武紅利,張 惠,梁 玲,康文麗
(河北大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院產(chǎn)科,河北 保定 071000)
·臨床研究·
足月妊娠不同時(shí)期合并羊水偏少引產(chǎn)142例臨床分析
武紅利,張 惠,梁 玲,康文麗
(河北大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院產(chǎn)科,河北 保定 071000)
目的 探討足月妊娠不同時(shí)期(37~41+6周)合并羊水偏少的合理分娩方式。方法 選擇2010年1月至2013年6月足月妊娠住院陰道試產(chǎn)孕婦,B超提示羊水偏少(5<AFI≤8 cm)選擇引產(chǎn)的142例作為觀察對(duì)象,分為早期羊水偏少組(37~38+6周)、中期羊水偏少組(39~40+6周)、晚期羊水偏少組(41~41+6周),并隨機(jī)抽取同期超聲檢查羊水量正常,無(wú)其他高危因素的孕足月孕產(chǎn)婦作為對(duì)照組。觀察陰道分娩成功率、胎兒窘迫、急診剖宮產(chǎn)率和新生兒窒息的發(fā)生率。結(jié)果(1)陰道分娩成功率:中期羊水偏少組大于晚期羊水偏少組,晚期羊水偏少組大于早期羊水偏少組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,各期羊水偏少組與同期對(duì)照組比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。(2)引產(chǎn)失敗繼續(xù)妊娠率:早期羊水偏少組與同期對(duì)照組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,中期羊水偏少組、晚期羊水偏少組與同期對(duì)照組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,早期羊水偏少組大于中期羊水偏少組和晚期羊水偏少組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。(3)急診剖宮產(chǎn)率:晚期羊水偏少組大于早期羊水偏少組,早期羊水偏少組大于中期羊水偏少組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,3組與同期對(duì)照組比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。(4)NST無(wú)反應(yīng)型:早、中、晚期羊水偏少組間比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。(5)新生兒輕度窒息:早、中、晚期羊水偏少組間比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論 中、晚期足月妊娠羊水偏少,若胎心良好,可給予小劑量米索前列醇促宮頸成熟引產(chǎn),但要掌握好陰道分娩指征,產(chǎn)程中需嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè)胎兒情況,及時(shí)給予恰當(dāng)?shù)奶幚?,陰道分娩是安全可行的;而早期足月妊娠羊水偏少選擇陰道分娩需謹(jǐn)慎,如胎心良好,可給予補(bǔ)液等期待治療,如胎心監(jiān)測(cè)提示胎兒窘迫等則應(yīng)適當(dāng)放寬剖宮指征。
足月妊娠;羊水偏少;引產(chǎn)時(shí)機(jī)
足月妊娠羊水偏少是產(chǎn)科常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥, 也是剖宮產(chǎn)的重要原因之一,嚴(yán)重影響圍生兒的預(yù)后,臨床上越來(lái)越重視羊水偏少的診斷、處理和分娩方式的選擇。目前國(guó)內(nèi)多家醫(yī)院[1-3]提出晚期足月妊娠單純合并羊水偏少可以經(jīng)小劑量米索前列醇促宮頸成熟引產(chǎn),以降低剖宮產(chǎn)率,為更好地選擇病例,按照足月妊娠的不同時(shí)期,單純合并羊水偏少,對(duì)照同期羊水量正常的病例,行小劑量米索前列醇促宮頸成熟引產(chǎn),對(duì)142例孕產(chǎn)婦的臨床資料報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料
