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極低出生體重兒中心靜脈血管通路裝置安全管理中國(guó)專家共識(shí)

2024-07-11 15:04:50王靜趙雪晴曹英宋琦王麗婷
循證護(hù)理 2024年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:靜脈輸液

王靜 趙雪晴 曹英 宋琦 王麗婷

基金項(xiàng)目?中華護(hù)理雜志社2023年靜脈治療護(hù)理專項(xiàng)科研項(xiàng)目,編號(hào):ZHHLZZS-202310

作者簡(jiǎn)介?王靜,副主任護(hù)師,本科

*通訊作者?趙雪晴,E-mail:379617563@qq.com

引用信息?王靜,趙雪晴,曹英,等.極低出生體重兒中心靜脈血管通路裝置安全管理中國(guó)專家共識(shí)[J].循證護(hù)理,2024,10(11):1901-1909.

摘要?為完善我國(guó)極低出生體重兒靜脈治療技術(shù)體系,為其提供更合理的中心靜脈血管通路裝置,促進(jìn)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展,相關(guān)專家遵循循證學(xué)依據(jù),采用最新的高質(zhì)量證據(jù),根據(jù)問(wèn)題和推薦強(qiáng)度等級(jí)分類,國(guó)際血管聯(lián)盟中國(guó)分部護(hù)理專業(yè)委員會(huì)在諸多領(lǐng)域的專家、各級(jí)醫(yī)院醫(yī)生和護(hù)士中廣泛收集建議,構(gòu)建了此共識(shí)。旨在為新生兒科的醫(yī)務(wù)人員的臨床決策提供參考,確保臨床相關(guān)操作規(guī)范,并幫助管理極低出生體重兒的中心靜脈血管通路裝置。

關(guān)鍵詞?極低出生體重兒;中心靜脈血管通路;靜脈輸液;專家共識(shí)

doi:10.12102/j.issn.2095-8668.2024.11.001

極低出生體重兒(very low birth weight infant,VLBWI)的各器官都處于未完全發(fā)育的狀態(tài),其臨床管理過(guò)程相當(dāng)復(fù)雜,需要采用多模式的綜合治療。VLBWI出生后需要中長(zhǎng)期靜脈高營(yíng)養(yǎng)代替胃腸道途徑來(lái)獲得營(yíng)養(yǎng),輸入刺激性或高滲透壓藥液及血管活性藥物等[1]。中長(zhǎng)期靜脈通路的局限性包括多支、疼痛和外滲風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在過(guò)去的幾十年里,長(zhǎng)期靜脈通路已經(jīng)變成執(zhí)行復(fù)雜的靜脈輸液治療和提升護(hù)理水平的必備條件[2-4]。常用的臨床中心靜脈血管通路(central venous access,CVA)包括經(jīng)外周靜脈置入中心靜脈導(dǎo)管(peripherally inserted central venous catheters,PICC)及經(jīng)股靜脈、頸內(nèi)靜脈、鎖骨下靜脈等深靜脈置入的中心靜脈導(dǎo)管(central venous catheter,CVC)[5]。CVA在VLBWI的臨床領(lǐng)域中已得到廣泛應(yīng)用。專家規(guī)范了VLBWI治療過(guò)程中CVA的臨床應(yīng)用,提出解決VLBWI的CVA臨床實(shí)踐中的重要方案。該共識(shí)基于GRADE(Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation)體系評(píng)價(jià)相關(guān)證據(jù),結(jié)合我國(guó)臨床現(xiàn)狀,為我國(guó)新生兒醫(yī)護(hù)專業(yè)人員制定血管通路相關(guān)的臨床決策提供指導(dǎo)和參考。

1?共識(shí)制定方法

1.1?文獻(xiàn)檢索策略

該項(xiàng)共識(shí)由血管通路學(xué)組共同創(chuàng)作,血管通路學(xué)組包括:護(hù)理專家1名、新生兒??谱o(hù)士1名、靜脈治療??谱o(hù)士3名、護(hù)理碩士研究生2名。成員篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)在實(shí)踐工作中有豐富的中心靜脈通路裝置(CVAD)經(jīng)驗(yàn);2)以前參與制定該主題的政策和程序;3)在科學(xué)會(huì)議和培訓(xùn)課程中擔(dān)任演講者和導(dǎo)師;4)在該領(lǐng)域的出版物和/或指南中擔(dān)任作者或合著者。

