王越輝 白瑞霞 馬之勝 賈云云 趙艷麗 杜潤生 李建明
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240055
摘??? 要:美陽是以中晚熟白肉桃優(yōu)株99-1-44(豐白×金童5號)為親本,通過自交育成的晚熟黃肉桃新品種,2020年通過河北省林木品種審定委員會審定。果實圓形,果頂凹,縫合線中,兩半部對稱,平均單果質(zhì)量377 g,大果質(zhì)量602 g。果皮底色黃,果面著紅色,著色率20%~50%,茸毛少。果肉黃色,硬溶質(zhì),風(fēng)味甜,可溶性固形物含量(w)13.3%~16.2%。離核,鮮食品質(zhì)佳。去皮硬度為13.7 kg·cm-2,采收持續(xù)期10 d以上,室溫下可貯藏10~15 d。樹勢強健,樹姿半開張。葉片橢圓披針形;花薔薇型,有花粉,自花結(jié)實率和自然坐果率高。石家莊地區(qū)3月下旬萌芽,4月上旬盛花,9月中下旬果實成熟,果實發(fā)育期173 d左右,11月上旬完全落葉。美陽桃適宜在河北省中南部及相似氣候地區(qū)栽培。
關(guān)鍵詞:桃;新品種;美陽;晚熟;黃肉
中圖分類號:S662.1?????????? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A??????????? 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)05-1009-04
收稿日期:2024-01-25??????? 接受日期:2024-02-26
基金項目:國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系項目(CARS-30-Z-03);熱雜果現(xiàn)代種業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊項目(21326310D);河北省農(nóng)林科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新專項課題(2022KJCXZX-SGS-6)
作者簡介:王越輝,男,研究員,主要從事桃樹育種及栽培技術(shù)研究。E-mail:wangyuehui_1129@163.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:bairuixia@126.com
果 樹 學(xué) 報 2024,41(5): 1009-1012
Journal of Fruit Science
Report of a new late-ripening yellow-fleshed peach cultivar Meiyang
WANG Yuehui1, BAI Ruixia1*, MA Zhisheng1, JIA Yunyun1, ZHAO Yanli2, DU Runsheng1, LI Jianming1
(1Shijiazhuang Institute of Fruit Trees, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, Hebei, China; 2Hebei Forest and Grass Seedlings and Economic Forest and Flower Center, Shijiazhuang 050092, Hebei, China)
Abstract: Meiyang is a yellow-fleshed and high quality peach cultivar derived from selfing of 99-1-44 in 2004 in the experimental field of Shijiazhuang Institute of Fruit Trees, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. The parent 99-1-44 is a mid-late ripening white-fleshed peach selected from a cross between Fengbai and Baby Gold 5 in 1999. It was initially selected in 2008 for its yellow flesh, late-ripening, freestone and high quality, and tested for regional adaptability in Changan District of Shijiazhuang, Ningjin County of Xingtai, Shunping County of Baoding and Xinji City from 2011 to 2020. It passed the final selection, and approved by Hebei Forest Variety Certification Committee in 2020. The fruit was round with two symmetrical halves, and had a concave top with intermediate suture. The average fruit mass was 377 g, and the maximum fruit mass was 602 g. The vertical diameter, check diameter and suture diameter was 8.33 cm, 8.46 cm, and 8.49 cm, respectively. The peel had yellow background covered with 20%-50% red blush on the surface and short fuzz. The flesh was yellow with firm texture and moderate juice, and covered with little red pigment around stone. The flavor was sweet with a soluble solid content of 13.3% to 16.2%, and titratable acid content of 0.22%. The eating quality was excellent. The flesh firmness was 13.7 kg·cm-2, and the harvesting duration was more than 10 days. The storage capacity was good, and fruits could be stored at room temperature for 10-15 days. The leaf was green with 2-3 reniform leaf glands. The leaf shape was elliptical lanceolate. The showy flower was pink with pollens. In Shijiazhuang, the buds burst in late March, and the flower buds opened in early April. The fruits ripened in mid to late September, about 173 days after blooming. The leaves fell in early November. The tree had strong growing vigor and the tree form was semi-open. Y-shape could be adopted, with spacing of (2.5-3.0) m × (5.0-6.0) m. The fruit setting rate by self-pollination and natural fruit setting rate was 38.6% and 69.2%, respectively. The pollination trees were not necessary. In commercial production, fruit thinning was necessary to maintain eating and commercial quality, and the distance between fruits should be about 20 cm. The yield should be kept at the level of less than 2000 kg per 666.7 m2. The fruit bagging should be recommended after thinning, and the peel would be pure yellow without removing the bag before harvesting. The freezing injury of branches and flower buds had never occurred since 2006. It should be suitable for planting in the central and southern of Hebei Province and similar climatic regions.
