李靜 陳正賢
普通可曲支氣管鏡檢查于直視下往往不能發(fā)現(xiàn)肺周圍型病灶;經(jīng)體表超聲檢查肺周圍型病灶僅限于緊貼胸壁的病灶。支氣管內(nèi)超聲探頭的外徑2.0 mm-2.5 mm,遠(yuǎn)小于普通支氣管鏡的外徑(4.9 mm-6.0 mm)。可以通過支氣管鏡的活檢通道(直徑2.0 mm-2.8 mm)[1]送入肺周圍型無氣體或少氣體病灶部位,甚至可達(dá)胸膜下,直接到達(dá)病灶內(nèi)部進(jìn)行掃描,減少了氣體及其它組織器官的干擾,而正常肺組織所含氣體對超聲波產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)反射,與病灶之間形成鮮明對比。由于支氣管內(nèi)超聲所使用的探頭為高頻探頭,可以非常清晰地顯示病灶及其內(nèi)部的細(xì)微結(jié)構(gòu),如細(xì)小的血管、支氣管、囊腔等。目前根據(jù)支氣管內(nèi)超聲圖像特征對肺周圍型病灶進(jìn)行良惡性診斷的研究較少。我們既往報(bào)道[2]支氣管內(nèi)超聲圖像特征對病灶良惡性的鑒別具有一定診斷價(jià)值,其中的一項(xiàng)指標(biāo)為病灶內(nèi)的支氣管充氣征,在超聲圖像上表現(xiàn)為點(diǎn)線狀高回聲,本文重點(diǎn)分析該項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的特征和臨床意義。
1.1 病例來源 2005年6月1日-2008年12月30日期間,廣東省人民醫(yī)院支氣管鏡室連續(xù)就診的門診和住院患者中,符合入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者納入研究。
1.2 入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 經(jīng)胸部X線、CT檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)肺部周圍型病變,經(jīng)常規(guī)可曲支氣管鏡(以下簡稱“支氣管鏡” )檢查,明確病變位于段支氣管開口以下者。
1.3 診斷金標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 病理組織學(xué)或細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查結(jié)果、隨訪追蹤結(jié)果。隨訪時(shí)間為3個(gè)月,超過隨訪時(shí)間未能確診者不納入統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
1.4 剔除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和禁忌癥 嚴(yán)重的心肺功能不全、出血傾向、不合作者或知情不同意者。
1.5 獲取病理診斷方法 經(jīng)可曲支氣管鏡肺活檢及細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查、痰脫落細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查、經(jīng)皮肺穿刺活檢、胸腔鏡活檢、開胸探查、手術(shù)切除等。
1.6 儀器 可曲支氣管鏡(BF-1T30、BF-1T240或BF-1T260,日本,奧林巴斯);腔內(nèi)超聲主機(jī)(ENDOECHO EU-M2000,日本,奧林巴斯);超聲探頭驅(qū)動(dòng)器(MAJ-935,日本,奧林巴斯);徑向支氣管內(nèi)超聲探頭(radial endobronchial ultrasound probe,UM-BS20-26R,外徑2.0 mm;UM-DP20-25R,外徑2.5 mm,日本,奧林巴斯)。
1.7 支氣管內(nèi)超聲檢查方法 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備同常規(guī)可曲支氣管鏡檢查[3]。因周圍型病變所連通支氣管直徑較小,可直接用探頭進(jìn)行探查。如探頭貼壁不佳,出現(xiàn)空氣干擾的偽像,可通過支氣管鏡活檢通道注入普魯卡因凝膠、生理鹽水,或在探頭外加上水囊(MH-246R,日本,奧林巴斯)。連接支氣管內(nèi)超聲主機(jī)、探頭驅(qū)動(dòng)器和超聲探頭。驅(qū)動(dòng)器旋轉(zhuǎn)探頭產(chǎn)生360o實(shí)時(shí)垂直圖像。根據(jù)胸片或胸部CT初步確定病變部位,完成常規(guī)支氣管鏡檢查后,將支氣管鏡送達(dá)預(yù)定位置,經(jīng)活檢通道送入超聲探頭,直至術(shù)者感覺有阻力,開始超聲掃描,同時(shí)術(shù)者緩慢、勻速將探頭往外拉出,觀察超聲圖像。所得圖像存于主機(jī)內(nèi),完成掃描后即可進(jìn)行三維圖像重建和顯示。所有病理學(xué)結(jié)果由兩位有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的病理科醫(yī)師做出診斷。
1.8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 13.0軟件分析。計(jì)量資料采用Mean±SD表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料間的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),如四格表內(nèi)期望頻數(shù)<1,或者>1/5格子的理論頻數(shù)<5時(shí),采用Fisher精確概率檢驗(yàn)法。以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 臨床資料 入選的92例患者中,78例病灶良惡性診斷明確者納入分析,男56例,女22例,年齡21歲-80歲,平均(58.01±13.20)歲,支氣管內(nèi)超聲對肺部周圍型病灶的總體檢出率為84.8%(78/92)。病灶最后診斷及例數(shù)見表1。
