馬麗芳 陳曉霞 陳英
Observation on the efficacy of operating patient controlled analgesia after operation
MA Lifang,CHEN Xiaoxia,CHEN YingLanzhou University Second Hospital,Gansu 730030 ChinaCorresponding Author MA Lifang,E-mail:malifang2023@163.com
Keywords patient controlled analgesia;postoperation;pain;anesthesia;nursing
摘要 目的:觀察病人自控鎮(zhèn)痛(PCA)對(duì)手術(shù)后急性疼痛的療效和安全性。方法:對(duì)2021年1月—2023年3月在蘭州大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院行手術(shù)治療并于麻醉恢復(fù)室轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的病人臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性研究;根據(jù)病人出麻醉室時(shí)是否攜帶PCA分為兩組,比較兩組病人術(shù)后24 h和48 h的視覺(jué)疼痛評(píng)分(VAS)及惡心、干嘔、嘔吐、頭暈和頭痛的發(fā)生率。結(jié)果:結(jié)果顯示,攜帶PCA的病人于術(shù)后24 h(χ 2=1 099.1,P<0.001)和48 h(χ 2=2 146.5,P<0.001)均表現(xiàn)出更低的VAS評(píng)分,而兩組病人的惡心(χ 2=1.600,P>0.05)、干嘔(χ 2=2.011,P>0.05)、嘔吐(χ 2=2.131,P>0.05)、頭暈(χ 2=2.732,P>0.05)及頭痛(χ 2=1.267,P>0.05)的發(fā)生率比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:PCA可以減輕手術(shù)后病人24 h和48 h的急性疼痛,并且沒(méi)有增加麻醉相關(guān)不良反應(yīng),是加速康復(fù)外科及增加護(hù)理滿意度的理想鎮(zhèn)痛方式。
關(guān)鍵詞 病人自控鎮(zhèn)痛;術(shù)后;疼痛;麻醉;護(hù)理
doi:10.12102/j.issn.2095-8668.2024.12.037
外科手術(shù)病人多會(huì)經(jīng)歷急性術(shù)后疼痛。有證據(jù)表明,僅有不到一半的病人術(shù)后疼痛得到緩解[1],許多病人對(duì)其疼痛管理高度不滿[2]。急性疼痛治療不當(dāng)會(huì)造成許多短期和長(zhǎng)期的后果,如高血糖、胰島素抵抗、增加感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn),甚至導(dǎo)致慢性疼痛[3-4]。因此,更好的疼痛管理可以提升病人對(duì)護(hù)理的滿意度[5],并更有助于加速康復(fù)外科的實(shí)施。病人自控鎮(zhèn)痛(patient controlled analgesia,PCA)的創(chuàng)始人之一Sechzer認(rèn)為,“如果病人能夠?qū)μ弁春徒箲]有更多的自主控制權(quán),這樣會(huì)使他們應(yīng)用更少的藥物”[6],其在20世紀(jì)60年代把PCA引入臨床[7],使病人能自主地施用預(yù)定劑量的鎮(zhèn)痛劑,該特定劑量由專(zhuān)業(yè)醫(yī)護(hù)人員設(shè)定,并且限制在特定時(shí)間間隔內(nèi)施用一定劑量或限制累積劑量[8]。PCA常使用阿片類(lèi)藥物、非甾體抗炎藥(nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)或局部麻醉藥,通過(guò)靜脈內(nèi)、硬膜外、皮下及鼻腔途徑給藥,常用于急性術(shù)后疼痛的鎮(zhèn)痛,也可用于其他類(lèi)型的急性疼痛管理[8]。但是PCA存在侵入性、限制病人移動(dòng)、需要攜帶靜脈管道、參數(shù)設(shè)置錯(cuò)誤所致的安全性問(wèn)題[9-10]及麻醉藥的不良反應(yīng)等[11-13]局限,本研究通過(guò)調(diào)查術(shù)后攜帶PCA與未攜帶PCA病人的疼痛緩解情況以及不良反應(yīng),評(píng)價(jià)PCA的鎮(zhèn)痛效果及安全性,進(jìn)一步評(píng)價(jià)其臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選擇2021年1月—2023年3月在蘭州大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院麻醉手術(shù)科經(jīng)麻醉恢復(fù)室轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的病人為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)年齡18~65歲;2)圍術(shù)期生命體征平穩(wěn);3)病人依從性較好。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)兒童;2)頭頸部手術(shù)者;3)美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)≥Ⅲ級(jí);4)肝腎功能異常、精神疾病或意識(shí)障礙者;5)存在阿片類(lèi)藥物濫用史;6)麻醉劑過(guò)敏;7)慢性阻塞性肺疾病及顱內(nèi)壓增高者。本研究最終納入41 533例手術(shù)病人,其中17 168例病人出麻醉室后攜帶了PCA,24 365例病人出麻醉室后未攜帶PCA。
