不對稱。無論是生產(chǎn)資料還是專用性農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都由企業(yè)決定,農(nóng)戶只能任由企業(yè)擺布。④資本雇傭勞動。盡管龍頭企業(yè)和農(nóng)戶主體獨立,但在經(jīng)營決策和利益分配上,企業(yè)占有支配地位。農(nóng)戶只能得到固定的利潤,而企業(yè)掌握剩余價值索取權(quán),可以索取更多的利益。
可見,“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”模式是很不穩(wěn)定的一種模式,企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶穩(wěn)定合作是難以長時間維持的。
2.2“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式下企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶博弈分析該模式下企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶之間也是“購銷”關(guān)系,只是我們引入了中介組織—農(nóng)戶合作社。
在圖3中加入農(nóng)戶合作社后,在完全信息條件下,考慮了解的方便,假定農(nóng)戶合作社由n家農(nóng)戶組成,農(nóng)戶把全部農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都通過農(nóng)戶合作社統(tǒng)一出售給企業(yè),農(nóng)戶與企業(yè)作為參與博弈的主體(農(nóng)戶合作社的內(nèi)部決策暫不予以探討),不過是現(xiàn)在相當(dāng)于n家農(nóng)戶同時動作,現(xiàn)在的交易量為nqi。
n家農(nóng)戶通過合作社集體動作后,企業(yè)拒收或農(nóng)戶通過合作社集體在市場出售的話,則企業(yè)收購量減少nqi,在圖3中:P(q)=(Jm-Jb)q-Cb(q)
求導(dǎo)得:P′(q)=(Jm-Jb)-C′b(q)
ΔP=P(nqi)-P(nqi-qi)=P′(q)×qi
要企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶實現(xiàn)合作均衡解的條件是:
對于企業(yè)而言,ΔP>0,即:
(Jm-Jb)>Cb(qi)(4)
圖3“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式農(nóng)戶先動模型
Fig.3Farmers first model under ‘enterprises plus cooperative plus farmers mode對于農(nóng)戶而言,Jbqi≥Jmqi-Cb(qi),即:
Jm-Jb≤Cb(qi)/qi(5)
與沒有合作社的農(nóng)戶先動模型相比較,(5)式和(2)式是相同的,也就是農(nóng)戶做出合作選擇的邊界條件相同,要保證農(nóng)戶加入該種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)后是有利可圖的。比較(4)式和(1)式,合作社引入后有了規(guī)模效益,收購量nqi與單個農(nóng)戶銷售量相比是一個很大的數(shù),這時C′b(qi)遠小于(1)式中的AVCb(qi),邊界條件放寬,企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶合作的可能性增加。綜合以上分析可見“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式具有以下特點:①組織形式為一體化但縱向松散橫向相對緊密。農(nóng)戶通過加入合作社實現(xiàn)了橫向相對緊密聯(lián)合,企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶合作社則形成一種松散的縱向一體化組織。②博弈關(guān)系不穩(wěn)定。合作社的實際經(jīng)理人很容易在經(jīng)營過程中尋租。這使得企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶之間的博弈關(guān)系既復(fù)雜又不穩(wěn)定。③產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系仍然模糊。合作組織及其經(jīng)理人可能侵占部分產(chǎn)權(quán)公域,比如合作社的公共積累由于沒有明晰到農(nóng)戶身上很可能被經(jīng)理人實際侵占。
因此與“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”模式相比,“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶合作社+農(nóng)戶”形式變得穩(wěn)定一些,但仍不是十分穩(wěn)定,該模式是一種適合在發(fā)展中地區(qū)實行的過度模式。
2.3“企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式下企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶博弈分析前面兩種模式農(nóng)戶只與企業(yè)有“購銷”環(huán)節(jié)的聯(lián)結(jié)?!捌髽I(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式則有了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品“加工”環(huán)節(jié)的聯(lián)結(jié),農(nóng)戶通過股份合作社建立加工企業(yè),使農(nóng)戶分享加工和購銷兩個環(huán)節(jié)的剩余。假設(shè)加工成本為Cp,加工后的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場售價為Jn,且Jn是企業(yè)的私人信息。在交易環(huán)節(jié)、加工環(huán)節(jié)都加入之后,圖 2-3 中的P(q)變?yōu)椋?/p>
P(q)=(Jn-Jb)q-Cb(q)-Cp(q)
P′(q)=(Jn-Jb)-C′b(q)-C′p(q)
ΔP=P(nqi)-P(nqi-qi)=P′(q)×qi
=[(Jn-Jb)-C′b(q)-C′p(q)]qi
ΔP>0的條件為:
[(Jm-Jb)-C′b(q)]
+[(Jn-Jm)-C′p(q)]>0(6)