計(jì)算機(jī)檢索醫(yī)脈通、中國(guó)臨床指南文庫(kù)、蘇格蘭院際間指南網(wǎng)(SIGN)、BMJ 臨床證據(jù)、英國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生與臨床優(yōu)化研究所(NICE)、the Cochrane Library、Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI)循證實(shí)踐數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、EMbase、PubMed、MedLine、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)等,從CVA的醫(yī)療管理、護(hù)理管理、植入及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥等3個(gè)不同主題進(jìn)行分組和文獻(xiàn)檢索。文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)及觀察性研究、系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)/Meta分析、證據(jù)總結(jié)、專家共識(shí)、臨床實(shí)踐指南;2)語(yǔ)言為中、英文。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)無(wú)法獲取全文;2)無(wú)參考文獻(xiàn)的報(bào)告;3)非中、英文的文獻(xiàn);4)未達(dá)到質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)。中文檢索詞包括極低出生體重兒、臍靜脈導(dǎo)管、中心靜脈導(dǎo)管、經(jīng)外周靜脈置入的中心靜脈導(dǎo)管、經(jīng)頸內(nèi)靜脈或鎖骨下靜脈導(dǎo)管;英文檢索詞包括very low birth weight infant、central venous catheter、totally implanted devices、peripherally inserted central catheter、PICC、CVC、umbilical venous catheter、UVC。檢索時(shí)限為數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建庫(kù)至2023年1月31日。每個(gè)小組分別從文獻(xiàn)檢索和證據(jù)總結(jié)、證據(jù)評(píng)分和提出建議以及討論建議、批準(zhǔn)和書(shū)寫文稿3個(gè)方面進(jìn)行工作。整個(gè)小組活動(dòng)在8個(gè)月的時(shí)間里分4次線下討論,而其余的討論和信息交換則通過(guò)線上會(huì)議進(jìn)行。

1.2?證據(jù)推薦等級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及推薦強(qiáng)度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

此共識(shí)根據(jù)GRADE系統(tǒng),結(jié)合我國(guó)臨床特點(diǎn)從質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)納入的證據(jù)進(jìn)行分級(jí)[6],最終形成推薦意見(jiàn)。在GRADE中根據(jù)證據(jù)質(zhì)量分為4個(gè)等級(jí)(高、中、低和極低),推薦強(qiáng)度分2個(gè)等級(jí)(強(qiáng)推薦、弱推薦)。強(qiáng)推薦指證據(jù)明確干預(yù)措施弊大于利或利大于弊;相反,當(dāng)利弊相當(dāng)或利弊不確定時(shí)則給予弱推薦[7-8]。

2?應(yīng)用對(duì)象

新生兒專業(yè)醫(yī)護(hù)人員。

3?推薦意見(jiàn)

3.1?CVA置管適應(yīng)證

推薦意見(jiàn)1:VLBWI(D級(jí)證據(jù),弱推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)2:需要長(zhǎng)期腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療(D級(jí)證據(jù),弱推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)3:輸注鈣劑、刺激性、高滲性、細(xì)胞毒性以及血管活性藥物(D級(jí)證據(jù),弱推薦)。根據(jù)2022年世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)的《早產(chǎn)兒或低出生體重兒護(hù)理》提議,VLBWI可能需要長(zhǎng)期的腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)和藥物治療[9]。2020年的《新生兒腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)》指南[10]指出,如果新生兒需要長(zhǎng)期輸注腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)液,通過(guò)外周靜脈輸注可能存在血管損傷。相關(guān)研究指出,外周靜脈只能短期輸注高濃度藥物,對(duì)VLBWI而言,超過(guò)600 mmol/L的高滲液體經(jīng)外周靜脈注射時(shí)可出現(xiàn)較高的靜脈炎發(fā)生率[11-13]。此外,成年病人經(jīng)外周靜脈輸注刺激性藥物(pH<5或pH>9)、細(xì)胞毒性藥物、鈣劑及血管活性藥物時(shí)常有劇烈的燒灼痛 。盡管尚未檢索到有關(guān)VLBWI的研究報(bào)告,但考慮到這些藥物對(duì)血管損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),推薦使用CVC進(jìn)行輸注治療[11,14]。

3.2?VLBWI CVA通道選擇

3.2.1?臍靜脈導(dǎo)管(UVC)

推薦意見(jiàn):推薦UVC保留7~10 d,最長(zhǎng)留置時(shí)間不超過(guò)28 d(D級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。在急危重癥新生兒中,經(jīng)臍帶血管導(dǎo)管術(shù)經(jīng)常被用于短時(shí)間的血管通路。UVC和臍動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管的導(dǎo)管定植和感染的發(fā)生率相似[15]。Butler-O′Hara等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與短期導(dǎo)管治療比較,長(zhǎng)期(達(dá)28 d)UVC治療導(dǎo)致血管相關(guān)血流感染(CRBSI)的發(fā)生率更高,但研究的力量不足,結(jié)果不明顯。相關(guān)研究表明,UVC和PICC在第14天的感染率相似[17]。