2011年1月至2013年6月在河北大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院產(chǎn)科住院分娩的孕產(chǎn)婦7 227例,從中選擇孕足月妊娠,排除其他高危因素,產(chǎn)前超聲檢查羊水偏少且要求米索前列醇促宮頸成熟引產(chǎn)的142例作為觀察對(duì)象,分為早期羊水偏少組(37~38+6周)、中期羊水偏少組(39~40+6周)、晚期羊水偏少組(41~41+6周),并隨機(jī)抽取同期超聲檢查羊水量正常,無(wú)其他高危因素的孕足月孕產(chǎn)婦作為對(duì)照組。其中(1)早期羊水偏少組:年齡(26.30±3.90)歲,孕周(38.40±0.50)周,產(chǎn)次(1.40±0.43)次,胎兒體質(zhì)量(3.12±0.34)kg,孕婦體質(zhì)量(66.10±10.70)kg。早期對(duì)照組:年齡(26.70±4.10)歲,孕周(38.20±0.60)周,產(chǎn)次(1.50±0.30)次,胎兒體質(zhì)量(3.19±0.26)kg,孕婦體質(zhì)量(67.10±9.70)kg。(2)中期羊水偏少組:年齡(26.10±4.20)歲,孕周(40.20±0.70)周,產(chǎn)次(1.50±0.40)次,胎兒體質(zhì)量(3.26±0.45)kg,孕婦體質(zhì)量(68.10±10.20)kg。中期對(duì)照組:年齡(26.50±5.50)歲,孕周(39.90±0.50)周,產(chǎn)次(1.60±0.30)次,胎兒體質(zhì)量(3.25±0.40)kg,孕婦體質(zhì)量(69.10±9.80)kg。(3)晚期羊水偏少組:年齡(26.80±3.20)歲,孕周(41.50±0.40)周,產(chǎn)次(1.50±0.40)次,胎兒體質(zhì)量(3.26±0.45)kg,孕婦體質(zhì)量(68.10±10.20)kg。晚期對(duì)照組:年齡(26.50±5.50)歲,孕周(41.40±0.30)周,產(chǎn)次(1.60±0.30)次,胎兒體質(zhì)量(3.25±0.40)kg,孕婦體質(zhì)量(68.90±9.80)kg。羊水偏少各組及對(duì)照組年齡、孕周、產(chǎn)次、胎兒體質(zhì)量、孕婦體質(zhì)量等比較差別無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),均衡可比。
1.2 妊娠晚期超聲診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]
AFI(羊水指數(shù))≥25 cm為羊水過(guò)多,分輕中重度;5<AFI≤8cm為羊水偏少。所有病例均由河北大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的產(chǎn)科超聲醫(yī)師進(jìn)行檢查。
1.3 研究方法
(1)終止妊娠方式:所有病例均常規(guī)行無(wú)應(yīng)激試驗(yàn)(NST)或縮宮素激惹試驗(yàn)(OCT)檢查,對(duì)NST無(wú)反應(yīng)型或反應(yīng)欠佳者,行OCT或?qū)m縮應(yīng)激試驗(yàn)(CST)檢查,了解胎兒宮內(nèi)情況。OCT或CST檢查出現(xiàn)晚期減速或重度變異減速為陽(yáng)性。對(duì)于NST反應(yīng)型或OCT陰性,且無(wú)其他產(chǎn)科手術(shù)指征的羊水偏少孕婦,如未臨產(chǎn),根據(jù)宮頸成熟度,酌情促宮頸成熟后給予引產(chǎn),引產(chǎn)方式為靜脈滴注縮宮素或人工破膜+靜脈滴注縮宮素。如遇分娩過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)胎兒窘迫、產(chǎn)程進(jìn)展異常等情況,應(yīng)及時(shí)陰道助產(chǎn)或急診剖宮產(chǎn)。
(2)羊水量測(cè)量方法:臀下墊彎盤(pán),破膜時(shí)流出的羊水與分娩時(shí)收集的羊水量之和;剖宮產(chǎn)時(shí)吸引器吸盡羊水后容器測(cè)量。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
應(yīng)用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 各羊水偏少組孕婦分娩方式的比較
