許書(shū)鳳
摘要:《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》積極倡導(dǎo)任務(wù)型教學(xué)途徑,讓學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下,通過(guò)感知、體驗(yàn)、實(shí)踐、參與和合作等方式進(jìn)行自主學(xué)習(xí),并且主動(dòng)地運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言去做事情,在做事情的過(guò)程中自然地運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言,在使用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言做事情的過(guò)程中發(fā)展語(yǔ)言的能力。在閱讀課上通過(guò)讓學(xué)生閱讀,把獲取的信息運(yùn)用到再閱讀中,可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。
關(guān)鍵詞:閱讀資源;閱讀技巧;閱讀運(yùn)用
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):G632.0 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1992-7711(2014)07-0099
一、開(kāi)發(fā)閱讀資源
報(bào)刊作為一種時(shí)事英語(yǔ),迎合現(xiàn)代生活節(jié)奏,突出閱讀話題,可以在學(xué)習(xí)和生活之間搭起一座橋梁?!队⒄Z(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》明確指出:“英語(yǔ)課程要求合理利用和積極開(kāi)發(fā)課程資源,給學(xué)生提供貼近實(shí)際、貼近生活、貼近時(shí)代的內(nèi)容健康和豐富的課程資源;要積極利用音像、電視、書(shū)刊雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息等豐富的教學(xué)資源,拓展學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的渠道?!蹦壳埃覈?guó)自行出版、可供中學(xué)生使用的英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊越來(lái)越多,與教材相比,英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊具有更加方便、靈活且實(shí)用的優(yōu)勢(shì),主要表現(xiàn)為:
1. 報(bào)紙語(yǔ)言鮮活、真實(shí)地道、圖文并茂,貼近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活,有助于提高學(xué)生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力。2. 報(bào)紙內(nèi)容通俗新穎、關(guān)注時(shí)事熱點(diǎn)、緊跟時(shí)代步伐,有效地避免教材與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活脫節(jié)的一些現(xiàn)象,有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。3. 報(bào)紙題材廣泛、信息多樣,涉及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技、文化和思維等各方面的內(nèi)容,無(wú)疑有助于擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的知識(shí)面、增加其詞匯量、豐富其語(yǔ)言知識(shí),而且有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察、記憶、思維、想象能力和創(chuàng)新精神。4. 此類(lèi)報(bào)紙與初中教材基本保持同步,有利于補(bǔ)充和擴(kuò)展教材內(nèi)容,加深學(xué)生對(duì)教材內(nèi)容的理解和掌握。
二、細(xì)化閱讀技巧
學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)最大的障礙就是生詞、難句和部分細(xì)節(jié)方面的理解。所以,教師在平時(shí)的閱讀訓(xùn)練方面,應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)一些此類(lèi)題目給予學(xué)生必要的閱讀技巧方面的指導(dǎo)。
例如:1. 猜詞方面:
(1)同義:When the officer surrendered, the others gave up too.
(2)對(duì)照:Chinese President Hu Jintao recently called on the whole nation to adopt “Eight Honors, Eight Disgraces”.
(3)構(gòu)詞法:Serve; dont disserve the people.
(4)生活常識(shí):On some bags for food we often see“Shelf life: 6 months” .
2. 細(xì)節(jié)閱讀方面:
(1)The rain lasted until three in the afternoon. Suddenly, it stopped and people could see the stars in the sky. They thought it would be fine the next day. But nobody knew the flood was coming...
Q: The flood came that.
A. morningB. afternoonC. eveningD. night.
指導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“the stars”, “nobody knew” 而知 “The flood came that night.”。
(2)...He looked around, there was nobody there. He took the bag out of the car, put it on the bike behind the house and hurried off. He didnt find a car following him until he went in a narrow street.