Key words: Peach; New cultivar; Meiyang; Late-ripening; Yellow flesh
黃肉桃風(fēng)味濃郁,色澤艷麗,富含類胡蘿卜素、維生素C和膳食纖維等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),深受消費者青睞。近年來,中國鮮食黃肉桃發(fā)展迅速,培育出美錦[1]、金陵黃露[2]、黃金蜜桃1號[3]、中桃金陽[4]等優(yōu)良鮮食黃肉桃品種。在這些品種中,早熟和中熟品種居多,晚熟品種較少,尤其是果實發(fā)育期在150 d以上、可供應(yīng)中秋節(jié)市場的優(yōu)質(zhì)鮮食黃肉桃品種更少。此外,離核鮮食桃食用方便,市場認(rèn)可度高[5],經(jīng)濟(jì)效益顯著。河北省農(nóng)林科學(xué)院石家莊果樹研究所為選育優(yōu)質(zhì)、晚熟、黃肉、離核桃新品種,滿足中秋節(jié)消費市場的多元化需求,歷時17 a(年)選育出鮮食黃肉桃新品種美陽。
1 選育過程
1995年以晚熟桃品種豐白為母本、中熟黃肉罐藏品種金童5號為父本進(jìn)行雜交,雜交種子經(jīng)沙藏后播種。1999年雜種實生苗開始結(jié)果,其中單株99-1-44綜合性狀優(yōu)良。
2004年以99-1-44為親本,在小蕾期選取果枝進(jìn)行套袋自交(圖1),盛花后3 d去袋,8月中旬果實成熟后取出種核,12月初進(jìn)行沙藏。2005年4月播種,當(dāng)年獲得一批實生苗。2006年按照1 m×3 m種植。2007年開始結(jié)果。2008年編號為06-2-49東的單株表現(xiàn)為果肉黃色,果個大,外觀美麗,肉質(zhì)硬,風(fēng)味甜,離核,采收期長,成熟期晚,符合育種目標(biāo)。2008—2010年連續(xù)觀察,其性狀表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定。2011—2020年先后在石家莊市長安區(qū)、邢臺市寧晉縣、保定市順平縣和辛集市進(jìn)行區(qū)試,連續(xù)6 a調(diào)查,06-2-49東的果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀、豐產(chǎn)性、生長結(jié)果習(xí)性等表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定。與對照品種晚蜜[6]相比,成熟期晚7~10 d,果肉黃色,硬溶質(zhì),離核。2019年命名為美陽(圖2),2020年通過河北省林木品種審定委員會審定(良種編號:冀S-SV-AP-007-2020)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
樹勢強健,樹姿半開張。1年生枝皮陽面紅色,陰面綠色,節(jié)間長度2.05 cm。葉片綠色,橢圓披針形,長17.26 cm,寬4.40 cm,葉柄長0.63 cm。葉尖漸尖,葉基楔形,葉緣鈍鋸齒狀,葉面平滑,葉腺腎形、2~3個?;樗N薇型,粉紅色,花瓣5片,花藥橘紅色,花粉量大,可育,雌蕊比雄蕊高或等高,萼筒內(nèi)壁橙黃色。
2.2 果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
果實圓形,果頂凹,縫合線中,兩半部對稱,梗洼中深;果個大,平均單果質(zhì)量377 g,大果質(zhì)量602 g,果實縱徑8.33 cm,橫徑8.46 cm,側(cè)徑8.49 cm。果面光潔,茸毛少,底色為黃色,陽面著紅色,著色率20%,最高可達(dá)50%,外觀美麗;果皮較厚,難剝離;果肉黃色,近核處有少量紅色素,風(fēng)味甜,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.3%,最高可達(dá)16.2%,可溶性糖含量10.01%,可滴定酸含量0.22%,維生素C含量11.5 mg·100 g-1,有微香,汁液和纖維中多;硬溶質(zhì),硬度較大,去皮硬度為13.7 kg·cm-2,較耐貯運,室溫下可貯藏10~15 d;果實大小整齊,成熟一致,無采前落果,無裂果發(fā)生。離核,核小,可食率高(表1)。
2.3 生長結(jié)果習(xí)性