陰道分娩成功率:中期羊水偏少組與晚期羊水偏少組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=3.298,P=0.069),2組均大于早期羊水偏少組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=23.712,P<0.001;χ2=6.193,P=0.013)。引產(chǎn)失敗繼續(xù)妊娠率:中期羊水偏少組與晚期羊水偏少組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.771,P=0.380),早期羊水偏少組大于中期和晚期羊水偏少組(χ2=20.451,P<0.001;χ2=16.097,P<0.001)。急診剖宮產(chǎn)率:晚期羊水偏少組大于早期羊水偏少組,早期羊水偏少組大于中期羊水偏少組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=9.243,P<0.001;χ2=12.872,P<0.001)。3組間助產(chǎn)率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表l。
表1 羊水偏少組間孕婦分娩方式比較
2.2 羊水偏少組與對(duì)照組孕婦分娩方式的比較
各羊水偏少組與同期對(duì)照組間陰道分娩成功率、助產(chǎn)率、引產(chǎn)失敗繼續(xù)妊娠率、急診剖宮產(chǎn)率比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2—4。
表2 早期羊水偏少組與早期對(duì)照組孕婦分娩方式比較
表3 中期羊水偏少組與中期對(duì)照組孕婦分娩方式比較
表4 晚期羊水偏少組與晚期對(duì)照組孕婦分娩方式比較
2.3 各羊水偏少組孕婦胎兒窘迫及圍生兒結(jié)局的比較
NST無(wú)反應(yīng)型:各組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。OCT陽(yáng)性:中期羊水偏少組低于早期和晚期羊水偏少組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.060,P=0.044;χ2=4.697,P=0.030)。胎兒窘迫:早期羊水偏少組高于中期和晚期羊水偏少組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=5.163,P=0.023;χ2=3.966,P=0.048)。新生兒輕度和重度窒息:各組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表5。
表5 各羊水偏少組間孕婦胎兒窘迫及圍生兒結(jié)局比較
2.4 羊水偏少組與對(duì)照組孕婦胎兒窘迫及圍生兒結(jié)局的比較
NST無(wú)反應(yīng)型:各羊水偏少組與同期對(duì)照組比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。OCT陽(yáng)性:各羊水偏少組分別高于同期對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。胎兒窘迫:各羊水偏少組分別高于同期對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。新生兒輕度和重度窒息:各羊水偏少組與同期對(duì)照組比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表6—8。
表6 早期羊水偏少組與早期對(duì)照組孕婦胎兒窘迫及圍生兒結(jié)局比較
表7 中期羊水偏少組與中期對(duì)照組孕婦胎兒窘迫及圍生兒結(jié)局比較
表8 晚期羊水偏少組與晚期對(duì)照組孕婦胎兒窘迫及圍生兒結(jié)局比較
羊水減少在排除胎兒發(fā)育異常后,多認(rèn)為與胎盤(pán)功能減退有關(guān)。胎盤(pán)功能減退時(shí),胎兒宮內(nèi)慢性缺氧,胎兒血液重新分配,腎血流量減少,尿液生成減少,導(dǎo)致了羊水減少。羊水減少可以給圍生兒造成不良后果,建議盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)和合理處理羊水減少,及時(shí)終止妊娠。但目前也存在一定的診斷和處理過(guò)度問(wèn)題,羊水減少不是剖官產(chǎn)的絕對(duì)指征,應(yīng)結(jié)合羊水指數(shù)情況、有無(wú)高危因素、胎心監(jiān)護(hù)情況及宮頸條件綜合選擇適當(dāng)?shù)姆置浞绞健?/p>