惡性病變無支氣管充氣征者占46.8%(22/47),25例無支氣管充氣征的病灶中22例為惡性(占88%),其中非小細(xì)胞癌占43.9% (18/41),低分化腺癌占50% (5/10)(圖1,圖2),4例中分化腺癌中2例無支氣管充氣征(圖3),小細(xì)胞肺癌占66.7%(2/3)(圖4),相應(yīng)病理切片未見支氣管充氣相。惡性病變中不規(guī)則支氣管充氣征者占51.1%(24/47),以腺癌多見,占55.2%(16/29),病理切片見散在支氣管充氣相(圖5,圖6),類似征象亦見于2例中分化鱗癌和1例低分化鱗癌。惡性病變中無支氣管充氣征和不規(guī)則支氣管充氣征兩者共計(jì)97.9%(46/47),僅1例惡性病變(中分化腺癌,圖7)表現(xiàn)為規(guī)則的支氣管充氣征(1.3%)。
良性病變見規(guī)則支氣管充氣征者占80.6%(25/31)(圖8),無支氣管充氣征者或不規(guī)則支氣管充氣征各占3.8%(3/31),3例不規(guī)則支氣管充氣征的良性病變分別為肺炎、肺膿腫(圖9)、軟骨瘤性錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤各1例。
2.2 不良反應(yīng) 92例行支氣管內(nèi)超聲檢查的患者中,不良反應(yīng)主要包括少量出血(25.22%),出血<10 mL者8例,10 mL-50 mL者6例,經(jīng)冰鹽水、1:20 000腎上腺素、凝血酶等灌洗局部處理后出血均能停止;2例(2.17%)患者在用探頭探查時(shí)出現(xiàn)胸痛,將探頭退出即可緩解;4例(4.35%)患者出現(xiàn)咳嗽,加強(qiáng)局部麻醉后可緩解。
表 1 78個(gè)肺周圍型病灶的最后診斷和支氣管充氣征的關(guān)系Tab 1 Relationship between diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions and air bronchogram in 78 patients
表 2 病灶性質(zhì)與支氣管充氣征的關(guān)系Tab 2 Relationship between diagnosis of lesions and air bronchogram
圖 1 男,71歲,咳嗽胸痛1個(gè)月,低分化腺癌。A:CT見左肺下葉背段31 mmx22 mm圓形病灶;B:支氣管鏡下未見異常,支氣管內(nèi)超聲于左下葉背段見病灶呈低回聲,邊界清晰,內(nèi)部回聲均勻,無支氣管充氣征,可見內(nèi)部支氣管狹窄(箭頭所指);C:病灶內(nèi)可見支氣管狹窄(箭頭所指),瘤細(xì)胞大部分排列成實(shí)性巢狀,分布密集,部分呈腺管樣分化,灶性壞死,間質(zhì)纖維增生,無支氣管肺泡充氣相( HE,x10)。Fig 1 Male, 71 years old, cough and thoracic pain for 1 month, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. A: CT shows round lesion of 31 mmx22 mm at the apical segment of left lower lobe; B: No abnormality was found by bronchoscope, low echogenicity lesion was found at the apical segment of left lower lobe by endobronchial ultrasound probe, contour was clear, internal echo was homogeneous, no air bronchogram,bronchostenosis can be seen (at the arrow tip); C: Bronchostenosis can be seen in the lesion (at the arrow tip), tumor cells were mostly arranged as nestlike,intensively distributed, some of them showed crypt shaped differentiation, focal necrosis, and interstitial fibroplasias, no sign of air bronchogram(HE,x10).
圖 2 男,56歲,咳嗽,咳血絲痰3個(gè)月,低分化腺癌。A:腔內(nèi)超聲掃描見病灶內(nèi)部回聲均勻,無支氣管充氣征;B:CT見右肺下葉背段團(tuán)塊狀高密度病灶;C:病理切片見腫瘤細(xì)胞分布密集排列成實(shí)性巢狀,未見明顯角化或腺腔形成伴間質(zhì)纖維化,腫瘤組織內(nèi)無充氣相( HE,x40)。Fig 2 Male, 56 years old, cough, and expectoration of blood tinged sputum for 3 months, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. A: homogeneous internal echo, no sign of air bron-chogram; B: CT shows a high-density lesion at the apical segment of right lower lobe; C: Tumor cells were mostly arranged as nestlike, intensively distributed by pathological section, no obvious cornification or formation of glandular cavity with interstitial fibrosis, no sign of inflation inside of tumor tissue(HE,x40).
