李 春
貴刊2007年第9期(高三版)刊登了李建磊老師的《2007年一道高考試題的商榷》一文,該文對(duì)2007年全國卷Ⅱ的一道單選試題的答案進(jìn)行了商榷, 事實(shí)上關(guān)于這一問題筆者在2006年時(shí)就已經(jīng)進(jìn)行過仔細(xì)地研究,因?yàn)樵?006高考試題中也有同樣的錯(cuò)誤, 并且筆者引述了更為權(quán)威的資料論證了這一問題。下面關(guān)于高考命題中的失誤筆者還要提出兩個(gè)例子:
【考例一】
(06山東23) Engines are to machines_______hearts are to animals.
A. as B. that C. what D. which
解析: 本題給出的答案是C,這是完全正確的,但是答案A也值得商榷,我認(rèn)為答案A也應(yīng)是正確答案,請(qǐng)看依據(jù):
在全日制普通高級(jí)中學(xué)教科書英語第二冊(cè)下(人教版)P21給出了這樣一個(gè)固定句型:A is to B what C is to D.書本給出了以下例句:A net is to a bird what a house is to a man.
此例表明答案C是正確的,但是以下兩例表明答案A也是正確的:
(1)《中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究》(2006年第8期)P60刊登了刑建平老師的《幾例意義相似的比喻句型》一文,文中給出的第一個(gè)比喻句型就是A is to B what / as C is to D.。原文是這樣論述的:
1. A is to B what / as C is to D.
what在這里作連詞用,意為“恰似”、“好比”,該句式中的what也可以用as替代。to是介詞表示“對(duì)于”,前后呼應(yīng)起來就是:A對(duì)于B好比C對(duì)于D一樣,其中A、B是本體,C、D是喻體,本體句常用be作謂語,喻體句中的be可以省略。例如:
1) A nest is to a bird what a house is to a man. 鳥巢對(duì)于鳥就好像房子對(duì)于人一樣。
2) Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. 讀書對(duì)于思想好比運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)于身體一樣。
3) An individual is to the revolution as a screw is to a machine.一個(gè)人的作用對(duì)于革命事業(yè)來說,就如一架機(jī)器上的一顆螺絲釘。
(2)《大學(xué)英語語法》(徐廣聯(lián)主編)P219也列出了這個(gè)句型結(jié)構(gòu):
A is to B what X is to Y.
這個(gè)句型意為:A之于B猶如X之于Y。本句型的變體有:
A is to B as X is to Y.
As X is to Y, so is A to B.
What X is to Y, that is A to B.例如:
Leaves are to the plant what lungs are to the animal. 葉之于植物猶如肺之于動(dòng)物。
As the house is to the man, so is the nest to the bird and the cave to the animal.
= What the nest is to the bird and the cave to the animal, that is the house to the man. 室之于人,猶如巢之于鳥,穴之于獸。
【考例二】
(06上海卷31)Eugenes never willing to alter any of his opinions. Its no use______ with him.
A. to argue B. arguing
C. argued D. having argued
解析:本題給出的答案是B。依據(jù)是Its no use doing sth. 這一固定句型,但事實(shí)上Its no use to do sth.也是正確的結(jié)構(gòu),請(qǐng)看依據(jù):
(1) 在全日制普通高級(jí)中學(xué)教科書英語第三冊(cè)(人教版)P98的課文中有這樣一個(gè)句子:It is no use for everybody to try to pursue the same career. 由此可見,我們的教科書上是認(rèn)可這一結(jié)構(gòu)的。
(2) 在《現(xiàn)代英語用法詞典》(張道真編)P1646有以下兩個(gè)例句:
It is no use your running away [It is no use for you to run away]. (ELD)
Weve decided that its no use to worry, Dinny. (Galsworthy)