林寒 李兆申 高軍 龔燕芳 金晶
·論著·
外周血K-ras基因突變檢測(cè)在胰腺癌診斷中的應(yīng)用
林寒 李兆申 高軍 龔燕芳 金晶
目的檢測(cè)胰腺癌患者外周血K-ras基因第12、13密碼子突變,探討其對(duì)胰腺癌的診斷價(jià)值。方法選取經(jīng)病理證實(shí)的胰腺癌患者54例以及健康志愿者33例。抽取全部實(shí)驗(yàn)者外周血標(biāo)本,抽提循環(huán)中的DNA,應(yīng)用肽核酸鉗制實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR法檢測(cè)K-ras基因突變,并分析其與患者臨床病理參數(shù)的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果54名胰腺癌患者中,40例(74.1%)外周血標(biāo)本可檢測(cè)出K-ras基因第12或13密碼子突變。33名健康志愿者外周血標(biāo)本無一例檢出K-ras基因突變。外周血中K-ras基因的突變與患者年齡、淋巴血管侵犯、腫瘤分化程度、腫瘤臨床分期、CA19-9水平有關(guān)(Plt;0.05),而與患者性別、腫瘤部位、腫瘤大小及病理類型無關(guān)。結(jié)論肽核酸鉗制實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR法檢測(cè)外周血K-ras基因突變的敏感性高。外周血K-ras基因突變的檢出提示腫瘤具有高侵襲性,可能預(yù)后不良。
胰腺腫瘤; 肽核酸類; K-ras基因; 血液循環(huán)
研究表明,75%~100%的胰腺癌發(fā)生K-ras基因第12或13密碼子突變[1]。臨床可獲得的檢測(cè)標(biāo)本包括手術(shù)切除的腫瘤組織、內(nèi)鏡超聲引導(dǎo)下的細(xì)針穿刺活檢組織或細(xì)胞以及胰液、十二指腸液、外周血及糞便等等。其中腫瘤組織的K-ras基因突變陽性檢出率最高[2],其次是胰液[3],但組織標(biāo)本為有創(chuàng)性檢查,胰液收集操作復(fù)雜,部分患者無法耐受,而外周血及糞便DNA的檢測(cè)具有簡(jiǎn)便、可重復(fù)性強(qiáng)、無創(chuàng)傷等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。既往有研究認(rèn)為,外周血及糞便中的K-ras基因檢測(cè)陽性率較低,特異性不高,考慮原因與外周血及糞便DNA的抽提技術(shù),以及K-ras基因檢測(cè)方法不夠靈敏有關(guān)。
本室前期建立了肽核酸(peptide nucleic acid,PNA)鉗制實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR法檢測(cè)K-ras基因第12、13密碼子突變[4],敏感性高達(dá)0.001%。本文應(yīng)用該法檢測(cè)胰腺癌患者外周血K-ras基因突變,探討其對(duì)胰腺癌的診斷價(jià)值。
一、臨床標(biāo)本
選取2006年至2007年上海長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院住院的經(jīng)病理證實(shí)的胰腺癌患者54例,經(jīng)過患者及家屬知情同意及倫理委員會(huì)通過后,抽取患者外周血,根據(jù)常規(guī)血細(xì)胞DNA抽提方法[5]抽提循環(huán)血的DNA,置-20℃保存。以33例健康志愿者血標(biāo)本為對(duì)照。
二、對(duì)照質(zhì)粒的構(gòu)建
根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,BxPC3細(xì)胞含野生型K-ras基因,第1外顯子第12、13密碼子序列為GGTGGC,PANC1細(xì)胞K-ras基因第12密碼子突變,序列為GATGGC,SW1990細(xì)胞K-ras基因第13密碼子突變,序列為GGTGAC。本室從中國(guó)科學(xué)院細(xì)胞所購得以上3種胰腺癌細(xì)胞株。常規(guī)復(fù)蘇、培養(yǎng)。收集細(xì)胞、抽提細(xì)胞DNA。用PCR方法分別擴(kuò)增出K-ras野生型及突變型的DNA片段,以pTA2質(zhì)粒為載體,分別構(gòu)建出野生型、第12密碼子突變型及第13密碼子突變型質(zhì)粒,作為PCR檢測(cè)的陰性、陽性對(duì)照。
三、K-ras基因第12、13密碼子突變檢測(cè)
應(yīng)用我室前期建立的PNA鉗制實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR法檢測(cè)K-ras基因第12、13密碼子突變。引物序列:上游,5′-TACTGGTGGAGTATTTGATA-3′;下游,5′-CAAGATTTACCTCTATTGTT-3′。PNA序列:NH2-CCTACGCCACCAGCTCC-HAc。反應(yīng)條件:95℃預(yù)變性1 min,95℃變性15 s,70℃ PNA結(jié)合10 s,60℃引物退火及延伸1 min。擴(kuò)增40循環(huán),在每一循環(huán)的60℃步驟末收集熒光信號(hào)。反應(yīng)結(jié)束后進(jìn)行融解曲線分析:95℃持續(xù)15 s,冷卻至65℃保持1 min,并以0.3℃/s的速度逐漸升溫至95℃持續(xù)15 s。通過儀器自帶軟件自動(dòng)分析出Ct值。對(duì)于PNA抑制下無擴(kuò)增的模板,進(jìn)行常規(guī)PCR擴(kuò)增,確定樣品中DNA模板的完整性。每一份樣品檢測(cè)3次。
根據(jù)前期的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果[4],野生型與突變型基因的融解溫度(tm值)分別為(83.5±0.5)℃及(80.8±0.6)℃。當(dāng)tm值為(80.8±0.6)℃時(shí),判定標(biāo)本含突變型基因,當(dāng)tm值為(83.5±0.5)℃時(shí),標(biāo)本含野生型基因。
四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
K-ras基因突變與患者臨床病理參數(shù)的相關(guān)性行χ2檢驗(yàn)。所有的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析均使用SPSS13.0軟件,P值lt;0.05認(rèn)為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
一、外周血DNA的K-ras基因突變率
54例胰腺癌血液標(biāo)本中有40例K-ras基因發(fā)生突變,突變率為74.1%。突變拷貝數(shù)占總拷貝數(shù)的0.15%~12.04%。健康志愿者均為野生型K-ras。
二、K-ras基因突變與臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系
