張海波 鄭云柯 付毛妮 張建斌 賈彩紅 李新國(guó) 劉菊華
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230404
摘??? 要:【目的】在全基因組水平上重新鑒定香蕉A基因組中的AP2/ERF家族成員,研究其在香蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中的差異表達(dá)特性,明確可能參與香蕉果實(shí)成熟調(diào)控的關(guān)鍵基因?!痉椒ā繉?duì)香蕉A基因組中AP2/ERF家族成員進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化、結(jié)構(gòu)特征、蛋白質(zhì)特性、保守結(jié)構(gòu)域分析和兩大類主栽品種巴西蕉(AAA)和粉蕉(ABB)果實(shí)采后成熟不同階段的轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析?!窘Y(jié)果】發(fā)現(xiàn)AP2/ERFs家族共有317個(gè)家族成員,分為AP2(49個(gè))、ERF(253)和RAV(15)三個(gè)亞家族,他們不均勻地分布在染色體上。根據(jù)保守結(jié)構(gòu)域和基因結(jié)構(gòu)特征,ERF又分為a、b、c、d、e、f、h、i、j和k共10個(gè)亞類。轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析結(jié)果表明,在巴西蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中差異表達(dá)的AP2/ERFs家族成員有77個(gè),其中高水平表達(dá)的有MaERF15、36、42和AP2-28。在粉蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中差異表達(dá)的AP2/ERFs家族成員有74個(gè),其中高水平表達(dá)的有MaERF42和AP2-28。同時(shí)在巴西蕉和粉蕉果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程中差異表達(dá)的基因有57個(gè),其中高水平表達(dá)的基因有MaERF15、42和AP2-28,只在巴西蕉果實(shí)中特異表達(dá)的有20個(gè),只在粉蕉中特異表達(dá)的有17個(gè)?!窘Y(jié)論】重新鑒定了香蕉AP2/ERFs超家族成員及其在果實(shí)后熟過(guò)程中的差異表達(dá)特性,為系統(tǒng)深入解析香蕉AP2/ERF基因功能奠定了基礎(chǔ),對(duì)為調(diào)控香蕉果實(shí)成熟提供靶標(biāo)基因具有一定的理論意義。
關(guān)鍵詞:香蕉;AP2/ERFs;全基因組分析;果實(shí)成熟;差異表達(dá)分析
中圖分類號(hào):S668.1?????????? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A??????????? 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)05-0861-14
收稿日期:2023-11-02??????? 接受日期:2024-03-06
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(32172269);國(guó)家香蕉產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS-31);熱帶作物生物育種全國(guó)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室科研項(xiàng)目(NKLTCB202301)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:張海波,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)橄憬哆z傳改良。E-mail:3519266095@qq.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:juhua69@126.com;E-mail:lixinguo13@163.com
果 樹(shù) 學(xué) 報(bào) 2024,41(5): 861-874
Journal of Fruit Science
Re-identification of MaAP2/ERFs and their differential expression characteristics during postharvest banana fruit ripening
ZHANG Haibo1, 2, ZHENG Yunke2, 3, FU Maoni3, ZHANG Jianbin2, 3, JIA Caihong3, LI Xinguo1*, LIU Juhua2, 3*
(1School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University/National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China; 2Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, Hainan, China; 3Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 APETALA2/ethylene response factors (AP2/ERFs) are in a super transcription factor family involved in the terminal of ethylene signal transduction pathway, which plays important regulatory roles in plant growth and development, stress response, fruit ripening, quality formation and other biological processes. However, there is no systematically re-identification of Musa acuminate AP2/ERFs (MaAP2/ERFs). With the rapid development of sequencing technology, the quality of whole genome assembly is improving. The aims of the present study were to re-identify the MaAP2/ERFs family members in the whole genome-wide level and to determine the key genes involved in the regulation of banana fruit ripening. 【Methods】 MaAP2/ERFs family members were genome-widely analyzed. The whole AP2/ERFs protein sequences of banana and tomato were obtained from the Banana Genome Hub released January 2016 and references report, respectively. To identify the MaAP2/ERFs family genes, BLAST searches were performed to check the predicted MaAP2/ERFs in banana database with all the tomato AP2/ERFs as queries. All candidate protein sequences were further examined by the CDD and PFAM databases. Then, multiple sequence alignments were applied to confirm the conserved domains of predicted MaAP2/ERFs proteins. Additionally, sequence alignments of the full-length MaAP2/ERFs proteins from banana and tomato were performed by Clustal X 2.0. The bootstrap neighbor-joining evolutionary tree was created by MEGA 5.0 software with 1000 bootstrap replicates based on the sequence alignments. The ExPASy proteomics server and TBtools were employed to detect the molecular weight and isoelectric points and gene structure, respectively. At 0 day postharvest (DPH), two main cultivars BaXi Jiao (BX) and Fen Jiao (FJ) fruits were obtained from the banana plantation of Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology (Chengmai, Hainan, 20 N, 110 E). Postharvest banana hands at similar developmental stage were selected and allowed to ripen naturally. Samples at the 8 DPH and 14 DPH fruits for BX and at 3 DPH and 6 DPH fruits for FJ were obtained according to ethylene production, which occurred faster in FJ reaching full yellow degree earlier than in BX. Samples were collected to extract total RNA using plant RNeasy extraction kit for transcriptome analysis. The sequencing was performed with an Illumina GAII following manufacturers instructions. Gene expression levels were calculated as Fragments per Kilobase of exon model per Million mapped reads (FPKM). 