(6)式前半部分是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品購銷的邊際利潤,和(4)式相同,而后半部分是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工的邊際利潤,由于一體化組織的引入實現(xiàn)規(guī)模效益,C′b(q)變得較小,一般條件下都有[(Jn-Jm)-C′p(q)]>0。因此,在農(nóng)戶又參與了分享加工剩余情況下,滿足(6)式的條件比滿足(4)式的條件更容易,使得“龍頭企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式成為最為穩(wěn)定的組織機制。所以“企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式有以下特點:①完全的一體化組織。該模式無論是橫向的農(nóng)戶間還是縱向上產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條間已形成一體化。合作社層級結(jié)構(gòu)替代了交易市場,種植結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)劃、種植計劃、農(nóng)資采購以及農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營都由合作社統(tǒng)一管理。②博弈關(guān)系均衡。合作社內(nèi)部社員之間的博弈能力相當(dāng),合作社的決策機制避免了個別有威望的社員博弈能力過強問題。③產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系明晰。在該模式下,合作社成員在合作社中具有明晰的股份,并按股權(quán)比例分紅。企業(yè)具有獨立法人地位,合作社作為股東只能按照公司治理程序?qū)ζ髽I(yè)進行管控,而不能侵占企業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)。④勞動雇傭資本。資本的合作是建立在勞動者合作基礎(chǔ)上的,勞動者支配資本。勞動者通過合作社實現(xiàn)了生產(chǎn)和交易剩余的分配權(quán)。
由此可見,該模式是最穩(wěn)定,適合發(fā)達地區(qū)大量發(fā)展,并最終是適合中國農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展方向的一種模式。
3基本結(jié)論與建議
3.1基本結(jié)論
(1)“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”、“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶合作社+農(nóng)戶”和“企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”三類模式因規(guī)模經(jīng)濟獲取收益依次增加。引入合作社尤以股份合作社為典型代表的合作經(jīng)濟實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟,在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品交易環(huán)節(jié)和加工環(huán)節(jié)都創(chuàng)造了剩余價值,依靠共同分享剩余價值來促進龍頭企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶間的合作。剩余價值的規(guī)模越大,雙方合作就越可能性越大,合作的方式越穩(wěn)定。經(jīng)過博弈分析比較可以看出,“企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”模式是一種最優(yōu)的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展模式,是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的主導(dǎo)模式。
(2)從“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”到“龍頭企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶合作社+農(nóng)戶”再到“企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”呈現(xiàn)逐次演化的趨勢。這是內(nèi)生交易費用和外生交易費用矛盾運動造成的,與相對松散的前兩種模式相比,股份合作制有效降低系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部的交易成本,使得農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化組織具備更雄厚經(jīng)濟支撐,也使得第三種模式最穩(wěn)定。當(dāng)合作經(jīng)濟組織超過規(guī)模經(jīng)濟上限出現(xiàn)不經(jīng)濟時,可以引導(dǎo)其適度構(gòu)建內(nèi)部子組織,比如創(chuàng)建相對獨立的多個企業(yè)和基地,同類合作社間也可通過區(qū)域聯(lián)合,直至形成全國的農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)?;M織。
(3)三種模式的穩(wěn)定性和經(jīng)濟效益與農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的發(fā)展階段緊密相關(guān)。第一類模式與農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化萌芽期相適應(yīng),第二類模式與農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化成長期相適應(yīng),第三類模式與農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化成熟期相適應(yīng)。不能為追求較高的經(jīng)濟效益與穩(wěn)定性而超越或滯后于農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展實際需求,最終采用不合適的規(guī)?;?jīng)營模式。雖然股份合作制極大提高了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化效能,但是此種模式必須在資本密集、知識創(chuàng)新、產(chǎn)業(yè)支撐等先決條件下才能實行。因此必須因時因地制宜,結(jié)合全國新型城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展指導(dǎo)方針[15],有序穩(wěn)步推進農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展進程。
3.2建議
3.2.1創(chuàng)新農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的保障制度