3.2.2?PICC

推薦意見(jiàn)1:首選下肢靜脈,優(yōu)先選擇大隱靜脈(B級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)2:次選顳淺靜脈、頸外靜脈、腘靜脈、貴要靜脈、肘正中靜脈、頭靜脈、腋靜脈(B級(jí)證據(jù),弱推薦)。Liossis等[18]研究認(rèn)為,使用PICC可以避免對(duì)VLBWI反復(fù)靜脈穿刺導(dǎo)致的血管損傷,同時(shí)植入導(dǎo)管后感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也相對(duì)較小。Ozkiraz等[19]研究證實(shí),在VLBWI中長(zhǎng)期使用抗菌藥和腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療中PICC是安全且有效的。相關(guān)Meta分析結(jié)果證實(shí),下肢靜脈導(dǎo)管植入可以減少PICC的異位、阻塞和感染等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,并且降低PICC并發(fā)癥的總體發(fā)生率[20-23]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),下肢靜脈的一次置管成功率更高[21-22,24]。選擇大隱靜脈實(shí)施PICC一次置管成功率高于股靜脈置管,并且其堵管和感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更小。因此,對(duì)低出生體重患兒來(lái)說(shuō),經(jīng)大隱靜脈置入PICC應(yīng)被優(yōu)先考慮?!禤ICC臨床實(shí)踐指南》第3版[11]中提出,在實(shí)施PICC置管時(shí),如顳淺靜脈、頸外靜脈、腘靜脈、貴要靜脈、肘正中靜脈、頭靜脈、腋靜脈也是可以考慮的。醫(yī)療人員針對(duì)患兒具體狀況,應(yīng)全方位評(píng)估不同靜脈置管的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),然后做出最佳的臨床決策。

3.2.3?CVC

推薦意見(jiàn):推薦股靜脈、頸內(nèi)靜脈、鎖骨下靜脈(A級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。靜脈的選擇受穿刺技術(shù)、相關(guān)機(jī)械并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、導(dǎo)管部位適當(dāng)護(hù)理的可行性、血栓形成和感染并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、預(yù)期中心靜脈通路的留置時(shí)間和操作者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)等多種因素的影響[25-26],目前沒(méi)有關(guān)于VLBWI的RCT比較這3個(gè)血管通路部位的CVC放置。但在成人癌癥病人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),長(zhǎng)期置管中導(dǎo)管相關(guān)并發(fā)癥在經(jīng)鎖骨下和頸內(nèi)路徑的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)差異不大[27]。鎖骨下置管優(yōu)于股靜脈置管,因?yàn)楣伸o脈置管具有較高的導(dǎo)管定植和血栓并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。股靜脈CVC與頸內(nèi)CVC在CRBSI和血栓形成并發(fā)癥方面沒(méi)有差異,但發(fā)生機(jī)械性并發(fā)癥方面股靜脈CVC相對(duì)較少。Marik等[28]研究結(jié)果顯示,這3個(gè)血管通路部位的CRBSI發(fā)生率沒(méi)有差異。關(guān)于VLBWI方面的數(shù)據(jù)較少,有研究表明,鎖骨下靜脈插管更容易導(dǎo)致胸腔積液,而頸內(nèi)靜脈插管的氣胸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低,并且在出血時(shí)更易止血[29]。Wylie等[30]研究顯示,與頸靜脈置管相比,新生兒股靜脈和鎖骨下靜脈置管會(huì)增加血栓栓塞的發(fā)生率。同樣,在一項(xiàng)包含4 512例患兒的隊(duì)列研究中,無(wú)論是在急診科、新生兒監(jiān)護(hù)室還是手術(shù)室置入導(dǎo)管,經(jīng)股靜脈插管與更高感染發(fā)生率之間沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)[31]。此外,Vegunta等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),所有放置在新生兒體內(nèi)的隧道導(dǎo)管中,經(jīng)頸靜脈插管的并發(fā)癥和導(dǎo)管感染率明顯較高。

3.3?VLBWI CVA導(dǎo)管尖端的合理位置

推薦意見(jiàn)1:上腔靜脈或腔靜脈內(nèi)(A級(jí)證據(jù);強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)2:推薦采取體表標(biāo)志估算法為臍到乳頭的距離(cm)-1作為導(dǎo)管插入的深度(C級(jí)證據(jù);弱推薦)。研究顯示,相較于其他靜脈,經(jīng)下肢靜脈置管,導(dǎo)管尖端位于下腔靜脈時(shí)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率更低[33-35]?!鹅o脈治療實(shí)踐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》[4]所述,上腔靜脈插管的導(dǎo)管尖端應(yīng)位于上腔靜脈下1/3與右心房交界處(CAJ)?!禤ICC臨床實(shí)踐指南》第3版[11]推薦,導(dǎo)管尖端應(yīng)位于上腔靜脈內(nèi)為頭部或上肢靜脈插管的最佳位置。由于病人體位和呼吸的變化,導(dǎo)管尖端可能存在移位[36]。確認(rèn)導(dǎo)管尖端位于心包之外(位于上腔靜脈內(nèi))是防止導(dǎo)管過(guò)深進(jìn)入心房而引發(fā)心臟壓塞的重要措施[37-38]。此外,Krishnegowda等[39-41]研究中匯總了6個(gè)UVC插入深度的預(yù)估公式,在VLBWI組別中,通過(guò)體表標(biāo)記法估計(jì)UVC管深度的成功率是Shukla方法的2倍。但由于VLBWI的個(gè)體差別較大,以上估算插入深度的方法無(wú)疑有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。醫(yī)生可以根據(jù)自身的經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及患兒的特定情況,選擇適合的公式。此項(xiàng)建議作為弱推薦。