目前已有多家醫(yī)院[5-8]對(duì)足月妊娠單純合并羊水減少孕婦陰道試產(chǎn)進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)果顯示,羊水偏水孕婦陰道分娩率達(dá)60%以上,新生兒重度窒息率無(wú)明顯增高,羊水過(guò)少仍然是剖宮產(chǎn)指征之一。目前尚無(wú)對(duì)足月妊娠中不同孕周單純合并羊水偏少孕婦的研究,本研究對(duì)足月妊娠不同孕周的所有羊水偏少的孕婦行無(wú)應(yīng)激試驗(yàn)或縮宮素激惹試驗(yàn)篩查,評(píng)估胎兒宮內(nèi)狀況,對(duì)監(jiān)護(hù)正常且無(wú)其他產(chǎn)科手術(shù)指征的孕婦,履行羊水偏少陰道分娩風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的告知義務(wù),根據(jù)宮頸成熟度及患方意愿,充分知情后,選擇分娩方式。對(duì)于要求陰道試產(chǎn)的孕婦,如未臨產(chǎn),宮頸Bishop評(píng)分≤4分者,先用米索前列醇25μg促宮頸成熟,>5分且宮頸質(zhì)軟者,則給予引產(chǎn),引產(chǎn)方式為靜脈滴注縮宮素或人工破膜+靜脈滴注縮宮素,破膜引產(chǎn)時(shí)如羊水Ⅱ或Ⅲ度污染,立即剖宮產(chǎn)。分娩過(guò)程中加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)程觀察及胎心監(jiān)護(hù),第二產(chǎn)程全程監(jiān)護(hù),如出現(xiàn)胎兒窘迫及時(shí)助產(chǎn)或剖宮產(chǎn)。早期羊水偏少組45例,陰道分娩為18例(40%),引產(chǎn)失敗繼續(xù)妊娠20例(44.44%),急診剖宮產(chǎn)7例(15.56%),與同期對(duì)照組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但胎兒窘迫發(fā)生率(33%)高于同期對(duì)照組(16%),雖經(jīng)及時(shí)助產(chǎn)或剖宮產(chǎn),新生兒窒息率(24.44%)仍無(wú)明顯下降,早期羊水偏少組陰道分娩率與同期對(duì)照組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,明顯低于中期羊水偏少組及晚期羊水偏少組,胎兒窘迫發(fā)生率及新生兒窒息率明顯高于同期對(duì)照組,晚期羊水偏少組雖然急診剖宮產(chǎn)率高于早期羊水偏少組及中期羊水偏少組,但經(jīng)及時(shí)陰道助產(chǎn)或剖宮產(chǎn)成功,新生兒窒息率要低于同期對(duì)照組,及早期羊水偏少組與中期羊水偏少組。中、晚期足月妊娠羊水偏少,若胎心良好,可給予小劑量米索前列醇促宮頸成熟引產(chǎn),但要掌握好陰道分娩指征,產(chǎn)程中需嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè)胎兒情況,及時(shí)給予恰當(dāng)?shù)奶幚?,陰道分娩是安全可行的;而早期足月妊娠羊水偏少選擇陰道分娩需謹(jǐn)慎,如胎心良好,可給予補(bǔ)液等期待治療,如胎心監(jiān)測(cè)提示胎兒窘迫等則應(yīng)適當(dāng)放寬剖宮產(chǎn)指征。
總之,在剖宮產(chǎn)率不斷上升的今天,剖宮產(chǎn)所帶來(lái)的近期及遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥日益增加,故降低剖宮產(chǎn)率、保障母嬰安全是每位產(chǎn)科醫(yī)師的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。羊水減少的發(fā)生機(jī)制可知,羊水減少與胎兒缺氧呈正相關(guān)性,晚期妊娠發(fā)生的羊水過(guò)少是胎兒宮內(nèi)缺氧的早期表現(xiàn)之一[9],各羊水偏少組的胎兒窘迫發(fā)生率均大于同期對(duì)照組可能與此有關(guān),因此也是剖宮產(chǎn)重要原因之一,但只要掌握好陰道分娩指征,產(chǎn)程中嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè)胎兒情況,并給予及時(shí)恰當(dāng)?shù)奶幚恚小⑼砥谧阍氯焉飭渭兒喜⒀蛩俳?jīng)小劑量米索前列醇引產(chǎn)是安全可行的,可降低部分剖宮產(chǎn)率,而早期足月妊娠羊水偏少經(jīng)小劑量米索前列醇引產(chǎn)需謹(jǐn)慎。
[1] 馬馨. 米索前列醇用于足月妊娠的引產(chǎn)的分析[J]. 中外健康文摘, 2011, 8(15): 124-125.
[2] 江向浩. 足月妊娠米索前列醇引產(chǎn) 66 例效果觀察[J]. 福建醫(yī)藥雜志, 2000, 22(1): 214-215.