農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的良性發(fā)展離不開完善的制度保障。當(dāng)前,農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營保障制度的欠缺已經(jīng)成為阻礙農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化優(yōu)質(zhì)發(fā)展的“短腿”,創(chuàng)新和完善法律制度、社會管理制度、文化制度是當(dāng)前形勢下科學(xué)有序推進我國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的根本保障。前文所述的三種農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營模式,從不同側(cè)面給出了各自的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系,尤其通過博弈分析,得出“企業(yè)+股份合作社+農(nóng)戶”是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營的最優(yōu)模式選擇,是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的高級模式,這也相應(yīng)提出了更高的制度保障要求。
法律制度的完善是促進農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營制度保障的關(guān)鍵。農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村的改革具有 “牽一發(fā)而動全身”的整體效應(yīng),立法必須先行,只有完善的法律制度才能促進農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的健康發(fā)展,避免因三農(nóng)問題而引發(fā)社會動蕩的重演。農(nóng)業(yè)改革的立法,主要涉及農(nóng)村土地制度立法,其中完善土地承包制度、宅基地確權(quán)、農(nóng)村建設(shè)用地入市是三個重要法律制度設(shè)計。農(nóng)民物權(quán)的法律確立、農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營機制的立法、農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)運營的立法、農(nóng)村金融管理制度的立法、農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境保護的立法和食品安全立法等都是當(dāng)前農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展急缺的法律保障。
除法律制度保障以外,社會管理制度和文化制度同樣也對農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展起到重要作用。完善農(nóng)村地區(qū)社會管理制度是應(yīng)對快速城鎮(zhèn)化背景下因人口流動而引發(fā)的一系列社會問題的重要途徑。以治理體系現(xiàn)代化為導(dǎo)向,創(chuàng)新完善村民自治制度,提高農(nóng)村管理機構(gòu)的運行效率與科學(xué)水平,是創(chuàng)新農(nóng)村社會管理制度的重要途徑。文化制度是法律制度和社會制度的輿論保障,我國的傳統(tǒng)文化起源于農(nóng)村,當(dāng)前農(nóng)村文化受到因城鎮(zhèn)化帶來的城市文化的強烈沖擊,好多農(nóng)村成為消逝的“故園”。文化制度的完善,對農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的發(fā)展起到基礎(chǔ)推進作用,只有保護和發(fā)展好以“互助合作”、“艱苦樸素”、“精耕細作”為主要內(nèi)容的農(nóng)業(yè)文化,加上市場經(jīng)濟具有的“契約”、“合同”、“法律”等現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營理念,才能真正創(chuàng)造農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的“中國版本”。
3.2.2出臺促進農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的激勵政策
《國家新型城鎮(zhèn)化規(guī)劃》確定了我國中長期城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展道路,農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化道路任重道遠,建立符合國家整體城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化長效機制,是我國農(nóng)業(yè)健康發(fā)展的需要。農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化應(yīng)與新型城鎮(zhèn)化相結(jié)合,突出農(nóng)戶家庭作為受益的主體地位,把農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化與“人”的城鎮(zhèn)化理念結(jié)合起來,有效落實新一輪農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展方針與政策。
因時因地運用政策激勵是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化健康發(fā)展的前提。由于中國農(nóng)村市場經(jīng)濟不成熟,農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式的自發(fā)演進必然需要更多的時間,這就需要政府根據(jù)不同發(fā)展階段及時出臺必要的扶持引導(dǎo)政策。首先,應(yīng)當(dāng)堅持自下而上的原則,尊重產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營主體的創(chuàng)造力,鼓勵自發(fā)形成的各種產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式的發(fā)展;其次,各級政府一定要依據(jù)各地發(fā)展實際及時分析產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式變遷動向,積極推廣較為先進的產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式,鼓勵發(fā)展混合所有制經(jīng)濟,積極扶持農(nóng)村合作經(jīng)濟,發(fā)展規(guī)?;?、專業(yè)化、現(xiàn)代化經(jīng)營[16];三是鼓勵農(nóng)民合作組織進行公共積累,通過股份制、股份合作制等形式,用產(chǎn)權(quán)聯(lián)結(jié)形成更緊密的利益共同體;四是要因地制宜,在沿海等經(jīng)濟發(fā)達地區(qū),要強化扶持股份合作社等組織的力度,在中西部相對發(fā)達地區(qū),要優(yōu)先扶持大戶與擴大企業(yè)加工能力并舉,在中西部欠發(fā)達地區(qū),要對各類龍頭企業(yè)進行扶持,讓農(nóng)民有順暢的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售渠道。