3.4?VLBWI CVA導(dǎo)管尖端定位方法

推薦意見(jiàn)1:胸部X光定位(C級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)2:超聲技術(shù)定位(C級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)3:腔內(nèi)心電圖技術(shù)(ECG)定位(C級(jí)證據(jù),弱推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)4:正側(cè)位胸腹X線聯(lián)合床邊超聲技術(shù)進(jìn)行定位(C-B級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)胸腹X線平片定位,目前確認(rèn)為導(dǎo)管尖端最常用的方法,顯示率達(dá)100%,但存在射線暴露的危害[42-43]。近年來(lái),臨床中越來(lái)越多地使用ECG和超聲技術(shù)定位CVA尖端。利用超聲技術(shù)可以實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)CVA尖端,同時(shí)降低了患兒暴露于X射線的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。研究表明,超聲技術(shù)在定位時(shí)的敏感度可達(dá)97%~100%,特異度高達(dá)89.5%~100.0%[43-45]。另外,通過(guò)運(yùn)用EC-ECG來(lái)看腔內(nèi)心電圖特異性P波與R波的比值,評(píng)估導(dǎo)線尖端的位置,其準(zhǔn)確率為89.6%~94.9%[46-49],但此法受外部因素影響較大。因此,醫(yī)務(wù)人員在進(jìn)行CVA尖端定位時(shí),應(yīng)依據(jù)各種方法的可行性來(lái)選擇。采用心臟影像定位法、椎體定位法和膈肌定位法等3種不同的解剖參考架構(gòu),對(duì)UVC尖端進(jìn)行定位。其中膈肌之上0.5~1.0 cm、胸椎T8-T9水平和肺底心房影與胸椎右邊緣的交界是理想位置[41],但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,普遍認(rèn)為后兩種定位方法更為精準(zhǔn)。Hoellering等[50]在比較這3種X線定位法后,認(rèn)為心臟影像定位法具有最高的精確性。由于膈肌呈現(xiàn)出屋檐形的解剖特征,即前部高于后部,因此,在正位和側(cè)位片上呈現(xiàn)的形態(tài)是不同的,因此,建議采用正位結(jié)合側(cè)位的方法進(jìn)行X線定位,旨在減少誤診,提高定位的準(zhǔn)確度。此外,導(dǎo)管尖端的位置和深度會(huì)隨著患兒手臂運(yùn)動(dòng)和身體位置的變化而受到一定的影響[4,11,51-53]。因此,在CVA尖端定位時(shí),患兒每次體位需保持一致。眾多研究證明,X線和超聲均在確定UVC的位置上均準(zhǔn)確、可行,但在明確導(dǎo)管尖端的位置上,超聲展現(xiàn)出了較高的精準(zhǔn)度[54-56]。Simanovsky等[57]認(rèn)為在大多數(shù)情況下,超聲還能發(fā)現(xiàn)管道偏移以及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。所以,本研究的共識(shí)是:優(yōu)先推薦在床旁使用X線和超聲定位的聯(lián)合方案。