肺實(shí)變、肺不張、肺腫瘤均可導(dǎo)致肺氣體減少或消失,密度增高,與周圍正常充氣肺組織的強(qiáng)反射比較,萎陷肺組織呈等回聲或低回聲,在少氣肺或無氣肺內(nèi)進(jìn)行超聲探查,可清晰地觀察到肺內(nèi)組織的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。病區(qū)內(nèi)支氣管仍通暢并含有氣體時(shí),支氣管壁的界面反射、管腔內(nèi)的空氣反射以及周圍充滿液體的肺泡共同組成了斑點(diǎn)狀或短線狀的強(qiáng)回聲,其后方多有多重反射(彗星尾征),為支氣管充氣征,而肺血管影無彗星尾征,可有搏動(dòng)。當(dāng)掃描對象比較大、表面平滑且垂直于聲波束的傳導(dǎo)方向、兩種介質(zhì)存在顯著的聲阻抗差時(shí),這種現(xiàn)象更明顯[4]。支氣管充氣征多由肺實(shí)質(zhì)的病變導(dǎo)致,也有近端支氣管阻塞,導(dǎo)致遠(yuǎn)端肺實(shí)質(zhì)炎癥與不張,其內(nèi)支氣管仍殘留空氣,形成支氣管充氣征,由于胸腔負(fù)壓增加,可導(dǎo)致支氣管擴(kuò)張[5]。病區(qū)內(nèi)支氣管被分泌物填充時(shí),在超聲圖像顯示為支氣管液相,無彗星尾征(圖1),當(dāng)與肺動(dòng)脈伴行時(shí)可形成“雙管征”[6,7]。
圖 3 女,44歲,中分化腺癌。A:EBUS在右下肺前段探及低回聲病灶,無支氣管充氣征;B:病理切片見成簇、成片密集排列的腫瘤細(xì)胞,無支氣管充氣相(HE,x10)。Fig 3 Female, 44 years old, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. A: EBUS detected a low echo lesion at the front segment of right lower lobe, no sign of air bronchogram; B: Pathological section shows clustered high density tumor cell, no sign of air bronchogram (HE, x10).
圖 4 男,74歲,咳嗽咳痰1個(gè)月,小細(xì)胞肺癌。A:CT見右肺上葉圓形占位;B:支氣管鏡下未見異常,支氣管內(nèi)超聲于右上葉前段見低回聲病灶,內(nèi)部無支氣管充氣征;C:病理切片可見腫瘤細(xì)胞緊密排列成片巢狀,部分細(xì)胞擠壓變形,灶性壞死,無支氣管充氣征( HE,x10)。Fig 4 Male, 74 years old, cough and expectoration of sputum for 1 month, small cell lung cancer. A: CT shows a round occupation; B: No abnormality was found by bronchoscope, low echogenicity lesion was found at front segment of right upper lobe by endobronchial ultrasound,no air bronchogram was found; C: Tumor cells were mostly arranged as nestlike, intensively distributed by pathological section, some of them were crushed to distortion, focal necrosis, no sign of air bronchogram (HE,x10).
圖 5 男,64歲,間斷咳嗽咳痰1周,中分化腺癌。A:CT見右肺上葉后段36 mmx22 mm團(tuán)塊狀高密度病灶;B:支氣管鏡下未見病灶,支氣管內(nèi)超聲于右上葉后段c亞支見病灶內(nèi)部回聲不均勻,邊界模糊中斷,可見支氣管充氣征(黃色箭頭);C:病理切片見腫瘤細(xì)胞呈篩狀、腺管樣或小巢狀,瘤巢間纖維增生伴炎細(xì)胞浸潤,腫瘤內(nèi)部支氣管充氣相(黑色箭頭)(HE, x 40)。Fig 5 Male, 64 years old, cough discontinuously for 1 week, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. A: CT shows a high density massive lesion of 36 mmx22 mm at apical segment of upper-right lobe; B: No lesion was found by bronchoscope, a lesion with internal heterogeneous echo was found in the c sub-segmental at back segment of right upper lobe by endobronchial ultrasound, border was fuzzy and interrupted, air bronchogram can be seen (at the yellow arrow tip); C: Pathological section shows tumor cells arranged in cribriform, crypt shaped or nestlike,fibroplasia among tumor nest complicated with inflammatory cell infiltration, air bronchogram found inside the tumor (at the black arrow tip)(HE,x40).