1.2 調(diào)查方法
1)疼痛視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(Visual Analogue Scale,VAS):評(píng)估攜帶PCA和未攜帶PCA的兩組病人術(shù)后24 h和48 h的疼痛情況,其中0分表示無(wú)痛,1~3分表示輕微疼痛,4~6分表示中度疼痛,7~10分表示重度疼痛[14]。2)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥:統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組病人術(shù)后惡心、干嘔、嘔吐、頭暈及頭痛的發(fā)生情況。
1.3 資料收集方法
術(shù)前1 d病人簽署麻醉知情同意書(shū),并向病人告知PCA的用途及不良反應(yīng),病人自行決定是否術(shù)后攜帶PCA。攜帶PCA者于術(shù)后停止麻醉維持藥物后安裝PCA,PCA參數(shù)為:維持量2 mL/h,每次自控劑量0.5 mL,鎖定時(shí)間15 min,PCA藥物使用0.9%氯化鈉注射液配制。分別于術(shù)后24 h和48 h對(duì)病人進(jìn)行VAS評(píng)估,并于術(shù)后48 h詢(xún)問(wèn)病人有無(wú)惡心、干嘔、嘔吐、頭暈及頭痛等并發(fā)癥,然后對(duì)收集結(jié)果進(jìn)行匯總。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 26.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。定量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),定性資料采用例數(shù)和百分比(%)表示,組間比較采用χ 2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 一般資料
兩組病人的性別和年齡差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明術(shù)后攜帶PCA與未攜帶PCA的病人之間具有可比性。見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 兩組病人不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較(見(jiàn)表3)
3 討論
自1971年以來(lái),PCA被用于緩解疼痛,第一個(gè)商用PCA泵于1976年誕生,允許病人按下按鈕,按需施用預(yù)定推注劑量的藥物來(lái)緩解疼痛[15]。PCA可用于治療急性、慢性、術(shù)后和分娩疼痛[16]。通常使用阿片類(lèi)藥物和局部麻醉劑,偶有其他類(lèi)型鎮(zhèn)痛藥。這些藥物一般通過(guò)靜脈內(nèi)、硬膜外、外周神經(jīng)導(dǎo)管或經(jīng)皮給藥[17-18]。且PCA更有利于術(shù)后疼痛的控制,易獲得病人更高的滿意度[19]。盡管當(dāng)前的研究證實(shí)了PCA的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,但仍然需要更多的研究評(píng)估該疼痛管理策略的安全性和有效性[20-21]。
本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),手術(shù)后攜帶PCA有助緩解病人疼痛,且并沒(méi)有引起更多的麻醉相關(guān)不良反應(yīng),肯定了其術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果及安全性。本研究同樣存在一定局限性,如本研究為回顧性調(diào)查,且病人不是隨機(jī)分配的,未分析手術(shù)方式和手術(shù)部位對(duì)研究結(jié)果的影響;由于樣本量較大,收集部分術(shù)前信息較困難,從而缺乏術(shù)前信息。但目前大多數(shù)關(guān)于PCA的臨床研究樣本均較?。?2-25],使證據(jù)價(jià)值推廣受限。本研究的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于調(diào)查的病人數(shù)量較多;此外,術(shù)后24 h和48 h是急性疼痛恢復(fù)的黃金時(shí)間,疼痛通常在術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)更明顯[21]。本研究對(duì)術(shù)后第2個(gè)24 h進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià),以排除第1個(gè)24 h存在的術(shù)中麻醉的影響。
4 小結(jié)
本研究肯定了PCA對(duì)疼痛緩解的有效性和安全性。未來(lái)可進(jìn)一步探索PCA對(duì)不同疾病、不同手術(shù)方式、不同手術(shù)部位的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,以及不同鎮(zhèn)痛藥物是否有不同的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,以幫助臨床中制定個(gè)性化PCA疼痛管理方案,從而提高病人的滿意度。
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(本文編輯趙奕雯 孫玉梅)
作者簡(jiǎn)介 馬麗芳,主管護(hù)師,本科,E-mail:malifang2023@163.com
引用信息 馬麗芳,陳曉霞,陳英.手術(shù)病人術(shù)后自控鎮(zhèn)痛的療效觀察[J].循證護(hù)理,2024,10(12):2275-2277.