3.5?VLBWI CVA常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥預(yù)防和處理

3.5.1?UVC常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥預(yù)防和處理

推薦意見(jiàn)1:建議導(dǎo)管置入后運(yùn)用床邊超聲監(jiān)測(cè)患兒胸腹腔影像,以早期探測(cè)并處理諸如肝損傷、胸腔積液或心臟積液等胸腹部相關(guān)并發(fā)癥(D級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)2:胸腹腔并發(fā)癥獲得明確診斷后,應(yīng)立即取出UVC,并進(jìn)行對(duì)癥處理(D級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)3:不建議進(jìn)行臍靜脈血栓檢查(D級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)4:建議進(jìn)行集束化護(hù)理,以降低CRBSI發(fā)生率(A級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)證實(shí),與UVC相關(guān)的肝損傷并發(fā)癥中,肝膿腫、肝實(shí)質(zhì)液體滲漏、腹水以及肝血腫的發(fā)生例數(shù)最多,當(dāng)察覺(jué)到并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)時(shí),UVC末端已經(jīng)發(fā)生移位。主要的處理方式包括立即移除UVC、穿刺引流、抗感染治療、手術(shù)干預(yù)以及跨學(xué)科的聯(lián)合治療,并進(jìn)行后續(xù)觀察。Park等[58]總結(jié)了26項(xiàng)關(guān)于新生兒CVC血栓的研究,總血栓發(fā)生率為9.2%,在所有案例中,UVC最常見(jiàn)的血栓發(fā)生部位排名依次為肝門靜脈、下腔靜脈以及右心房,而這些血栓主要通過(guò)心臟彩超或腹部超聲來(lái)進(jìn)行確診。Dubbink-Verheij等[59]研究提出與UVC有關(guān)的血栓臨床多見(jiàn),且常表現(xiàn)為無(wú)癥狀且能自我吸收,由此,UVC中的血栓不作為常規(guī)檢查項(xiàng)目。Payne等[60]評(píng)估了在CVC患兒中實(shí)施集束化護(hù)理的有效性,觀察到總體的中央導(dǎo)管相關(guān)血流感染(CLABSI)發(fā)生率在實(shí)施集束化護(hù)理組(組成元素不盡相同)中,包括進(jìn)行相關(guān)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)、使用ANTT技術(shù)、手衛(wèi)生、每日評(píng)估導(dǎo)管使用情況、使用CVC護(hù)理包、規(guī)范穿戴無(wú)菌手術(shù)服、使用穿刺和維護(hù)查檢表等,比在常規(guī)護(hù)理組中更低。Schmid等[61]發(fā)現(xiàn)CLABSI發(fā)生率在執(zhí)行集束化護(hù)理后比介入前降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。鑒于UVC是留置在特定部位的CVC,因此,以上的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)可以作為VLBWI中UVC導(dǎo)管相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的證據(jù)。UVC導(dǎo)管尖端的移位是引發(fā)UVC胸腹腔并發(fā)癥的首要因素,床邊超聲可以有效降低患兒射線接觸的概率,同時(shí)也能對(duì)其胸腹部臟器進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè),這在UVC留置期間有較大價(jià)值。雖然胸腹腔并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率并不高,若一旦發(fā)生,通常預(yù)示著患兒可能面臨嚴(yán)重的臨床風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,對(duì)這些可能發(fā)生的UVC相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)根據(jù)自身的實(shí)際條件和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn),迅速作出決定,同時(shí)改良集束化護(hù)理方案。

3.5.2?PICC常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥預(yù)防和處理

推薦意見(jiàn)1:持續(xù)使用小劑量肝素,減少導(dǎo)管阻塞(A級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)2:采用集束化護(hù)理,以降低CRBSI發(fā)生率(A級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)3:不建議常規(guī)使用肝素預(yù)防PICC相關(guān)血栓形成(A級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)4:困難拔管,應(yīng)避免強(qiáng)行拔管,嘗試局部熱敷、外用擴(kuò)張血管藥物、導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo)后再次拔管,必要時(shí)導(dǎo)管取出可采用手術(shù)方案(D級(jí)證據(jù),弱推薦)。有研究顯示,持續(xù)注入0.5 IU/(kg·h)的肝素可以降低新生兒PICC堵管的發(fā)生,且無(wú)不良反應(yīng)[62-63]。研究中加入肝素持續(xù)低劑量輸注的方式大多應(yīng)用在全腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療[64]。有研究顯示,與UVC預(yù)防CRBSI措施一致,應(yīng)用相關(guān)集束化護(hù)理措施可有效預(yù)防CRBSI的發(fā)生[65-66]。早產(chǎn)兒對(duì)肝素具有獨(dú)特的耐藥性和敏感性[67],可能會(huì)增加腦室內(nèi)出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[68]。Ista等[69-70]證實(shí)輸注肝素在預(yù)防導(dǎo)管相關(guān)的血栓形成中效果不明顯。導(dǎo)管相關(guān)并發(fā)癥、留置時(shí)長(zhǎng)或引起導(dǎo)管體內(nèi)斷裂危害患兒生命[71]。《PICC臨床實(shí)踐指南》第3版[11]特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了容器越小、壓強(qiáng)較大,暴力拔除導(dǎo)管等不當(dāng)操作也可能導(dǎo)致導(dǎo)管斷裂。在沖洗導(dǎo)管和封管的過(guò)程中應(yīng)采用≥10 mL的注射器,遇阻應(yīng)立即停止沖洗導(dǎo)管。此外,應(yīng)輕柔拔管,遇到拔管困難則應(yīng)立即停止并尋找原因,生理鹽水熱敷20~30 min。若拔管仍困難,可間隔熱敷,并再嘗試1次或2次拔管。依然無(wú)法拔管時(shí),可考慮使用血管擴(kuò)張藥物進(jìn)行外敷處理、導(dǎo)管引導(dǎo)拔管或者手術(shù)去除[72-73]。不可強(qiáng)行拔管,此類不當(dāng)操作是造成導(dǎo)管斷裂常見(jiàn)因素。