【Results】 A total of 317 MaAP2/ERFs family members were identified. The 317 predicted MaAP2/ERFs proteins varied from 68 (MaERF68) to 716 (MaAP2-41) in amino acid residues and the relative molecular mass ranged from 7.5 (MaERF68) to 76.6 (MaAP2-34) kDa, with isoelectric points in the range of 4.6–10.3. The instability index varied from 44.0 (MaERF218) to 83.5 (MaERF240), with hydropathicity ranged from -1.3 (MaERF52) to -0.2 (MaERF134). MaAP2/ERFs could be divided into three subfamilies: AP2 (49), ERF (253) and RAV (15). ERFs were further divided into 10 subgroups, including a, b, c, d, e, f, h, i, j and k, according to the conserved domain and gene structure characteristics. The 317 AP2/ERFs were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes. The maximum number of 41 genes (12.9%) localized on chromosome 4, followed by 37 (11.7%) on chromosome 3 and 33 (10.4%) on chromosomes 6 and 10, whereas chromosomes 1 had only 12 (3.8%). The gene structure characteristics of MaAP2/ERFs are similar among different members of the same subfamily. AP2 subfamily members contained 7-10 exons and 6-9 introns. 14 of a total of 15 MaRAVs contained only one exon. In ERF subfamily, most of the intronless genes were clustered in a, b, c, d, f, i, h and j subgroups and only 2 genes with a single intron. The pattern of two exons with one intron was found in all members in k subgroup. Most of the genes in e subgroup had 6 introns. This suggested that similar exon-intron organizations of MaAP2/ERFs exist in the same group and the gene structure might be meaningful for gene evolution and function. Conservative domain analysis showed that all AP2/ERFs family members had two conserved AP2 domains, which further supports the phylogenetic analyses. The expression patterns of MaAP2/ERFs were detected in fruits sampled from different ripening stages of BX and FJ. The results indicate 24.3% and 23.3% of MaAP2/ERFs were differentially expressed during postharvest ripening process of BX and FJ fruits, respectively. For BX, there were 77 MaAP2/ERFs differentially expressed. Specially, 14 genes (MaERF15, 36, 42, 44, 103, 115, 132, 156, 180, 181, 222, 242, AP2-28 and MaRAV2) were highly expressed (FPKM value>50). Among them, MaERF15, 36, 42, and AP2-28 displayed super expression levels (FPKM value>100). For FJ, there were 74 MaAP2/ERFs differentially expressed. Among them, 4 genes (MaERF15, 42, AP2-28 and MaRAV2) were highly expressed with the expression levels (FPKM value>50). Among them, MaERF42 and AP2-28 displayed super expression levels (FPKM value>100). 57 MaAP2/ERFs simultaneously expressed in BX and FJ. 20 and 17 MaAP2/ERFs specially expressed in BX and FJ, respectively. Among those differentially expressed genes, the expression patterns of 34 genes (MaERF5, 15, 22, 32, 42, 49, 63, 72, 77, 103, 109, 111, 131, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 165, 167, 174, 179, 180, 185, 193, 207, 213, 222, 228, 234, 242, 250, MaRAV2 and MaRAV4) were closely related to BX fruit ripening process, whose expression levels were quickly increased at 8 DPH and were 2-fold higher than at 0 DPH. The expression patterns of 29 genes (MaERF11, 32, 36, 45, 49, 50, 70, 72, 73, 97, 103, 111, 120, 122, 140, 142, 143, 164, 165, 174, 193, 204, 240, 242, 247, 250, 252, AP2-44 and MaRAV4) were closely related to FJ fruit ripening process, and their expression levels quickly increased at 3 DPH and were 2-fold higher than those at 0 DPH. These results suggested that these genes play important roles in BX and FJ fruits ripening. 【Conclusion】 317 MaAP2/ERFs family members were genome-widely re-identified. The key genes involved in BX and FJ fruit ripening were detected. These findings laid a foundation for the systematic and in-depth analysis of the function of MaAP2/ERFs, and provided target genes for the regulation of fruit ripening.
