王祥玉
近幾年高考試題對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的考查,多體現(xiàn)在上下文語境中,且寓多個(gè)考點(diǎn)于一題,這樣無形中增加了試題的難度。本文將結(jié)合最新試題,對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)題的命題角度逐一剖析,并提出相應(yīng)的解題技巧。
一、 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的命題規(guī)律
三個(gè)一般:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去式、一般將來時(shí);
三個(gè)現(xiàn)在:現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí);
三個(gè)過去:過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、 過去完成時(shí)。
二、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)命題形式
1. 通常有一個(gè)可參照的信息標(biāo)志;
2. 固定句式中的時(shí)態(tài);
3. 注重在語境中考察,常以對(duì)話的形式出現(xiàn)。
三、做題思路指導(dǎo)
1. 弄清事發(fā)時(shí)間(定時(shí)——現(xiàn)在/過去/將來/過去將來);
2. 弄清事情狀態(tài)(定體——一般/現(xiàn)在/完成/完成進(jìn)行);
3. 弄清主謂形式(定態(tài)——主動(dòng)語態(tài)/被動(dòng)語態(tài))。
四、解題技巧點(diǎn)撥
1. 慧眼識(shí)別標(biāo)志詞
遇到時(shí)態(tài)題時(shí)首先尋找時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞,如果題干中有標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語,往往可以根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語選擇相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。
例1 — Did you catch what I said?
— Sorry. I _________a text message just now. (2012四川卷)
A. had answering B. have answered
C. would answer D. was answering
解析 D。句意為:“你聽懂我所說的了嗎?”“對(duì)不起,我剛剛在回短信?!备鶕?jù)句意及時(shí)間狀語just now可知,回短信的動(dòng)作正好發(fā)生在問話人說話的時(shí)間點(diǎn),即表示過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,故選過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
例2 — Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon?
— Im sorry, but by then I _________to Beijing. How about five? (2012陜西卷)
A. fly B. will fly
C. will be flying D. am flying
解析 C。根據(jù)問句中的two oclock和應(yīng)答句中的by then可知所填詞表示的動(dòng)作在當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行,用將來進(jìn)行時(shí),選C。
例3 The manager_________ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. (2012全國Ⅱ)
A. has told B. is telling
C. has been telling D. will have told
解析 C?,F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一動(dòng)作從過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)在剛剛結(jié)束或還在進(jìn)行。句意:經(jīng)理從早上9點(diǎn)開始就一直在不停的告訴工人們?nèi)绾胃倪M(jìn)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。根據(jù)句意選C。
【歸納】
高考測試動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)須與句中時(shí)間狀語一致時(shí),常在題干中加入具體情景,以測試考生對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)的實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力。敏銳捕捉時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞,并結(jié)合具體的語境選出正確的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài),是解決此類問題的良策。
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一般都有其對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語,請(qǐng)同學(xué)們熟記下列八種常用時(shí)態(tài)所對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):often, always, usually, seldom, now, every day等。
一般過去時(shí):then, yesterday, in the past, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等。
過去進(jìn)行時(shí):then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years ... , for+一段時(shí)間, since+一段時(shí)間等。
過去完成時(shí):before, by the end of last month/years ... 等。
一般將來時(shí):tomorrow, today, next week/month ... , in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等。
過去將來時(shí):the following month, the next week等。
2. 主從時(shí)態(tài)須呼應(yīng)
如果所給題干是含有狀語從句或賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句,可根據(jù)主從句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的原則選出正確的時(shí)態(tài)。
例4 Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I _________on Friday. (2012遼寧卷)
A. get paid B. got paid
C. have paid D. had been paid
解析 A。在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來,且I與pay之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以選A。