Q: The man left . A. by carB. by bikeC. on footD. by bus
根據(jù)細(xì)節(jié)“out of the car”, “on the bike”, “ a narrow street” 可推斷 “The man left by bike.”。
三、強(qiáng)化閱讀實(shí)踐
1. 限時(shí)閱讀
教師可選擇一些簡(jiǎn)單有趣的故事、記敘文題材的文章讓學(xué)生根據(jù)“where, who, what, when, why”等問(wèn)題來(lái)快速閱讀,之后讓其復(fù)述大意。目的是為了使學(xué)生養(yǎng)成快速閱讀文章和迅速組織語(yǔ)言的能力,從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的口語(yǔ)運(yùn)用能力。
教師可根據(jù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況,幫助學(xué)生運(yùn)用圖表形式或根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行復(fù)述,以降低難度。如:新目標(biāo)八年級(jí)上Unit 9 Section B 3a 部分,教師可以設(shè)計(jì)如下圖表關(guān)鍵詞,幫助學(xué)生復(fù)述:
教師不必計(jì)較一些細(xì)碎的語(yǔ)法方面的失誤,只要學(xué)生敢于動(dòng)口,能說(shuō)出大意就夠了。這種閱讀訓(xùn)練方式,不但培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的快速閱讀習(xí)慣,同時(shí),也逐漸消除了學(xué)生怯于張口的不良習(xí)慣,從而提高了學(xué)生的口語(yǔ)能力。
2. 實(shí)踐閱讀
《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》大力倡導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言去做事情,在做事情的過(guò)程中自然地運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言,在使用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言做事情的過(guò)程中發(fā)展語(yǔ)言的能力。通過(guò)閱讀,讓學(xué)生將閱讀中所獲得的信息運(yùn)用到做事情中去,是對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀能力的最終要求。下面是一堂九年級(jí)英語(yǔ)閱讀課實(shí)例,該教師讓學(xué)生通過(guò)閱讀一篇有關(guān)“購(gòu)物”常識(shí)的短文,要求學(xué)生現(xiàn)場(chǎng)模擬購(gòu)物比賽。原文摘錄如下:
We all know, as sellers, they always want to sell things as expensively as they can. How can sellers do so? First, they say such words very politely to the buyers: “Can I help you?” or “what can I do for you?”. Then they will try their best to introduce their things by saying very beautiful words such as “Good and cheap! It looks really nice! ...Please take it/them...” When the buyers just show that they are interested in the things. Perhaps the sellers will raise prices.
As buyers, you should be very careful while you are shopping. You should not only pay great attention to the quality of the goods, but also to their prices. Famous brands are in good quality but always too expensive. So its not good for students to pursue famous brands. Remember to give a low price when you really want to buy something. You can say “oh, thats too expensive! Can you give me a discount? Can it /they be cheaper? ... How about...Yuan?”. When you buy some clothes or shoes, dont forget to try them on.
If you find the things youve bought are in bad quality, you have the right to ask the sellers to change them. If the sellers refuse to do that, you can dial 96315 or 12315 for help.
步驟1:快速閱讀材料。
步驟2:根據(jù)教師所設(shè)情景模擬購(gòu)物(評(píng)價(jià)依據(jù):買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方在購(gòu)物時(shí)是否得體地使用了文中給出的語(yǔ)言;是否注意文中提到的有關(guān)的購(gòu)物常識(shí)等。)
步驟3:評(píng)價(jià)反饋。
情景1:買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方經(jīng)過(guò)激烈的討價(jià)還價(jià)后(語(yǔ)言基本得體),買(mǎi)方終于買(mǎi)了一雙鞋子,但卻忘記了文中提及的有關(guān)購(gòu)物常識(shí) “When you buy some clothes or shoes, dont forget to try them on.”。
反饋:注意閱讀細(xì)節(jié)及生活常識(shí)。
情景2:買(mǎi)藥者只顧貪圖便宜而買(mǎi)了一瓶沒(méi)有任何商標(biāo)的感冒藥,經(jīng)提醒后買(mǎi)者自認(rèn)倒霉而另尋他人。反饋:賣(mài)方在沒(méi)有醫(yī)生處方時(shí)不能出售非處方類(lèi)藥品(生活常識(shí));買(mǎi)方發(fā)現(xiàn)受騙后沒(méi)有做到“dial 96315 or 12315 for help”來(lái)維護(hù)自己的利益。(閱讀細(xì)節(jié)及生活常識(shí))
此類(lèi)練習(xí)的最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于:學(xué)生能夠?qū)㈤喿x獲得的信息和生活常識(shí)緊密地結(jié)合在一起,并積極地運(yùn)用到實(shí)踐中,又通過(guò)實(shí)踐和教師的反饋來(lái)檢查閱讀時(shí)的不足,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)在學(xué)中做、做中學(xué)。