3.5.3?CVC常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥預(yù)防和處理

推薦意見(jiàn)1:超聲引導(dǎo)下置入CVC(A級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)2:確定導(dǎo)管位置無(wú)誤且需要進(jìn)行輸液治療的情況下,若出現(xiàn)血栓引起的導(dǎo)管堵塞時(shí),可采用重組組織型纖溶酶原激活劑或尿激酶進(jìn)行溶栓(B級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)3:使用抗生素涂層的CVC導(dǎo)管,能大幅度降低血行感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(A級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。對(duì)VLBWI急、危重癥者而言,需要以快速、安全、創(chuàng)傷小的方式進(jìn)行CVA置入。超聲引導(dǎo)方法比傳統(tǒng)置管方法所需時(shí)間更少,可以為患兒爭(zhēng)取搶救時(shí)間[74-75]。Leung等[76]開(kāi)展了一項(xiàng)前瞻性的RCT,納入130例急、危重癥病人的CVC置入病例。結(jié)果表明,使用超聲引導(dǎo)插管的成功率明顯高于傳統(tǒng)插管方法,且并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率也降低超過(guò)12.0%。Froehlich等[77]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)針對(duì)212例兒科的急重癥病人的前瞻性隊(duì)列試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)使用超聲引導(dǎo)插管的病人穿刺次數(shù)較少,動(dòng)脈誤傷率低,插管時(shí)間短,這證明了超聲引導(dǎo)插入CVC在兒科急重癥病人中的明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。出現(xiàn)血腫或穿刺部位出血,可以通過(guò)局部壓迫處理。頸動(dòng)脈和鎖骨下動(dòng)脈是動(dòng)脈誤傷的主要部位,如果出現(xiàn)誤傷應(yīng)立刻拔出穿刺針并施加壓力,否則可能導(dǎo)致血腫。鎖骨下動(dòng)靜脈穿刺可能引發(fā)氣胸和血?dú)庑?,一旦發(fā)生,應(yīng)按照常規(guī)氣胸處理方式處理。防止血?dú)庑氐闹饕椒ㄊ潜苊膺x擇過(guò)低的穿刺點(diǎn),并確保擴(kuò)皮器不要插入太深??諝馑ㄈm然罕見(jiàn),但一旦出現(xiàn),應(yīng)立即進(jìn)行緊急處理,將患兒置左側(cè)臥位,取頭低足高,提供高濃度吸氧,保障呼吸和循環(huán)。CVC是新生兒血栓栓塞的常見(jiàn)原因,比例超過(guò)80%[78]。血栓形成的危險(xiǎn)因素包括置管過(guò)程中的內(nèi)皮損傷、血管閉塞、低血流狀態(tài)、血瘀、湍流、高黏度或高凝性、導(dǎo)管組成以及病人和輸液器的特點(diǎn)[79-80]。在涉及1 590例的大型試驗(yàn)中,隨機(jī)將病人分為不使用華法林、固定劑量華法林或維持國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值為1.5~2.0的華法林組,結(jié)果使用華法林的病人并沒(méi)有減少與導(dǎo)管相關(guān)的癥狀性血栓[81]。導(dǎo)管的拔除并在新部位重新置入會(huì)增加新部位導(dǎo)管相關(guān)性深靜脈血栓形成(CA-DVT)的發(fā)生率[82]。對(duì)需要長(zhǎng)期導(dǎo)管留置、血栓影響到大量的腋靜脈/鎖骨下靜脈、癥狀出現(xiàn)未滿2周、一般情況良好、預(yù)期存活超過(guò)1年、出血概率較低的病人,可嘗試經(jīng)過(guò)導(dǎo)管直接溶栓的方法,或?qū)χ委熡幸妫?3-85]。Baskin等[86]回顧了導(dǎo)管堵塞或血栓形成的處理,對(duì)CVC出現(xiàn)堵塞,尿激酶(5 000 IU/mL)比安慰劑顯得更有效。除了這項(xiàng)研究之外,檢索數(shù)據(jù)中基于證據(jù)的CVC溶栓幾乎沒(méi)有。Van等[87]發(fā)現(xiàn),有7項(xiàng)研究調(diào)查了不同強(qiáng)度的溶栓和抗凝藥物干預(yù),用于治療被認(rèn)為是由血栓引起的導(dǎo)管堵塞。盡管證據(jù)質(zhì)量不高,但尿激酶在恢復(fù)通暢性方面比安慰劑效果更明顯。Giordano等[88]回顧C(jī)VC堵塞和CVC相關(guān)血栓管理的成人和兒科的文獻(xiàn),他們建議使用組織纖溶酶原激活劑或尿激酶來(lái)解除血栓性CVC的阻塞。對(duì)非血栓性的導(dǎo)管堵塞,鑒于病因各異,消除導(dǎo)管阻塞所用的藥物也各不相同。在對(duì)重癥兒童的RCT中,發(fā)現(xiàn)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)導(dǎo)管比較,抗生素涂層的CVC血流感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯更低[89]。然而,Lai等[90]針對(duì)成人病人進(jìn)行Meta分析結(jié)果表明,抗生素涂層CVC并不能預(yù)防長(zhǎng)期靜脈營(yíng)養(yǎng)期間的感染。