完善的市場激勵機制是保障農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化健康發(fā)展的重要依靠。農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化必須是以市場為主導(dǎo)的產(chǎn)業(yè)化模式,政府要用經(jīng)濟手段鼓勵農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展,最終形成市場化的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)模式。市場經(jīng)濟是信用經(jīng)濟,要教育引導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化各經(jīng)營主體講誠信,懲治不誠信行為。農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營的生產(chǎn)、加工、銷售一體化,本質(zhì)是農(nóng)戶、合作社與龍頭企業(yè)利益的一體化。要引導(dǎo)企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶樹立產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營利潤是參與主體共同創(chuàng)造的觀念,鼓勵合作精神,使之結(jié)成“利益共享、風(fēng)險共擔(dān)”的共同體。
3.2.3完善促進農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的配套環(huán)境
土地、人才、農(nóng)業(yè)科技、交通、市場信息、宏觀政策、生態(tài)環(huán)境等生產(chǎn)要素的優(yōu)化配置與合理流動是促進農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的配套環(huán)境。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的復(fù)雜性決定了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)要素的組合與配置的多樣性,要確保生產(chǎn)要素在地區(qū)之間、城鄉(xiāng)之間、博弈主體之間的合理順暢流動。
農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)要素的優(yōu)化配置是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的重要保證。十八屆三中全會完善了農(nóng)村土地承包制度,提出了所有權(quán)、承包權(quán)、經(jīng)營權(quán)“三權(quán)分離”的土地承包政策,把這些政策落到實處對推進農(nóng)村土地股份合作社發(fā)展,實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營極為迫切;人才是農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的根本保障,離開了人才,農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化并將成為“無本之源”,因此在將來一段時間內(nèi),培養(yǎng)適合我國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的專業(yè)人才隊伍,培訓(xùn)新時代的產(chǎn)業(yè)農(nóng)民是當(dāng)務(wù)之急,力求做到“引得來、留得住、能致富”的人才良性發(fā)展道路;農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的技術(shù)支撐,完善農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化組織形式,提高科研攻關(guān)與服務(wù)三農(nóng)的能力是未來急需提高的內(nèi)容;完善的交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的有力保障,“要致富先修路”,有效的交通可達性基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建完善的農(nóng)業(yè)物流體系是農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要條件;金融是現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟的血液,農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展也離不開良好的金融環(huán)境,要創(chuàng)新金融支農(nóng)方式方法,加大金融支農(nóng)的力度,使農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營過程流動資金充足;信息社會市場瞬息萬變,有效掌握及時的市場信息是未來農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的大勢所趨,因此搭建通暢的農(nóng)業(yè)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺是未來的長遠選擇;政府科學(xué)的管理,提供有效的宏觀政策,是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的重要政治環(huán)境;農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化要以農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展為前提,要把創(chuàng)建良好的農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境作為農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的長效保障。
(編輯:徐天祥)
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[7]黃婧,孫秋.農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化中公司+農(nóng)戶模式合作困境的博弈分析[J].貴州農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2009,(12):119-223.[Huang Jing, Sun Qiu.Game Analysis on Cooperative Predicament of Companies+Farmer Households In Agricultural Industrialization[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 2009,(12):119-223.]