圖 6 女,74歲, 發(fā)現(xiàn)右肺占位1周,中分化腺癌。A:CT見右肺下葉背段占位圓形占位性病變;B:支氣管鏡下未見異常,支氣管內(nèi)超聲見于右B6c亞段見低回聲病灶,邊界清晰,不規(guī)則,內(nèi)部回聲不均勻,支氣管充氣征分布不均(黃色箭頭);C:病理切片見纖維結(jié)締組織內(nèi)可見大量被覆異型上皮的、大小不等的腺管浸潤性生長,伴灶性壞死,未見正常肺組織,腫瘤內(nèi)部見支氣管腔充氣相(黑色箭頭)(HE, x 40)。Fig 6 Female, 74 years old, found occupation at the lung for 1 week, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. A: CT shows round occupying lesion at apical segment of right lower lobe; B: No abnormality was found by bronchoscope, low echo lesion was found at right B6c subsegment by endobronchial ultrasound, border was clear and irregular, internal echo was heterogeneous, air bronchogram was irregularly distributed (at the yellow arrow tip); C: Pathological section shows large quantity of allotype epithelium cover crypt infiltratively grow in different size complicated with focal necrosis, no normal lung tissue was found, air bronchogram was found inside the tumor (at the black arrow tip)(HE, x 40)。
圖 7 男,35歲,胸片示右下葉背段見60 mmx60 mmx40 mm團(tuán)塊狀高密度病灶,中分化腺癌。A:邊界不清,靠近探頭的中央部分回聲均勻,無支氣管充氣征(黃色菱形箭頭 ),外周部分有同心圓狀支氣管充氣征,腫瘤內(nèi)部血管呈外壓型狹窄或不規(guī)則形(黃色三角形箭頭 ),外周回聲不均,可見不規(guī)則低回聲區(qū)(黃色圓形箭頭 ),考慮為壞死;B:病理切片見腫瘤細(xì)胞分布密實(shí)均勻(黑色菱形箭頭 );C:病理切片可見大片壞死灶(黑色圓形箭頭);D:病理切片見血管外壓狹窄(長黑色三角形箭頭),短黑色三角形箭頭所指為腫瘤組織。Fig 7 Males, 35 years old, chest film shows massive lesion in high density of 60 mmx60 mmx40 mm at the apical segment of right lower lobe,moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. A: Border was fuzzy, central section near the detecting probe showed homogeneous echo, no air bronchogram (at the yellow rhombic arrow), concentric circles shaped air bronchogram was found at the peripheral part, blood vessels in the tumor show compressed striture or irregular shape (at the yellow triangle arrow), peripheral echo was heterogeneous, irregular hypoecho can be found (at the yellow circular arrow), necrosis was regarded; B: Pathological section shows tumor cells of high density evenly distributed (at the black rhombic arrow); C: Pathological section shows large area of necrotic lesion (at the black circular arrow); D: Pathological section shows blood vessels of compressed stricture (at the long black triangle arrow ), the short black triangle arrow is pointing at the tumor tissue.
圖 8 女,63歲,發(fā)熱伴咳嗽咳痰1周,抗生素治療1周后病灶明顯吸收,肺炎。A:CT見右下肺實(shí)變;B:支氣管鏡下未見異常,右下葉外基底段行支氣管內(nèi)超聲檢查見病灶內(nèi)部回聲均勻,邊界部分不清,部分呈鋸齒狀,支氣管充氣征位于周邊,近似同心圓狀規(guī)則分布(箭頭)。Fig 8 Female, 63 years old, fever complicated with cough and expectoration of sputum for 1 week, after 1 week of antibiotic therapy, the lesion was absorbed, diagnosed pneumonia. A: CT shows consolidation at the right lower lobe; B: No abnormality found by bronchoscope,endobronchial ultrasound in the lateral basal segment showed homogeneous echo in the lesion, the border was fuzzy, partially serrated, air bronchogram found at periphery part, distributed regularly at the shape similar to concentric circles (at the arrow tip).
