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復(fù)合句之百慕大三角

2013-04-29 00:44:03葛余健
學(xué)子 2013年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:復(fù)合句主句連詞

葛余健

英語(yǔ)中包含從句的句子都稱為復(fù)合句(Complex Sentences)。復(fù)合句包括定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句,是高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),也是每年高考的必考知識(shí)點(diǎn)。三種從句單獨(dú)分開(kāi)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí),學(xué)生還可以分析清楚,但因?yàn)楦鞣N從句本身有一些各自的難點(diǎn),如果把三種從句以及強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)等融合在一起,在理解和應(yīng)用上往往會(huì)給學(xué)生造成很大的困惑,學(xué)生如同進(jìn)入了百慕大三角迷宮。本文根據(jù)個(gè)人多年的教學(xué)實(shí)踐,剖析學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)復(fù)合句時(shí)各種從句中的難點(diǎn)以及幾種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)合在一起時(shí)學(xué)生常感到困難的知識(shí)點(diǎn),幫助學(xué)生更好地理解和運(yùn)用復(fù)合句。

一、定語(yǔ)從句中的常見(jiàn)難點(diǎn):

1. which/ as 的區(qū)別

例如:

(1)A war is so cruel that it always causes great losses, ______ has happened in Iraq and other countries.

(2)Tom was always late for school, _____ made his teacher very angry.

A. which B. as

分析:as和which 都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。as引導(dǎo)的從句位置比較靈活,可放在句首,句中,或主句后。Which引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在主句后,指代前面主句的內(nèi)容。如果兩個(gè)句子都放在主句后,需要區(qū)別時(shí),可從下面幾個(gè)方面考慮:1. as的意思一般翻譯成“正如;就像”,而which則翻譯成“這,這一點(diǎn)”;2. 如果主句和從句語(yǔ)義一致,則用as;反之,則用which;3. 主從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系,則用which。綜上所述,(1)句答案為as,(2)句答案則為which。

2.preposition + which或 preposition + whom結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選擇

例如:

(1) Gun control is a subect ______ Americans have argued for a long time.

A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which

(2)For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, ______ New York is an example.

A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which

分析:介詞提前提到關(guān)系代詞前,介詞的選擇一般從以下三個(gè)方面考慮:1. 介詞和動(dòng)詞的搭配;2. 介詞和先行詞的搭配;3. 介詞在上下文中的意思。綜上所述,(1)句答案為C,(2)句答案為C。

3.將先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句隔開(kāi)

例如:

(1)Because of the financial crisis, days are gone ______ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.

A. if B. when C. which D. since

(2)Nowadays children like to go to the fast food restaurant, _____ as the name says, eating doesnt take much time.

A. which B. that C. what D. where

分析:關(guān)系代詞通常直接跟在其所限定的名詞后面,但先行詞與關(guān)系代詞之間有時(shí)加上插入語(yǔ)或其他成分,這個(gè)時(shí)候必須.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),找到先行詞,去掉插入語(yǔ),理解句子的意思。所以上面兩句的答案分別為B,D。

二、 狀語(yǔ)從句中的難點(diǎn):

1.特殊的名詞或副詞用作連詞:

例如:

(1)I thought her nice and honest ____ I met her.

A. for the first time B. the first time

C. the moment when D. at the moment

(2)--- Have you paid back the money you owed Tom?

--- Yes. I paid it back _____ I saw him this morning.

A. suddenly B. immediately C. recently D. lately

分析:狀語(yǔ)從句中有一些特殊的名詞或副詞用作連詞。高中英語(yǔ)中可用作連詞的名詞常有the moment, the minute, every time, the first time, next time等,而用作連詞的副詞常有immediately, directly等。所以上面兩句的答案分別為B,B。

2.It + be+ 時(shí)間段+ since…從句的不同含義

例如:

--- Would you like to have a cigarette?

--- _____, thanks. It is three years since I smoked.

A.Yes B.No

分析:在此句型中,若從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為短暫性動(dòng)詞,則句意為“自從(短暫性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作開(kāi)始)以來(lái),已經(jīng)……(時(shí)間)了”,若從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,則句意為“自從(延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作結(jié)束)以來(lái),已經(jīng)……(時(shí)間)了。所以上面的例句答案為B,因?yàn)橄挛腎t is three years since I smoked.表示我已經(jīng)三年不抽煙了。

三、名詞性從句中的常見(jiàn)難點(diǎn)

1.that/ what用作引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別

例如:

(1)Chinese actress Zhang Ziyi has been criticised for ______ was described as “shameful” for appearing on her knees in front of a foreign detective in her latest film.

A. that B. which C. what D. who

(2)The boy dived into the water and after ______ seemed to be a long time, he came up again.

A. what B. that C. it D. which

分析:在名詞性從句中,以what和that作為引導(dǎo)詞在歷年高考試題中備受青睞。引導(dǎo)詞

that在名詞性從句中只純粹作連接詞,不作成分,沒(méi)有意義;而引導(dǎo)詞what在名詞性從句

中既作連接詞,在從句中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。所以上面的例句中答案分別為C,A.