幼樹生長旺盛,早果性強,定植當(dāng)年可形成花芽,第2年可開花結(jié)果,第3年每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量500 kg以上,盛果期樹每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量2250 kg以上。
成花容易,花芽起始節(jié)位低,為第1~2節(jié),各類型枝均可形成飽滿花芽,花芽類型以復(fù)花芽為主。各類型果枝均可結(jié)果,以中、長果枝結(jié)果最佳,副梢結(jié)果能力也較強。盛果期樹長果枝占20.9%,中果枝占28.3%,短果枝占25.4%,徒長性果枝占10.8%,花束狀果枝占14.6%。自花結(jié)實率和自然坐果率均高,分別達(dá)到38.6%和69.2%,豐產(chǎn)性強。
2.4 物候期
石家莊地區(qū),一般3月中旬萌芽,4月上旬盛花,開花整齊,9月中下旬果實成熟,果實發(fā)育期173 d左右。11月上旬完全落葉。
2.5 抗逆性和適應(yīng)性
2006—2023年,美陽桃母樹、高接樹、定植的幼樹和成年大樹在石家莊等區(qū)試地區(qū)均未發(fā)生枝干凍害及花芽受凍現(xiàn)象。2009—2010年、2012—2013年及2023年,石家莊及周邊地區(qū)部分桃品種枝干受凍嚴(yán)重,而美陽桃表現(xiàn)正常。美陽桃沒有特殊的病蟲害,適應(yīng)性強,可在平原、丘陵等地栽培,在壤砂土和壤土生長結(jié)果最佳。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點
3.1 樹形及栽植密度
宜采用Y字形樹形,栽植密度以(2.5~3.0)m×(5.0~6.0)m為宜,無需配置授粉樹。
3.2 修剪及樹勢調(diào)控
幼樹生長勢強,可采用冬季短截主枝延長頭、夏季疏剪競爭枝的方法,促進(jìn)主枝延長生長,迅速擴(kuò)大樹冠,快速成型。之后采用長枝修剪,輕剪緩放,增加中、長結(jié)果枝比例,早結(jié)果、早豐產(chǎn)。進(jìn)入結(jié)果期后,培養(yǎng)及更新結(jié)果枝組,保持樹勢平衡,豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。果實成熟前適度疏枝和摘心,促進(jìn)果實著色和內(nèi)在品質(zhì)提高。
3.3 果實管理
為保證果實品質(zhì),需通過疏果控制每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量在2000 kg以內(nèi)。疏果可在花后30 d進(jìn)行,一般長果枝留2~3個果,中果枝留1個果,2~3個或多個短果枝留1個果,果實在樹上均勻分布,間隔20 cm左右。盡量保留粗度在0.5 cm左右枝條上的果實,粗度超過0.5 cm的近水平枝條,留果部位應(yīng)在中部及上部。定果后,套單層袋或雙層袋,生產(chǎn)紅色果實應(yīng)在采前7~10 d去袋,生產(chǎn)全黃果實可帶袋采收。
3.4 土肥水管理
桃園行間采用自然生草,草高40 cm以上時進(jìn)行刈割覆蓋或機(jī)械碎草,一般每年進(jìn)行3~4次。基肥在果實采收后施入,盛果期樹每666.7 m2施有機(jī)肥3000~5000 kg,以充分腐熟的羊糞、牛糞及發(fā)酵大豆、餅肥等為主,并加入100 kg腐殖酸鉀及適量微量元素肥料,如硼肥、鐵肥等。生長中后期追施磷、鉀肥。土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量在2.5%以上時,可不施追肥。生長前期按需要灌水,生長后期以控水為主,一般不澆水。
3.5 病蟲害防治
北方地區(qū),美陽桃主要病蟲害有蚜蟲、紅蜘蛛、梨小食心蟲、褐腐病、軟腐病等。萌芽前噴施3~5 °Bé石硫合劑,減輕越冬害蟲和病菌侵害。花期前后噴施螺蟲乙酯、苦參堿等防治蚜蟲;紅蜘蛛發(fā)生初期,噴施阿維菌素等進(jìn)行防治;采用迷向法防治梨小食心蟲。雨后噴施殺菌劑,防治褐腐病、軟腐病等病害。采收前15 d,停止使用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥。
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