3.6?VLBWI CVA維護(hù)

推薦意見(jiàn)1:CVA的維護(hù)應(yīng)由專業(yè)訓(xùn)練的醫(yī)護(hù)人員進(jìn)行(A級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)2:在CVA維護(hù)過(guò)程中確保手衛(wèi)生(A級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)3:使用碘伏進(jìn)行皮膚消毒,避免使用氯己定或乙醇(D級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)4:使用2%氯己定溶液和70%異丙醇進(jìn)行導(dǎo)管接口、入口及螺紋口消毒(B級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)5:含抗生素的敷料不建議使用(B級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)6:建議使用透氣性良好的透明敷料;在濕潤(rùn)環(huán)境下,需要盡快更換(B級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)7:每次使用CVA之前,都需要檢查導(dǎo)管的功能(A級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)8:使用0.9%氯化鈉溶液沖管,藥物包括使用前和使用后(D級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)9:使用含1 IU/mL肝素的封管液(D級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。接受過(guò)輸液治療教育、經(jīng)過(guò)專業(yè)培訓(xùn)和考核的個(gè)人或團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)CVA維護(hù)和監(jiān)測(cè),這樣可以明顯降低靜脈導(dǎo)管相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[91]。微生物通過(guò)插入部位周圍的皮膚遷移是導(dǎo)致CVA導(dǎo)管定植和隨后出現(xiàn)感染的最常見(jiàn)因素。因此,在CVA操作前、中、后,適當(dāng)?shù)氖植俊⑵つw和導(dǎo)管衛(wèi)生對(duì)預(yù)防感染至關(guān)重要。2項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)顯示,使用碘或聚維酮碘,可能會(huì)干擾甲狀腺代謝[92-93]。一項(xiàng)RCT研究表明,對(duì)于不滿32周出生的早產(chǎn)兒,使用碘伏消毒可能引起甲狀腺激素水平升高[94]。由于碘伏的殘存可能對(duì)新生嬰兒的甲狀腺功能產(chǎn)生隱患,因此,建議在使用碘伏消毒并待其干燥后,用無(wú)菌的0.9%氯化鈉溶液清潔,這樣可以減少碘的吸收。2%葡萄糖酸氯己定與70%異丙醇溶液為以氯己定為基礎(chǔ)的抗菌溶液,被證實(shí)在成人病人中導(dǎo)管插入前和后續(xù)導(dǎo)管維護(hù)期間清除皮膚表面微生物最有效的溶液[95]。兒科研究根據(jù)目前的證據(jù),考慮到VLBWI全身氯己定吸收和皮膚刺激可能產(chǎn)生的副作用,不建議在VLBWI中使用氯己定,需更進(jìn)一步和大樣本的研究。導(dǎo)管接頭、端口和螺口是導(dǎo)管腔內(nèi)污染的重要途徑,應(yīng)在進(jìn)入前進(jìn)行消毒并無(wú)菌進(jìn)入。與僅用70%乙醇消毒比較,在70%異丙醇中加入2%氯己定可明顯減少陽(yáng)性血培養(yǎng)的數(shù)量。依據(jù)2個(gè)源自美國(guó)的關(guān)于新生兒PICC導(dǎo)管植入的單中心的RCT的Meta分析結(jié)果指出,銀離子敷料和常規(guī)的透明敷料在CLABSI發(fā)生率上差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[96-97]。此外,來(lái)自美國(guó)的多中心、以色列和土耳其的單中心RCT的Meta分析證明,在使用常規(guī)透明敷料和含有氯己定敷料之間,CLABSI發(fā)病率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[5,98-99]。透明貼膜對(duì)查看穿刺點(diǎn)狀態(tài)有著更明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì),但考慮到過(guò)于常規(guī)的替換PICC敷料可能會(huì)引發(fā)VLBWI的皮膚受損,因此,建議只在敷料潮濕等情況下才進(jìn)行更換,而不是定時(shí)更換。按照我國(guó)最新的靜脈輸液治療行標(biāo)指引,必須經(jīng)導(dǎo)管回抽血液以驗(yàn)證CVC是否位于血管之內(nèi)。靜脈治療實(shí)踐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[100]中也有說(shuō)明,為避免PICC堵塞,在每次輸液之前,推薦使用0.9%氯化鈉溶液沖洗導(dǎo)管,同時(shí)抽回血,目的是檢查導(dǎo)管的功能并預(yù)防并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。應(yīng)對(duì)接口進(jìn)行消毒后,再對(duì)導(dǎo)管進(jìn)行沖封管。使用濃度為1 IU/mL的肝素溶液可有效避免早產(chǎn)兒中心靜脈通道阻塞的發(fā)生。鑒于新生兒,特別是早產(chǎn)兒的凝血功能還未完全發(fā)育,推薦使用1 IU/mL的肝素溶液進(jìn)行管道封閉,確保其安全無(wú)憂。