2.whatever/whichever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別

翻譯:

(1)無(wú)論他做什么都不會(huì)對(duì)我有什么影響。

(2)你們誰(shuí)第一個(gè)到達(dá)這里誰(shuí)就獲獎(jiǎng)。

分析:whatever 引導(dǎo)的從句中whatever兼有先行詞和關(guān)系代詞兩種功能,相當(dāng)于“anything or everything that”,沒(méi)有限制范圍,所以(1)句翻譯為:Whatever he does makes no difference to me.;而whichever相當(dāng)于“ anyone of…who/ anything of… that”,可以指人,可以指物,有限制范圍,所以(2)句翻譯為Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.

四、定語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句易混點(diǎn)

1.that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句還是同位語(yǔ)從句

例如:

(1) The news that the housing price will fall has caused many people to sell their houses at lower prices.

(2) I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone elses fault.

分析:(1)句中the news 的具體內(nèi)容是the housing price will fall,that只是引導(dǎo)詞,不作成分,沒(méi)有意義,所以that引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句,而(2)句中that在從句中作主語(yǔ),所以其引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句。

2.who/whoever引導(dǎo)從句的區(qū)別

例如:

(1)_______ spits in public should be punished.

(2)_______ has been invited to Claires dinner party has not been known yet.

A. Who B. Whoever

分析:who 引導(dǎo)的從句一般指的是一件事,而whoever可用作關(guān)系代詞,相當(dāng)于“anyone who”,也可以用作連詞,表示“無(wú)論是誰(shuí),不管什么人(結(jié)果都是一樣的)”。所以(1)句的答案是B,而(2)句中whoever等于 anyone who,答案是A。

3.as/it/what引導(dǎo)的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的不同

翻譯:眾所周知,中國(guó)是一個(gè)愛(ài)好和平的國(guó)家。

(1)As is known to us all, China is a peace-loving country.

(2)It is known to us all that China is a peace-loving country.

(3)What is known to us all is that China is a peace-loving country.

分析: as 引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,所以有逗號(hào)和主句分隔開(kāi);it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的that從句;what引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句,所以后面有謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。

五、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句易混點(diǎn)

1. where是關(guān)系副詞還是從屬連詞

例如:

(1)Cubism is a type of art ______ things are represented as geometric shapes.

A. which B. what C. where D. that

(2)Our findings suggest people are happiest ______ their personalities mostly resemble those of other people in that area.

A. whether B. where C. what D. how

分析: where可作關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,如此,前面一定有先行詞,相當(dāng)于in which;where也可以用作從屬連詞,引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句,表示“在…的地方;在…情況下”。(1)句中引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句,所以選擇C; 而(2)句中是狀語(yǔ)從句,答案是B。

2.so/such…as引導(dǎo)的從句和such/so…that引導(dǎo)的從句區(qū)別

例如:

(1)Yunnan was attacked by such a terrible drought _____ few people had expected before.

(2)Such good use has been made of his spare time _____ his Englsih has improved a lot.

分析: such/so…that引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,that在從句中不作成分;such/so…as..引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句,as在從句中作成分。因此,(1)句中expect是及物動(dòng)詞,所以應(yīng)該填上as;而(2)句中是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,that只是連詞,所以填上that。

六、定語(yǔ)從句和并列句的區(qū)分

例如:

A) Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, the price of _____ was reasonable.

B) Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase; the price of _____ was reasonable.

C) Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase and the price of _____ was reasonable.

分析:定語(yǔ)從句與主句有逗號(hào)分隔時(shí),沒(méi)有and,but,so等并列連詞;并列句由and,but,so等連詞連接,或用分號(hào)分隔,所以上面的A句為定語(yǔ)從句,應(yīng)填上which,B句中the price前面有分號(hào),所以應(yīng)填上it;C句中the price前有and這個(gè)并列連詞,所以答案也是it。

七、復(fù)合句與強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的混合

1. 復(fù)合句與強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的省略

例如:

--- Where did you get to know her?

--- It was on the farm ____ we worked.

A. that B. where C. which D. there

分析:很多同學(xué)一見(jiàn)到it放在句首,就不看上下文的具體意思,就認(rèn)作是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。其實(shí)這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的省略結(jié)構(gòu),即It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her,所以選B。

2.復(fù)合句與強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的結(jié)合

例如:

(1)It was with great joy _____ he received the news ______ his lost daughter had been found.

A. because, when B. which, that

C. since, how D. that, that

(2)I dont know _____makes her afraid of having her business discussed.

A. what it is about Mary that? B. that is it abut Mary what

C. what is it about Mary that? D. that is about Mary what

分析: 復(fù)合句經(jīng)常和強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)合在一起使用,這時(shí)候必須分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),弄清句意,從而選出正確答案。(1)句中第一空是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu),而第二空是that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句;(2)句中是賓語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的結(jié)合,從句中的主謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)不可以倒裝,疑問(wèn)詞提前,所以答案是A。

結(jié)束語(yǔ):

復(fù)合句的應(yīng)用非常廣泛,學(xué)好復(fù)合句的關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的把握和對(duì)引導(dǎo)詞的理解。在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中,學(xué)生應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)從句語(yǔ)法特征和語(yǔ)義的理解和分析,注意比較和甄別,并在語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐中不斷運(yùn)用,才能真正解決復(fù)合句中的易混點(diǎn)。

(作者單位:江蘇省蘇州中學(xué))

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