[8]萬倫來,馬嬌嬌,朱湖根.中國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營組織模式與龍頭企業(yè)技術(shù)效率:來自安徽農(nóng)業(yè)綜合開發(fā)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營龍頭企業(yè)的經(jīng)驗證據(jù)[J].中國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟,2010,(10):27-35.[Wan Lunlai, Ma Jiaojiao, Zhu Hugen. The Relationship Between Chinas Industrialization of Agriculture Organizational Model and Leading Enterprise Technical Efficiency: Evidence from Anhui Industrialized Operation of Agriculture Comprehensive Development of Leading Enterprises[J]Chinese Rural Economy, 2010,(10): 27-35.]
[9]梁靜溪,孫慶.農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營的規(guī)模化組織選擇與發(fā)展[J].學(xué)習(xí)與探索,2010,(1):155-157.[Liang Jingxi, Sun Qing. Agricultural Industrialization LargeScale Organizational Choice and Development[J]. Study and Exploration, 2010,(1):155-157.]
[10]黃紅球.農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營評價指標(biāo)體系設(shè)置及評價方法研究:基于廣東省的證據(jù)[J].農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟,2013,(7):110-117.[Huang Hongqiu. Agricultural Industrialization Operation Evaluation System Setting and Evaluation Method: Evidence Based on Guangdong Province[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2013,(7):110-117.]
[11]李瑜,鄭少鋒.農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶經(jīng)營組織模式選擇的經(jīng)濟學(xué)分析[J]. 經(jīng)濟問題探索,2007,(5):126-130.[Li Yu. Economic Analysis on Organizational Pattern Choices of Agricultural Products Processing Enterprise and Farmer Households[J]. Economic Issue Exploration, 2007, (5): 126-130.]
[12]中共中央辦公廳.中央農(nóng)村工作會議:堅守18億畝耕地紅線[EB/OL]. 2013-12-26[2014-01-03]. http://sannong.cntv.cn/20131226/101925.shtml.[General Office of The CPC Central Committee.The Central Rural Work Conference: Stick to 18 Million Mu of Arable Land Red Line[EB/OL].2013-12-26[2014-01-03]. http://sannong. cntv. cn/20131226/1019 25.shtml.]
[13]趙樹叢,顧江.農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化過程中組織形式的演變[J].現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟探討,2003,(1):35-37.[Zhao Shucong, Gu Jiang. The Evolution of Organization During the Process of Agricultural Industrialization[J]. Modern Economic Research, 2003,(1):35-37.]
[14]南海市人民政府.廣東農(nóng)村股份合作制的改革與發(fā)展[EB/OL]. 2013-6-10[2014-01-03]. http://znzg.xytc.edu.cn/Html/?14972.html.[Nanhai Peoples Government. Guangdong Rural Reform And Development Of Cooperative Shares System[EB / OL]. 2013-6-10[2014-01-03]. http://znzg.xytc.edu.cn/ html/?14972. html.]
[15]中國新聞網(wǎng).中央城鎮(zhèn)化工作會議舉行,提出推進城鎮(zhèn)化六大任務(wù)[EB/OL].2013-12-14[2014-01-04]. http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2013/12-14/5619946.shtml.[Chinanews.The Central Working Conference of Urbanization, Urbanization Six Major Tasks Are Put Forward[EB/OL].2013-12-14[2014-01-04]. http://www. chinanews. com/cn/2013/12-14/5619946.Shtml.]
[16]中國共產(chǎn)黨中央委員會.中共中央關(guān)于全面深化改革若干重點問題的決定[N].人民日報,2013-11-13.[ CCCPC. CCCPC on Deepening Reform of a Number of Key Issues of A Comprehensive[N]. Peoples Daily,2013-11-13.]