Key words: Banana (Musa spp.); AP2/ERFs; Genome wide analysis; Fruit ripening; Differential gene expression
APETALA2/ethylene response factor(AP2/ERF)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子處于乙烯信號(hào)通路下游,廣泛參與果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)、成熟軟化、葉綠素降解、類黃酮和芳香物質(zhì)的合成,對(duì)植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、逆境響應(yīng)和其他生物學(xué)過(guò)程具有重要調(diào)控作用[1-6]。香蕉MaERFs通過(guò)調(diào)控與乙烯生物合成相關(guān)的基因表達(dá)來(lái)調(diào)控果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程[7],進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MaDof23能與MaERF9結(jié)合作為抑制子調(diào)控果實(shí)成熟[8]。
AP2/ERF轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族因含有1~2個(gè)約由60個(gè)氨基酸組成的AP2/ERF結(jié)構(gòu)域而得名,根據(jù)保守結(jié)構(gòu)域特征和數(shù)目分為AP2、ERF、RAV和Soloist四個(gè)亞家族[9]。自Jofuku等[10]首次從擬南芥中分離出APETALA2(AP2)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子后,經(jīng)過(guò)近30年的發(fā)展,已有20種植物中的AP2/ERF家族成員被分離鑒定。其中數(shù)目最多的油菜含531個(gè)[11],其次是煙草375個(gè)[12],玉米214個(gè)[13],水稻170個(gè)[14],擬南芥147個(gè)[15],番茄134個(gè)[16],最少的菠蘿也有97個(gè)[17]。
在全球大食物觀的背景下,香蕉是世界重要的果糧兼用作物,是全球近20億人碳水化合物的主要來(lái)源。現(xiàn)有的香蕉栽培品種均來(lái)源于兩個(gè)原始祖先種,即尖葉蕉A基因組(Musa acuminata,A genome)和長(zhǎng)梗蕉B基因組(M. balbisiana,B genome)[18]。然而到目前為止,除了Jourda等[19]和侯曉婉等[20]在第一版香蕉A基因組測(cè)序背景下報(bào)道了香蕉A基因組和栽培品種巴西蕉中AP2/ERFs家族分別有122和117個(gè)成員外,還沒(méi)有在全基因組水平上對(duì)香蕉AP2/ERF基因家族進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分離鑒定的更新報(bào)道。隨著測(cè)序技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展和大數(shù)據(jù)分析技術(shù)的逐步完善,原有的分析結(jié)果已適應(yīng)不了新的發(fā)展需求,需要及時(shí)更新。筆者在本研究中對(duì)香蕉A基因組中的AP2/ERF家族成員進(jìn)行全基因組分析,包括系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化、在染色體上的分布、基因結(jié)構(gòu)、理化特性,分析他們?cè)趦蓚€(gè)主栽品種巴西蕉(AAA)和粉蕉(ABB)果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中的差異表達(dá)特性,篩選出可能參與香蕉果實(shí)成熟和品質(zhì)調(diào)控的關(guān)鍵基因。研究結(jié)果為深入解析AP2/ERF家族成員在香蕉果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程中的作用奠定基礎(chǔ),為香蕉品質(zhì)改良和生物育種提供基因資源。
1 材料和方法
1.1 試驗(yàn)材料和處理
盛花期后80 d(80 DAF),即采收后0 d(0 DPH)的香蕉(M. spp.)果實(shí)來(lái)自中國(guó)熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院熱帶生物技術(shù)研究所香蕉種植園(海南澄邁)。選擇處于相似發(fā)育階段的香蕉果實(shí)并使其自然成熟。由于果實(shí)采后粉蕉果實(shí)的乙烯釋放量迅速上升使其比巴西蕉更快地達(dá)到全黃色,因此巴西蕉(BX)的果實(shí)分別在采后第8天和第14天達(dá)到乙烯生物合成啟動(dòng)期和高峰期,而粉蕉(FJ)果實(shí)分別在采后第3天和第6天達(dá)到乙烯生物合成啟動(dòng)期和高峰期。將果實(shí)樣品在液氮中迅速冷凍并儲(chǔ)存在-80 ℃,用于總RNA提取和轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析。
