吳明平

【知識(shí)總結(jié)歸納】

一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（包括副詞、短語(yǔ)、從句等）主要有三種類型，分別用于不同意義的句子之中。

1. 表達(dá)“現(xiàn)在剛剛完成”的動(dòng)作：

副詞：just, already, yet, recently（lately）, etc.

短語(yǔ)：so far, these+（最近）一段時(shí)間，etc.

2. 表達(dá)某種經(jīng)歷或經(jīng)驗(yàn)

副詞：ever, never, once, twice, before, etc.

常用句：How many times…?

3. 表達(dá)“過(guò)去繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)”，常與for和since連用。如：

for two weeks, for a long time since+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)/n./一段時(shí)間+ago/一般過(guò)去時(shí)的從句

在以上的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中需要認(rèn)真區(qū)別的就是“since+一段時(shí)間+ago”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，它與“一段時(shí)間+ago”含義不同，前者為時(shí)間段，后者為時(shí)間點(diǎn)。

二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較

1. 在表達(dá)“過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)驗(yàn)”的概念時(shí)，如果時(shí)間不確定，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如果時(shí)間確定，則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：

Ive met him before.

I met him two days ago.

2. 在when或what time引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句中，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：

When have you visited New York?

When did you visit New York?

3. 過(guò)去發(fā)生的連串動(dòng)作，如用and, but, or, so等對(duì)等連詞連接，要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

三、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞

例1： Mr. Green ____ for two hours.

A. has gone B. has left

C. has arrived D. has been away

例2： I ____ for six months.

A. have received Johns letter

B. have heard from John

C. havent heard from John

D. havent heard from Johns letter

以上兩題都涉及了延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間動(dòng)詞，所謂延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，又稱為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，即可以表示持久動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如drink, eat, read, play, fly, talk等詞，這些動(dòng)詞有以下特點(diǎn)：

（1）可以和表示時(shí)間段的狀語(yǔ)連用

The students have played for an hour.

Mr. Green has read for about four hours.

He will stay there for two weeks.

（2）可以用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

I am writing an important letter.

It was raining hard when we got off the train.

瞬間動(dòng)詞，也叫終止性動(dòng)詞，暫時(shí)性動(dòng)詞或“點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞”，如open/close, leave, come, go, put, arrive, finish, borrow, lend, marry等動(dòng)作在極短的瞬間時(shí)間內(nèi)完成的，也就是說(shuō)該動(dòng)作一發(fā)生即直接轉(zhuǎn)入結(jié)束，結(jié)果狀態(tài)，這類詞有以下特點(diǎn)：

（1）不能和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，試看以下例句：

① 我感冒一個(gè)星期了。

② 五天來(lái)我一直穿著那些藍(lán)上衣。

（2）瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以表示狀態(tài)，也就可以和“時(shí)間段”的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

Ive not heard from him for a month.

I didnt go to bed until 12 oclock.

（3）瞬間動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，一般指重復(fù)動(dòng)作，而不是指一次動(dòng)作，如：

He was jumping to keep warm.

He was knocking at the door.

延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞可以在不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或不同時(shí)態(tài)的句子之間進(jìn)行相互轉(zhuǎn)換，表達(dá)相同的意思。如：電影已經(jīng)放映十分鐘了。

The film began ten mimutes ago.The film has been on for ten minutes.

這兩種動(dòng)詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換有三種形式：

1. 將瞬間動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，并與表示時(shí)間段的狀語(yǔ)連用。

He bought the book two weeks ago. He has had the book for two weeks.

His brother has been in the army for 3 months. His brother joined the army 3 months.

常用的這類轉(zhuǎn)換有l(wèi)end/borrow→keep buy→have，join→be in，marry→be married，open/close→be open/closed， die→be dead等。試完成這個(gè)句子轉(zhuǎn)換：

John borrowed the book three days ago.

John ____ the book ____ three days.

2. 用“It is+時(shí)間段+since”句型進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

He has studied in our school for four years.

It is four years since he came to study in our school.

在這類轉(zhuǎn)換中，since所引導(dǎo)的從句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為瞬間動(dòng)詞。試完成這個(gè)句子的轉(zhuǎn)換：

Her mother died two years ago.

It is ____ since ____.

3. 用“時(shí)間段+has passed+since”句型進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換，如：

I have been in the army for two years.

Two years has passed since I joined the army.

由此可見(jiàn)，剛才的句子“電影放映十分鐘了”，還可以用上述的2、3句型來(lái)表達(dá)。即：

It is ten minutes since the film began.

和Ten minutes has passed since the film began.