Game Analysis of Business Entities of the Three Kinds of
Agricultural Industrialization Modes And Optimal Choice
CUI ZhaozhongLIU Renzhong
(College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan Hubei 430073, China)
AbstractAgricultural industrialization is an effective means to improve the agricultural productivity. Optimal selection of agricultural industrialization model is to achieve an inevitable choice for the development of modern agriculture. Viewing from the point of the compact degree of connection between enterprises and farmers, there are three kinds of main modes successively in the evolution of Chinas agricultural industrialization modes, namely the mode of ‘Enterprises plus Farmers, ‘Enterprises plus Cooperative plus Farmers and ‘Enterprises plus Stock Cooperative plus Farmers Integration. Their respective characteristics and support conditions were analyzed in detail by the tool of graphically model. At the same time, a detailed discussion about the difference and connection is made between ‘Cooperativeand‘Stock Cooperative. Based on largescale agricultural operations perspective, employing the game analysis method, through the analysis of the management entities of the three kinds of agricultural industrialization modes, this paper holds the view that scale economy of agricultural products transaction and processing links can be achieved through cooperative organizations to gain the surplus in transaction and processing links between Enterprises plus Farmers. The bigger the surplus scale is, the larger the benefits will be got for the cooperative party and the more stable of the cooperation between the two parties will be. ‘Enterprises plus Farmers is an agricultural industrialization mode under the operation of primary ‘buying and selling mode by introduction of market mechanisms, which has flexible features, unknown relationship between entities, which is difficult for stable operation. Under the mode of ‘Enterprises plus Cooperative plus Farmers, the boundary conditions of cooperation between management entities have not reduced after introduction of intermediary cooperative organization, furthermore, expand the scale of operations, and increase the possibilities for cooperation between management entities. ‘Enterprises plus Stock Cooperative plus Farmers Integration mode takes modern enterprise management mode as the guide, business cooperation between the main body boundary conditions are significantly reduced, which can expand farmers interests from products transaction to processing, expand the farmers benefit space, improve efficiency of overall operating mode. This mode is the most stable model of agricultural industrialization under current economic situation. Therefore, the stability of the three kinds of modes will increase successively, and the profits of the management entities will be higher in sequence. Cooperative integration mode will be the optimal agricultural industrialization mode. Through the above analysis,this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to facilitate Chinas agricultural industrialization.
Key wordsagricultural industrialization; cooperative; game; optimal selection
[9]梁靜溪,孫慶.農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營的規(guī)?;M織選擇與發(fā)展[J].學(xué)習(xí)與探索,2010,(1):155-157.[Liang Jingxi, Sun Qing. Agricultural Industrialization LargeScale Organizational Choice and Development[J]. Study and Exploration, 2010,(1):155-157.]
[10]黃紅球.農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營評價指標(biāo)體系設(shè)置及評價方法研究:基于廣東省的證據(jù)[J].農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟,2013,(7):110-117.[Huang Hongqiu. Agricultural Industrialization Operation Evaluation System Setting and Evaluation Method: Evidence Based on Guangdong Province[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2013,(7):110-117.]
[11]李瑜,鄭少鋒.農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶經(jīng)營組織模式選擇的經(jīng)濟學(xué)分析[J]. 經(jīng)濟問題探索,2007,(5):126-130.[Li Yu. Economic Analysis on Organizational Pattern Choices of Agricultural Products Processing Enterprise and Farmer Households[J]. Economic Issue Exploration, 2007, (5): 126-130.]
[12]中共中央辦公廳.中央農(nóng)村工作會議:堅守18億畝耕地紅線[EB/OL]. 2013-12-26[2014-01-03]. http://sannong.cntv.cn/20131226/101925.shtml.[General Office of The CPC Central Committee.The Central Rural Work Conference: Stick to 18 Million Mu of Arable Land Red Line[EB/OL].2013-12-26[2014-01-03]. http://sannong. cntv. cn/20131226/1019 25.shtml.]
[13]趙樹叢,顧江.農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化過程中組織形式的演變[J].現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟探討,2003,(1):35-37.[Zhao Shucong, Gu Jiang. The Evolution of Organization During the Process of Agricultural Industrialization[J]. Modern Economic Research, 2003,(1):35-37.]
[14]南海市人民政府.廣東農(nóng)村股份合作制的改革與發(fā)展[EB/OL]. 2013-6-10[2014-01-03]. http://znzg.xytc.edu.cn/Html/?14972.html.[Nanhai Peoples Government. Guangdong Rural Reform And Development Of Cooperative Shares System[EB / OL]. 2013-6-10[2014-01-03]. http://znzg.xytc.edu.cn/ html/?14972. html.]
[15]中國新聞網(wǎng).中央城鎮(zhèn)化工作會議舉行,提出推進城鎮(zhèn)化六大任務(wù)[EB/OL].2013-12-14[2014-01-04]. http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2013/12-14/5619946.shtml.[Chinanews.The Central Working Conference of Urbanization, Urbanization Six Major Tasks Are Put Forward[EB/OL].2013-12-14[2014-01-04]. http://www. chinanews. com/cn/2013/12-14/5619946.Shtml.]