1.2 基因鑒定和進(jìn)化分析
香蕉MaAP2/ERFs蛋白序列來(lái)自香蕉全基因組測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(http://banana-genome-hub.Southgreen.fr/download)[21],番茄的AP2/ERFs序列來(lái)自Yang等[16]的報(bào)道。為了鑒定MaAP2/ERFs超家族成員基因,以已知的MaAP2/ERFs去搜索香蕉全基因組數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)[21]。隨后,將從香蕉全基因組數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中得到的所有MaAP2/ERFs與番茄的AP2/ERF進(jìn)行比對(duì)。所有候選蛋白序列通過(guò)CDD(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd/)和PFAM(http://pfam.sanger.ac.ac.uk/)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。最后,使用多個(gè)序列比對(duì)確認(rèn)預(yù)測(cè)的MaAP2/ERF蛋白的保守域。使用Clustal X V.2.0對(duì)香蕉與番茄的AP2/ERFs全長(zhǎng)序列進(jìn)行多序列比對(duì)。采用MEGA 5.0軟件構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹(shù)[22]。
1.3 基因結(jié)構(gòu)特征分析
利用香蕉基因組數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(https://banana-genome-hub.southgreen.fr/)獲取香蕉A基因組的gff功能注釋文件,而后利用TBtools軟件中的Visualize Gene Structure功能對(duì)MaAP2/ERFs家族成員的基因結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行可視化分析:首先在set input .gff3界面導(dǎo)入香蕉A基因組.gff注釋文件,而后在set input ID list界面導(dǎo)入MaAP2/ERF家族成員基因編號(hào),即可得到MaERF家族成員基因結(jié)構(gòu)。
1.4 蛋白質(zhì)特性和保守結(jié)構(gòu)域分析
采用ExPASy軟件(http://expasy.org/)檢測(cè)預(yù)測(cè)的MaAP2/ERF蛋白的分子質(zhì)量和等電點(diǎn)。利用NCBI在線網(wǎng)站的CD-Search Tool功能(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/bwrpsb/bwrpsb.cgi)對(duì)目標(biāo)蛋白序列進(jìn)行保守結(jié)構(gòu)域分析,并下載在線分析結(jié)果。而后將在線分析結(jié)果導(dǎo)入Tbtools,利用Visualize NCBI CDD Domain Pattern功能對(duì)目標(biāo)蛋白保守結(jié)構(gòu)域進(jìn)行可視化分析。
1.5 轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析
選取80 DAF(0 DPH)、BX 8 DPH和14 DPH、FJ 3 DPH和6 DPH的香蕉果實(shí),用植物RNeasy提取試劑盒(天根,北京,中國(guó))提取總RNA,進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析。按照說(shuō)明書,用Illumina GAⅡ進(jìn)行測(cè)序。每個(gè)樣本2次重復(fù)。測(cè)序深度平均為5.34X。使用FASTX軟件去除原始序列中的接頭序列。用FastQC去除低質(zhì)量序列。用TopHat v.2.0.10軟件將高質(zhì)量的序列與參考基因組DH-Pahang(M. acuminata,A-Genome,2n = 22)進(jìn)行比對(duì)[20]。轉(zhuǎn)錄組使用Cufflinks[23]進(jìn)行組裝?;虮磉_(dá)水平計(jì)算為每百萬(wàn)映射讀取的外顯子模型每千堿基讀取數(shù)(FPKM)。DEGseq用于鑒定差異表達(dá)的基因。RNAseq數(shù)據(jù)登陸在NCBI-SRA數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中(登錄號(hào):PRJNA343716)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 香蕉AP2/ERFs超家族的鑒定和系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化分析