胰腺癌患者外周血中K-ras基因的突變與患者年齡、淋巴及血管侵犯、腫瘤分化程度、腫瘤臨床分期、血CA19-9水平等有關(guān),而與患者性別、腫瘤部位、腫瘤大小及病理類型無關(guān)(表1)。
表1 K-ras基因突變與臨床病理參數(shù)間的相關(guān)性
近年研究表明,許多惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)的DNA會(huì)出現(xiàn)在血清或血漿之中。Leon等[6]及Shapiro等[7]檢測(cè)了正常人及消化道良、惡性疾病患者的血漿游離DNA水平,正常人血漿DNA含量平均是13 ng/ml,良、惡性疾病患者分別是118 ng/ml和412 ng/ml,胰腺癌患者可高達(dá)650 ng/ml。血漿中突變的基因型多與原發(fā)灶的突變類型一致,猜測(cè)可能是血循環(huán)中破碎的腫瘤細(xì)胞釋放的DNA[8]。因此,通過檢測(cè)外周血DNA的基因型或突變來診斷腫瘤是一個(gè)值得探討的領(lǐng)域。
K-ras基因的點(diǎn)突變是與胰腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展關(guān)系最為密切的癌基因之一[9-10]。K-ras基因點(diǎn)突變檢測(cè)對(duì)于胰腺癌診斷是十分有意義的。既往研究顯示,外周血K-ras基因突變檢測(cè)的特異性較高,但敏感性卻差強(qiáng)人意[11-12]。Rodolfo等[13]用傳統(tǒng)的RFLP-PCR同時(shí)檢測(cè)胰腺癌患者胰腺組織及血液標(biāo)本,其中腫瘤組織的K-ras基因突變率高達(dá)70%,而相應(yīng)的外周血DNA的K-ras基因突變率卻為0。Dabritz等[14]報(bào)道的特異性探針聯(lián)合PNA鉗制PCR法檢測(cè)血漿DNA中K-ras基因突變率亦僅為36%。本組結(jié)果顯示,應(yīng)用PNA鉗制實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR法檢測(cè)胰腺癌患者外周血DNA中K-ras基因第12、13密碼子突變,突變率高達(dá)74.1%,而健康人中無一例K-ras基因突變。這一結(jié)果得益于本實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)用的檢測(cè)方法。傳統(tǒng)的RFLP-PCR等檢測(cè)方法敏感性較低;選用針對(duì)K-ras基因第12密碼子的Taqman探針進(jìn)行PNA鉗制實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR法檢測(cè),雖然特異性高,但是一種探針只能檢測(cè)第12或13密碼子的一種類型的突變,而在同一腫瘤標(biāo)本中也可能存在多種類型的突變[15];本實(shí)驗(yàn)選擇SYBR Gree Ⅰ作為熒光染料,可同時(shí)檢測(cè)第12、13密碼子任意一種突變,從而提高了檢測(cè)的敏感性。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果還顯示,外周血中K-ras基因的突變與年齡、淋巴血管侵犯、腫瘤分化程度、血CA19-9水平具有顯著的相關(guān)性,提示外周血K-ras基因突變?cè)谝欢ㄒ饬x上表示腫瘤具有高侵襲性,是預(yù)后不良的因素之一。
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2009-04-23)
(本文編輯:屠振興)
Screeningforpancreaticcancerbypeptidenucleicacid-mediatedone-stepK-rasmutationdetectionassay
LIN Han, LI Zhao-shen, GAO Jun, GONG Yan-fang, JIN Jing.
Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
LIZhao-shen,Emailzhsli@81890.net
ObjectiveTo investigate the diagnostic value of determination of the genotypes in codon 12 and 13 of K-ras oncogene in blood samples of patients with pancreatic carcinoma (PC).MethodsBlood samples were obtained from 54 patients with pathologically confirmed PC, and 33 healthy controls. The DNAs were obtained in these samples, and then genotype of K-ras mutation was detected by using the PNA-clamping real-time quantitative PCR. Then the correlation between the K-ras genotypes of blood DNA and the clinical characteristics was analyzed.ResultsK-ras mutations were found in 74.1% (40/54) of patients with PC. There was no such mutation in control samples. The mutations of K-ras was associated with age, lymph node and vessel invasion, poorly differentiated tumor, CA19-9, while it was not associated with sex, tumor location, size of tumor, clinical staging and pathological type.ConclusionsThe one-step method was highly sensitive for detecting K-ras mutation in blood samples. Detection of circular blood cells harboring K-ras mutation suggested the tumor was highly invasive with poor prognosis.
Pancreatic neoplasms; Peptide nucleic acids; K-ras gene; Blood circulation
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2009.05.008
200433 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
李兆申, Email:zhsli@81890.net