鄭承清
摘要:生活中每個人都要說話、寫文章,并且總希望自己說的話有人愛聽,寫的文章有人去讀且喜歡去欣賞閱讀。為了使文章生動、有趣、幽默、深刻、有力,且達到美化語言的目的,單一的語序已經(jīng)無法達到這個標準了。因此,各種修辭法就應運而生。例如:強調句、省略句、there be存在句等等特殊句型。在本文中,筆者主要談談關于其中之一的倒裝句。選擇使用倒裝句就是基于修辭的需要,以便能達到強調事情發(fā)生的條件、平衡句子結構或者承上啟下、抒發(fā)情感描繪事物等目的。
關鍵詞:英語教學;倒裝句;學生
中圖分類號:G632.0 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1992-7711(2014)05-0124
高考中對于特殊句式的命題熱點仍放在倒裝句和強調句上,約占總題量的60%。那對于倒裝句的理解、使用,熟練掌握和靈活運用變得尤為重要。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝,還有一種就是形式倒裝??荚嚩酁椴糠值寡b??忌鷳莆帐裁辞闆r下需要倒裝,并對倒裝后的句子能夠認出來,避免做題時的盲目和迷茫。
一、全部倒裝(Full Inversion)
全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語序顛倒過來,把謂語移到主語前面,這類句型主要有兩種:以下列副詞開頭的句子中,
1. 以here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away,out,in the room, on the wall等置于句首,且句子主語是名詞時,句子用完全倒裝。
如:(1)Here comes the bus.(2)Up went the plane (3)on the ground lay some computers.
注意:In she came. /There he comes. (主語是代詞,不倒裝)
2. such置于句首時(多出現(xiàn)在主+系+表結構)
Such are the facts; no one can deny them.
英語修辭中的一個重要原則就是尾重原則,即把句子中的最復雜成分放在句末以保持句子平衡。像上述全部倒裝的兩種情況就屬于修辭功能中的平衡結構。
二、部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)
部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語的一部分(主要是助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)放到句子主語前,構成部分倒裝。這種句型主要有幾種:
1. 否定副詞never, nor,not, neither, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, nowhere, 否定意義介詞短語at no time, on no account, in no case, under/in no circumstance, by no means, no sooner....than, hardly...when 等置于句首時。
例如:(1)Never have I seen him before。(2)Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark.(3)No sooner had we started than it begin to rain.
2. only修飾狀語(副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句),且置于句首
例如:(1)Only then did I realize how important it is to be honest.
(2)Only in this way can you learn English well.
(3)Only when she came back did her son go to bed.
3. 固定句型
(1)用于前面所說的情況也適用于另一人(物)的肯定句或否定句中的倒裝
①肯定重復倒裝用:so +助動詞+主語(……也是如此)
例如:They have got up, and so has jack
②否定重復倒裝用:nor, neither+助動詞+主語(……也不這樣)
例如:If you dont agree to our plan, neither will they.
(2)Not only...but also”不僅……而且……”
例如:Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.
注意:(not句倒裝,but also引導句子用正常語序)
(3)①SO + 狀語 置于句首時,其后要用倒裝語序。
如:So well does he sing that we all admire him.
② such/so+表語 置于句首,句子部分倒裝
例如:Such a good boy is he that we all love him.
So high was the price that everybody complained.
(4)neither...nor “……不……,……也不……”
例如:Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it。
(5)Not until...”直到 ……才……”
例如:Not until he returned did we have supper.
部分倒裝中的這些知識點,把倒裝句的強調修辭功能體現(xiàn)的淋漓盡致。
備注:當虛擬條件句含有were, should, had時,可省略if,將were,should, had置于句首。
三、形式倒裝(Formal Inversion)
形式倒裝其實就是語法上的前置。其特點為只把強調的內容提至句首,主謂并不倒裝。常見句型為以下幾種:
1. 感嘆句
例如:What a lovely girl she is !How interesting the story is !
2. whatever+n./however+ adj./adv.引導的讓步狀語從句如:However busy he is , he has to attend the meeting. /Whatever reasons you have, you should keep your promise.
3. as though引導讓步狀語從句,必須采用倒裝結構,但不是主謂倒裝,而是將被強調的內容置于句首。
如:(1)表語倒裝
Tired as/though he is ,he still went on with his work.
如表語是單數(shù)名詞或形容詞最高級,不再用冠詞。例如:
Youngest as he is in our class, he is the smartest.
Child as he is ,he knows more about history.
(2)副詞的倒裝
Hard as I worked, I could not completed my task on time.
(3)謂語的倒裝
Try as he might, he didnt pass the final exam.
(4)the more…, the more…句型
The harder you work , the greater progress you will make.
倒裝是英語中的一個重要的句法修辭手段,它的使用豐富了我們的語言世界。了解并掌握倒裝句各種句式的用法,不僅會提高我們對英語語言的欣賞能力,對英語表達能力的提高也將大有裨益。因此,寫作中適當運用一些倒裝句式會使文章表達更生動、有力。
(作者單位:浙江省慈溪龍山中學 315312)