[3] 趙相卿. 米索前列醇用于足月妊娠引產(chǎn)效果觀察[J]. 現(xiàn)代中西醫(yī)結(jié)合雜志, 2013, 22(2): 45-46.
[4] 荀文麗. 婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)[M]. 北京: 人民衛(wèi)生出版社, 2013: 138-139.
[5] 俞艇蔚, 劉增佑, 王淼. 足月妊娠可疑羊水過(guò)少孕婦陰道試產(chǎn)的探討[J]. 中國(guó)基層醫(yī)藥, 2010, 17(9): 1179-1180.
[6] 張亞紅, 朱士曉. 羊水偏少對(duì)分娩結(jié)局的影響[J]. 中國(guó)綜合臨床, 2008, 24(7): 725-727.
[7] 姚錦, 陳海利. 羊水偏少孕婦陰道試產(chǎn) 202 例臨床分析[J]. 臨床醫(yī)學(xué), 2001, 31(1): 81-82.
[8] 萬(wàn)玲, 徐冠英, 武風(fēng)玲. 延期妊娠合并臨界羊水過(guò)少產(chǎn)婦經(jīng)陰分娩對(duì)圍產(chǎn)結(jié)局的影響[J]. 中國(guó)婦幼保健, 2010, 25(4): 480-482.
[9] 農(nóng)紅映, 王國(guó)芬. 羊水過(guò)少對(duì)圍產(chǎn)結(jié)局的影響(附 132 例報(bào)告) [J]. 中國(guó)婦幼保健, 2009, 24(20): 2805-2806.
(責(zé)任編輯:高艷華)
Clinical analysis induction time of 142 full-term pregnancy at different periods with oligohydramnios
WU Hongli, ZHANG Hui, LIANG Ling, KANG Wenli
(Obstetrics Department, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China)
Objective To investigate the reasonable delivery way during different periods (37-41+6weeks) of uterogestation accompanying with oligohydramnios. Methods From January 2010 to June 2013, 142 fullterm gravidas were selected as research objects, which were diagnosed as oligohydramnios (5<AFI≤8 cm) by ultrasonography. Three groups, the early group (37-38+6weeks), the interim group (39-40+6weeks) and the advanced group (41-41+6weeks), were divided. Full-term gravidas with normal amniotic fluid diagnosed by hameochronous ultrasonography and without other high risk factors were randomly selectedas control group. The success rate of vaginal delivery, fetal distress, emergency caesarean section rate and asphyxia neonatorum were observed respectively. Results (1) The success rate of vaginal delivery showed a significant tendency of interim group>advanced group>early group, but the significance between the research group and control group was not obvious. (2) Compared with the control group, the failure rate of odinopoeia showed a tendency of early group>interim group=advanced group, in which the significance between the early group and control group was not obvious, while the opposite was true among the interim group, advanced group and control group. (3) The emergency caesarean section rate showed a significant tendency of advanced group>early group>interim group, but the significance was not obvious between the three research groups and control group. (4) The significance of non-stress test adiaphoria was not obvious between the research groups and control group. (5) The significance of mild asphyxia neonatorum between the early group and control group was not obvious, while the opposite was true among the interim group, advanced group and control group. Conclusions Oligohydramnios occurred among the interim and advanced cases. By this time, low doses of misoprostol could be used to promote the cervical ripening and labor induction in case the fetus possesses a fine fetal heart. However, the vaginal delivery indication should be well controlled, and during the whole delivery process, the fetus's condition must be closely monitored in order to provide appropriate measures. During the early period, vaginal delivery should be carefully adopted if the oligohydramnios occurs. Fluid infusion could be used only when the fetus possesses a fine fetal heart. On the contrary, if the fetal distress occurs, the indications for cesarean section should be relaxed.
full-term pregnancy; oligohydramnios; induction time
R71
A
1674-490X(2014)06-0010-06
2014-10-11
武紅利(1968—),女,河北保定人,主任醫(yī)師,碩士,碩士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事產(chǎn)科臨床工作。E-mail: fyckwhl@163.com