圖 9 女,74歲,咳嗽、咳痰、發(fā)熱10天,肺膿腫。A:胸片見右肺中葉和左肺舌葉片狀陰影,內(nèi)見空洞(箭頭);B:支氣管鏡下見右中葉外側(cè)段粘膜充血,支氣管內(nèi)超聲探查其遠(yuǎn)端肺實(shí)質(zhì)見低回聲病灶,邊界欠清晰,內(nèi)部回聲不均勻,局部可見不規(guī)則更低回聲區(qū)(箭頭),考慮為壞死空腔。Fig 9 Female,74 years old, cough, and expectoration of sputum for 10 days, diagnosed pulmonary abscess. A: Chest film shows large shadow at the right middle lobe and left lingular lobe, cavity can be seen inside (at the arrow tip); B: Bronchoscope shows mucous hyperemia at the segment of right-middle lobe, endobronchial ultrasound at the distal lung parenchyma shows a low echo lesion with fuzzy border, heterogeneous echo,more lower echo area can be found in area (at the arrow tip), regarded as necrotic cavity.
惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞成簇成片密集生長,擠占細(xì)支氣管和肺泡空間,如果腫瘤內(nèi)氣體完全消失,病灶表現(xiàn)為低回聲,與正常肝脾的回聲接近,無支氣管充氣征。從表2可見惡性病變46.8%(22/47)未見支氣管充氣征,25例無支氣管充氣征的病灶中22例為惡性(占88%),相應(yīng)病理切片未見支氣管充氣相(圖1-圖4),Kurimoto[8]報(bào)道惡性腫瘤無支氣管充氣征者以低分化腫瘤和小細(xì)胞肺癌多見,但本研究中多種病理類型及各種分化程度均可見此表現(xiàn)(表1)。Wang等[9,10]報(bào)道快速生長的周圍型小肺腺癌病灶內(nèi)大多數(shù)無支氣管充氣征或小氣泡征。提示這類腫瘤更需早期診斷和治療干預(yù)。
當(dāng)病區(qū)內(nèi)支氣管被腫瘤包繞侵犯時(shí),可導(dǎo)致管腔狹窄或閉塞[11],如果細(xì)支氣管內(nèi)仍有殘存的氣體,EBUS下可見呈點(diǎn)線狀高回聲的支氣管充氣征,分布不規(guī)則,從病灶中央到外周均可見,以分化好的腺癌多見(圖5,圖6)。結(jié)合病理切片分析,點(diǎn)線狀高回聲主要為病灶內(nèi)殘余氣體對超聲波產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)反射,與Kurimoto[8]報(bào)道符合,有報(bào)道[12,13]結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)支氣管氣相為腺癌特征,本研究中其它不同大小、不同病例類型的腫瘤也可見支氣管充氣征,Gaeta[14]有類似報(bào)道。軟骨、鈣化灶也可表現(xiàn)為斑點(diǎn)狀的高回聲[15],造成假象。
支氣管內(nèi)超聲良性病變的線性離散支氣管充氣征的特征是在低回聲的背景內(nèi),以探頭所在支氣管為軸心,規(guī)則、分層、呈同心圓狀排列的短線狀高回聲影[10,15](圖8),基本保持細(xì)支氣管和肺實(shí)質(zhì)原來的結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài),病區(qū)內(nèi)的回聲強(qiáng)度由內(nèi)向外逐漸衰減[11]。肺炎病灶中央部分由于滲出液和細(xì)胞填充細(xì)支氣管和肺泡空間,氣體減少或消失,回聲分布均勻,多無支氣管充氣征;邊緣為正常充氣肺實(shí)質(zhì)與致密感染細(xì)胞層或纖維化交錯(cuò)區(qū)域,支氣管充氣征在病灶的外周分布多于中央部分,且近似同心圓狀規(guī)則分布,與Chao等[15]的報(bào)道類似(圖8)。支氣管內(nèi)超聲顯示同心圓狀的支氣管充氣征高度提示良性病變,偶爾在分化較好的腺癌中也可見到此征(圖7,中分化腺癌),需結(jié)合其它征象進(jìn)行判斷,該病灶仔細(xì)辨認(rèn)可發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶內(nèi)血管被推移、狹窄,而肺炎無此表現(xiàn)。肺膿腫內(nèi)部回聲和膿腫的壞死液化程度相關(guān),早期以實(shí)性及不均勻低回聲為主,當(dāng)液化形成后可見不規(guī)則無回聲區(qū)(圖9)。炎性假瘤、結(jié)核瘤邊界較規(guī)整,內(nèi)部回聲強(qiáng)弱不均,后者有鈣化灶時(shí)可見小點(diǎn)狀、條狀強(qiáng)回聲伴有聲影。
綜上所述,支氣管內(nèi)超聲圖像于低回聲病灶中無支氣管充氣征或出現(xiàn)不規(guī)則支氣管充氣征時(shí),高度提示惡性病變,出現(xiàn)規(guī)則同心圓狀分布的支氣管充氣征時(shí),以良性病變可能性大。