例5 After Jack had sent some e-mails, he _________ working on his project. (2012山東卷)
A. had started B. has started
C. started D. starts
解析 C。根據(jù)前半句的謂語動(dòng)詞用了過去完成時(shí),可知后半句用一般過去時(shí),這樣才能符合“過去的過去”這一條件。句意:發(fā)了幾封電子郵件之后,Jack才開始研究他的項(xiàng)目。
【歸納】
在根據(jù)主從句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)原則解題時(shí),要把握好以下幾點(diǎn):
①在時(shí)間、條件等狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來時(shí),一般過去時(shí)表示過去將來時(shí),用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來完成時(shí)。
②正確認(rèn)定主句動(dòng)詞和從句動(dòng)詞兩個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后次序,并認(rèn)真體會(huì)題中語境。
③解答賓語從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)題時(shí),考生應(yīng)熟知以下規(guī)則:主句動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí),則從句動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài);主句動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí),則從句動(dòng)詞須恰當(dāng)使用某種過去時(shí)態(tài)(表示客觀真理時(shí)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))。
3. 細(xì)心體會(huì)辨語境
近年來高考試題對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)的運(yùn)用要求越來越高,設(shè)題趨向于不出現(xiàn)時(shí)間狀語,而向情境化、實(shí)際化的方向發(fā)展。因此,細(xì)心體會(huì)所給語境,根據(jù)具體語境選擇合適的時(shí)態(tài)是考生需要重點(diǎn)解決的問題。
例6 —Look! Somebody _________the sofa.
— Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it. (2012江西卷)
A.is cleaning B.was cleaning
C.has cleaned D.had cleaned
解析 C。句意為:“看!有人已經(jīng)打掃了沙發(fā)。”“是的,不是我,我沒有做。”強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響,所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
例7 Dont worry. The hard work that you do now_________later in life. (2012湖南卷)
A. will be repaid B. was being repaid
C. has been repaid D. was repaid
解析 A。 從dont可知語境為現(xiàn)在,排除B、D;而從later in life可知為將來的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為一般將來時(shí)態(tài),故選A。
【歸納】
捕捉信息,理解情境,綜合運(yùn)用,靈活答題。
4. 瞻前顧后巧搭配
英語中有很多固定搭配或特殊句式。如果題干構(gòu)成某種固定搭配或特殊句式,則根據(jù)規(guī)則選用需要的時(shí)態(tài)。
例8 Jack is a great talker. Its high time that he_________something instead of just talking. (2012遼寧卷)
A. will do B. has done C. do D. did
解析 D。 Its high time (that) 其后謂語用虛擬語氣。即:過去時(shí)或should+動(dòng)詞原形。
例9 I _________along the street looking for a place to park my car when the accident .(2006江蘇卷)
A. went; was occurring
B. went; occurred
C. was going; occurred
D. was going; had occurred
解析 C。be doing ... when ... 是一個(gè)固定句式,意思是“正在……,這時(shí)(發(fā)生了另一件事)”,主句中使用過去進(jìn)行時(shí),從句中使用一般過去時(shí);另外也可使用be about to do ... when ... 或be on the point of doing ... when ... 句式,意思是“正要做某事,這時(shí)……”。
【歸納】
高考測試的熱點(diǎn)多為be doing (about to do) ... when ... , no sooner ... than ... , hardly ... when ... , It/This is/was the first(second ...) time ... 以及對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)有特殊要求的固定句式。
1.— Since you have agreed to go with us,why arent you getting ready?
— But I ___________ that youd have me start immediately.
A.dont realize B.didnt realize
C.hadnt realized D.havent realized
2.— Sir,Im here.
— Please listen. I ___________ asking your parents to come to our school,but Id like to hear your opinion first.
A.have considered B.am going to consider
C.considered D. have been considering
3. — Did you ask Sophia for help?
— I ___________need to — I managed perfectly well on my own.
A. wouldnt B. dont
C. didnt D. wont
4. As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when___________ and see him.
A. you will come B. will you come
C. you come D. do you come
5. — When did the computer crash?
— This morning, while I___________the reading materials downloaded from some websites.
A. have sorted B. was sorting
C. am sorting D. had sorted
參考答案
1~5 BDCAB