[16]中國共產(chǎn)黨中央委員會.中共中央關(guān)于全面深化改革若干重點問題的決定[N].人民日報,2013-11-13.[ CCCPC. CCCPC on Deepening Reform of a Number of Key Issues of A Comprehensive[N]. Peoples Daily,2013-11-13.]
Game Analysis of Business Entities of the Three Kinds of
Agricultural Industrialization Modes And Optimal Choice
CUI ZhaozhongLIU Renzhong
(College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan Hubei 430073, China)
AbstractAgricultural industrialization is an effective means to improve the agricultural productivity. Optimal selection of agricultural industrialization model is to achieve an inevitable choice for the development of modern agriculture. Viewing from the point of the compact degree of connection between enterprises and farmers, there are three kinds of main modes successively in the evolution of Chinas agricultural industrialization modes, namely the mode of ‘Enterprises plus Farmers, ‘Enterprises plus Cooperative plus Farmers and ‘Enterprises plus Stock Cooperative plus Farmers Integration. Their respective characteristics and support conditions were analyzed in detail by the tool of graphically model. At the same time, a detailed discussion about the difference and connection is made between ‘Cooperativeand‘Stock Cooperative. Based on largescale agricultural operations perspective, employing the game analysis method, through the analysis of the management entities of the three kinds of agricultural industrialization modes, this paper holds the view that scale economy of agricultural products transaction and processing links can be achieved through cooperative organizations to gain the surplus in transaction and processing links between Enterprises plus Farmers. The bigger the surplus scale is, the larger the benefits will be got for the cooperative party and the more stable of the cooperation between the two parties will be. ‘Enterprises plus Farmers is an agricultural industrialization mode under the operation of primary ‘buying and selling mode by introduction of market mechanisms, which has flexible features, unknown relationship between entities, which is difficult for stable operation. Under the mode of ‘Enterprises plus Cooperative plus Farmers, the boundary conditions of cooperation between management entities have not reduced after introduction of intermediary cooperative organization, furthermore, expand the scale of operations, and increase the possibilities for cooperation between management entities. ‘Enterprises plus Stock Cooperative plus Farmers Integration mode takes modern enterprise management mode as the guide, business cooperation between the main body boundary conditions are significantly reduced, which can expand farmers interests from products transaction to processing, expand the farmers benefit space, improve efficiency of overall operating mode. This mode is the most stable model of agricultural industrialization under current economic situation. Therefore, the stability of the three kinds of modes will increase successively, and the profits of the management entities will be higher in sequence. Cooperative integration mode will be the optimal agricultural industrialization mode. Through the above analysis,this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to facilitate Chinas agricultural industrialization.
Key wordsagricultural industrialization; cooperative; game; optimal selection
[9]梁靜溪,孫慶.農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營的規(guī)?;M織選擇與發(fā)展[J].學(xué)習(xí)與探索,2010,(1):155-157.[Liang Jingxi, Sun Qing. Agricultural Industrialization LargeScale Organizational Choice and Development[J]. Study and Exploration, 2010,(1):155-157.]
[10]黃紅球.農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營評價指標(biāo)體系設(shè)置及評價方法研究:基于廣東省的證據(jù)[J].農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟,2013,(7):110-117.[Huang Hongqiu. Agricultural Industrialization Operation Evaluation System Setting and Evaluation Method: Evidence Based on Guangdong Province[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2013,(7):110-117.]
[11]李瑜,鄭少鋒.農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工企業(yè)與農(nóng)戶經(jīng)營組織模式選擇的經(jīng)濟學(xué)分析[J]. 經(jīng)濟問題探索,2007,(5):126-130.[Li Yu. Economic Analysis on Organizational Pattern Choices of Agricultural Products Processing Enterprise and Farmer Households[J]. Economic Issue Exploration, 2007, (5): 126-130.]