為了準(zhǔn)確地鑒定出香蕉AP2/ERFs超家族成員,采用BLAST和Hidden Markov Mode兩個(gè)軟件將從香蕉A基因組數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(http://banana-genome.cirad.fr/)(2019年發(fā)布版)中得到的AP2/ERFs超家族成員進(jìn)行比對(duì)和鑒定,共得到317個(gè)家族成員,分為AP2(49個(gè)),ERF(253個(gè))和RAV(15個(gè))三個(gè)亞家族。他們編碼蛋白的氨基酸數(shù)量為68~716,分子質(zhì)量為7.50~76.67 kDa,等電點(diǎn)為4.60~10.34,不穩(wěn)定系數(shù)為31.63~108.56,脂溶指數(shù)為44.03~83.47,親水系數(shù)為-1.29~-0.18。與番茄中的AP2/ERFs家族構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)ERF亞家族又分為a、b、c、d、e、f、h、i、j和k,10個(gè)亞類,其中h亞類所含的基因數(shù)目最多,為67個(gè);其次是c亞類,為44個(gè);再次是i亞類,為37個(gè),所含基因數(shù)目最少的是j亞類,僅含有1個(gè)基因。AP2亞家族被分為3個(gè)亞類,所含基因數(shù)目最多的有28個(gè),其次是含有20個(gè),所含基因數(shù)目最少的亞類只有1個(gè)基因。RAV亞家族也被分為3個(gè)亞類,所含基因數(shù)目最多的有8個(gè),其次是含有6個(gè),所含基因數(shù)目最少的亞類也只有1個(gè)基因(圖1)。
2.2 香蕉AP2/ERFs超家族成員在染色體上的分布特征
香蕉AP2/ERFs的317個(gè)家族成員不均勻地分布在11條染色體上,其中數(shù)量最多的是4號(hào)染色體,41個(gè),占12.93%,其中AP2家族3個(gè),RAV家族3個(gè),ERF家族35個(gè);其次是3號(hào)染色體,37個(gè),占11.67%,其中AP2家族10個(gè),RAV家族2個(gè),ERF家族25個(gè);再次是6號(hào)和10號(hào)染色體,均為33個(gè),占10.41%;6號(hào)染色體上分布5個(gè)AP2,2個(gè)RAV,26個(gè)ERF;10號(hào)染色體上分布3個(gè)AP2,1個(gè)RAV,29個(gè)ERF;數(shù)量最少的是1號(hào)染色體,僅12個(gè),占3.8%,其中AP2家族5個(gè),RAV家族2個(gè),ERF家族5個(gè)(圖2)。從253個(gè)ERF亞家族成員在染色體上的分布規(guī)律來(lái)看,除了1號(hào)和random染色體外,其余的10條染色體上都存在一個(gè)或多個(gè)由串聯(lián)重復(fù)引起的基因簇,這些基因簇的出現(xiàn)為香蕉更好地適應(yīng)多變的環(huán)境奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
2.3 香蕉AP2/ERFs超家族成員的基因結(jié)構(gòu)特征
AP2亞家族具有7~10個(gè)外顯子,6~9個(gè)內(nèi)含子。RAV亞家族15個(gè)成員中14個(gè)都是單外顯子,2個(gè)具有單內(nèi)含子。ERF亞家族a、b、c、j亞類中只有2個(gè)具有單內(nèi)含子,其余的都是單外顯子無(wú)內(nèi)含子結(jié)構(gòu);d、f、i、h亞類中大多數(shù)也是單外顯子,少數(shù)有單內(nèi)含子;k亞類全都具有2個(gè)外顯子和1個(gè)內(nèi)含子;e亞類中絕大多數(shù)具有6個(gè)內(nèi)含子(圖3)。以上結(jié)果表明同一亞族不同成員之間具有相似的基因結(jié)構(gòu),決定其在香蕉生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、成熟和對(duì)環(huán)境適應(yīng)性等方面可能具有類似作用。
2.4 香蕉AP2/ERFs超家族成員的保守結(jié)構(gòu)域分析
所有AP2/ERFs超家族成員都具有AP2和AP2 superfamily兩個(gè)保守結(jié)構(gòu)域,因此,AP2結(jié)構(gòu)域是該家族成員執(zhí)行生物學(xué)功能的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)。除此之外,AP2亞家族還具有PHA03247 superfamily,RAV亞家族還具有B3 superfamily,ERF亞家族的a、b、c、d、e、f、i具有DNA-bind superfamily(圖4)。這些亞家族成員具有的特異性保守結(jié)構(gòu)域?yàn)橄憬禔P2/ERFs超家族成員的功能分化奠定了結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)。