3.7?VLBWI CVA的取出

推薦意見(jiàn)1:條件允許下應(yīng)盡早拔除導(dǎo)管(D級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。推薦意見(jiàn)2:在高度懷疑或者明確發(fā)生 CLABSI 的情況下移除導(dǎo)管,并進(jìn)行導(dǎo)管尖端的培養(yǎng)(D級(jí)證據(jù),強(qiáng)推薦)。美國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心(Center of Disease Control,CDC)建議在無(wú)須進(jìn)一步使用UVC的情況下應(yīng)及時(shí)移除,在進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格無(wú)菌管理情況下,導(dǎo)管可以使用到2周[15]。因此,移除其他類型CVA之后PICC可作為較好的替代選擇。依據(jù)我國(guó)《實(shí)用新生兒學(xué)》,CVA留置超過(guò)2周會(huì)明顯增加感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[34]。CDC將CVC 48 h內(nèi)發(fā)生的血流感染,且與其他部位感染無(wú)關(guān),稱之為原發(fā)性血流感染。在國(guó)內(nèi),主要遵循的是中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)重癥醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)委員會(huì)的診斷分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在國(guó)際上,多數(shù)參照美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生安全和CDC的指南建議。最新版《靜脈治療實(shí)踐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》和《輸液導(dǎo)管相關(guān)靜脈血栓形成中國(guó)專家意見(jiàn)》[92]中都明確提到,在高度懷疑或已確診CVC相關(guān)血流感染和其他嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥時(shí)應(yīng)盡快拔除導(dǎo)管。

4?小結(jié)

CVC廣泛運(yùn)用于新生兒科,尤其在對(duì)危重新生兒以及VLBWI的救治中起到積極作用。相對(duì)于普通外周靜脈留置時(shí)間較短的狀況,CVC大大降低了靜脈穿刺的頻率,減少患兒的創(chuàng)傷。規(guī)范的CVA操作和管理可降低并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。此共識(shí)基于能獲取的資料,按照GRADE分級(jí)對(duì)證據(jù)進(jìn)行級(jí)別劃分,并經(jīng)過(guò)專家審查后得出,以期為相關(guān)醫(yī)護(hù)人員提供具有臨床指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。預(yù)期每5年對(duì)此共識(shí)進(jìn)行1次更新,在共識(shí)中的推薦意見(jiàn)因新的證據(jù)出現(xiàn)利弊方向發(fā)生相反或有新的干預(yù)方案出現(xiàn)時(shí),我們將會(huì)考慮更新共識(shí)。在檢索到新的證據(jù)后,將征求專家的意見(jiàn)以及使用者的反饋,從而制定新的共識(shí)決策推薦項(xiàng)。本次共識(shí)整合了國(guó)際血管聯(lián)盟中國(guó)分部護(hù)理專業(yè)委員會(huì)的專家意見(jiàn),是我國(guó)VLBWI CVA導(dǎo)管管理的首次共識(shí),具有一定局限性:未將CVA操作過(guò)程中患兒發(fā)生病情變化時(shí)如何處理;相關(guān)操作人員資質(zhì)問(wèn)題未涉及。

編制組專家成員(按姓氏筆畫(huà)排序)

丁敏(山東省立醫(yī)院),王靜(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),王曉慶(空軍軍醫(yī)大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院),王麗婷(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),李海燕(海軍軍醫(yī)大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),李莉(江西省婦幼保健院),李崎(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),李梅(南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)南方醫(yī)院),朱順?lè)迹戏结t(yī)科大學(xué)南方醫(yī)院),李春華(江西省上饒市人民醫(yī)院),劉萍萍(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),宋琦(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),鄭志敏 (廣東醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院),鄭莉蘭(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院高新醫(yī)院),胡玲(江西省婦幼保健院),段霞(同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬第一婦嬰保健院),胡海軍(南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院),趙雪晴(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),高麗(四川省腫瘤醫(yī)院),高偉(山東齊魯醫(yī)院),涂發(fā)妹(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院高新醫(yī)院),龔海燕(北京中日友好醫(yī)院),梁琰(廣東省中醫(yī)院),曹英(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),梅贛紅(南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院),章萍(南昌大學(xué)第三附屬醫(yī)院),熊菲峰(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院)

咨詢組專家成員(按姓氏筆畫(huà)排序)

谷涌泉(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院),郭連瑞(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院)

利益沖突?所有作者均不存在利益沖突。

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(收稿日期:2023-11-05;修回日期:2024-05-17)

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