[12]中共中央辦公廳.中央農(nóng)村工作會議:堅守18億畝耕地紅線[EB/OL]. 2013-12-26[2014-01-03]. http://sannong.cntv.cn/20131226/101925.shtml.[General Office of The CPC Central Committee.The Central Rural Work Conference: Stick to 18 Million Mu of Arable Land Red Line[EB/OL].2013-12-26[2014-01-03]. http://sannong. cntv. cn/20131226/1019 25.shtml.]
[13]趙樹叢,顧江.農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化過程中組織形式的演變[J].現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟探討,2003,(1):35-37.[Zhao Shucong, Gu Jiang. The Evolution of Organization During the Process of Agricultural Industrialization[J]. Modern Economic Research, 2003,(1):35-37.]
[14]南海市人民政府.廣東農(nóng)村股份合作制的改革與發(fā)展[EB/OL]. 2013-6-10[2014-01-03]. http://znzg.xytc.edu.cn/Html/?14972.html.[Nanhai Peoples Government. Guangdong Rural Reform And Development Of Cooperative Shares System[EB / OL]. 2013-6-10[2014-01-03]. http://znzg.xytc.edu.cn/ html/?14972. html.]
[15]中國新聞網(wǎng).中央城鎮(zhèn)化工作會議舉行,提出推進城鎮(zhèn)化六大任務(wù)[EB/OL].2013-12-14[2014-01-04]. http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2013/12-14/5619946.shtml.[Chinanews.The Central Working Conference of Urbanization, Urbanization Six Major Tasks Are Put Forward[EB/OL].2013-12-14[2014-01-04]. http://www. chinanews. com/cn/2013/12-14/5619946.Shtml.]
[16]中國共產(chǎn)黨中央委員會.中共中央關(guān)于全面深化改革若干重點問題的決定[N].人民日報,2013-11-13.[ CCCPC. CCCPC on Deepening Reform of a Number of Key Issues of A Comprehensive[N]. Peoples Daily,2013-11-13.]
Game Analysis of Business Entities of the Three Kinds of
Agricultural Industrialization Modes And Optimal Choice
CUI ZhaozhongLIU Renzhong
(College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan Hubei 430073, China)
AbstractAgricultural industrialization is an effective means to improve the agricultural productivity. Optimal selection of agricultural industrialization model is to achieve an inevitable choice for the development of modern agriculture. Viewing from the point of the compact degree of connection between enterprises and farmers, there are three kinds of main modes successively in the evolution of Chinas agricultural industrialization modes, namely the mode of ‘Enterprises plus Farmers, ‘Enterprises plus Cooperative plus Farmers and ‘Enterprises plus Stock Cooperative plus Farmers Integration. Their respective characteristics and support conditions were analyzed in detail by the tool of graphically model. At the same time, a detailed discussion about the difference and connection is made between ‘Cooperativeand‘Stock Cooperative. Based on largescale agricultural operations perspective, employing the game analysis method, through the analysis of the management entities of the three kinds of agricultural industrialization modes, this paper holds the view that scale economy of agricultural products transaction and processing links can be achieved through cooperative organizations to gain the surplus in transaction and processing links between Enterprises plus Farmers. The bigger the surplus scale is, the larger the benefits will be got for the cooperative party and the more stable of the cooperation between the two parties will be. ‘Enterprises plus Farmers is an agricultural industrialization mode under the operation of primary ‘buying and selling mode by introduction of market mechanisms, which has flexible features, unknown relationship between entities, which is difficult for stable operation. Under the mode of ‘Enterprises plus Cooperative plus Farmers, the boundary conditions of cooperation between management entities have not reduced after introduction of intermediary cooperative organization, furthermore, expand the scale of operations, and increase the possibilities for cooperation between management entities. ‘Enterprises plus Stock Cooperative plus Farmers Integration mode takes modern enterprise management mode as the guide, business cooperation between the main body boundary conditions are significantly reduced, which can expand farmers interests from products transaction to processing, expand the farmers benefit space, improve efficiency of overall operating mode. This mode is the most stable model of agricultural industrialization under current economic situation. Therefore, the stability of the three kinds of modes will increase successively, and the profits of the management entities will be higher in sequence. Cooperative integration mode will be the optimal agricultural industrialization mode. Through the above analysis,this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to facilitate Chinas agricultural industrialization.
Key wordsagricultural industrialization; cooperative; game; optimal selection