2.5 香蕉AP2/ERFs超家族成員在香蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中的差異表達(dá)分析
為了解AP2/ERFs超家族成員在不同香蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中的作用,采用轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)研究他們?cè)诎臀鹘逗头劢豆麑?shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中的差異表達(dá)特性(圖5-A)。結(jié)果表明,AP2/ERFs超家族的317個(gè)成員中,在巴西蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中差異表達(dá)的有77個(gè),占24.3%,其中FPKM值大于10的有45個(gè),大于50的有14個(gè),分別為MaERF15、36、42、44、103、115、132、156、180、181、222、242,AP2-28和MaRAV2;FPKM值大于100的有4個(gè),分別是MaERF15,36,42和AP2-28。在粉蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中差異表達(dá)的有74個(gè),占23.3%,其中FPKM值大于10的有32個(gè),大于50的有4個(gè),分別為MaERF15、42,AP2-28和MaRAV2;FPKM值大于100的有2個(gè),分別是MaERF42和AP2-28。同時(shí)在巴西蕉和粉蕉果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程中差異表達(dá)的有57個(gè)。只在巴西蕉果實(shí)中特異表達(dá)的有20個(gè),只在粉蕉中特異表達(dá)的有17個(gè)。在上述差異表達(dá)的基因中,與巴西蕉果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程密切相關(guān)的有34個(gè),分別是MaERF5、15、22、32、42、49、63、72、77、103、109、111、131、139、140、141、142、143、165、167、174、179、180、185、193、207、213、222、228、234、242、250、MaRAV2和MaRAV4,他們?cè)诎臀鹘豆麑?shí)采后乙烯生物合成啟動(dòng)期(8 DPH)表達(dá)量迅速上升,為采收時(shí)(0 DPH)的2倍以上,推測(cè)他們?cè)诎臀鹘豆麑?shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中具有重要調(diào)控作用。在上述差異表達(dá)的基因中,與粉蕉果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程密切相關(guān)的有29個(gè),分別是MaERF11、32、36、45、49、50、70、72、73、97、103、111、120、122、140、142、143、164、165、174、193、204、240、242、247、250、252、AP2-44和MaRAV4,他們?cè)诜劢豆麑?shí)采后乙烯生物合成啟動(dòng)期(3 DPH)表達(dá)量迅速上升,為采收時(shí)(0 DPH)的2倍以上,推測(cè)他們?cè)诜劢豆麑?shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中具有重要調(diào)控作用。
采用qRT-PCR技術(shù)對(duì)MaERF15、36、42和AP2-28在巴西蕉和粉蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中的差異表達(dá)特性進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,結(jié)果表明,這4個(gè)基因在果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中的表達(dá)趨勢(shì)一致,且MaAP2-28的表達(dá)與果實(shí)采后成熟呈負(fù)相關(guān),MaERF15、36和42等3個(gè)基因在乙烯生物合成啟動(dòng)期和高峰期的表達(dá)水平,巴西蕉高于粉蕉(圖5-B~E)。這些結(jié)果與轉(zhuǎn)錄組的結(jié)果相符,表明轉(zhuǎn)錄組的結(jié)果是較為準(zhǔn)確的。
3 討 論
3.1 AP2/ERFs是植物中超大基因家族,不同植物中的成員數(shù)量各不相同
通過(guò)全基因組分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)香蕉中有317個(gè)AP2/ERFs成員,比Jourda等[19]報(bào)道的香蕉A基因組中AP2/ERFs多195個(gè),比侯曉婉等[20]報(bào)道的巴西蕉中AP2/ERFs多200個(gè)。更豐富的MaAP2/ERFs超家族成員的獲得離不開(kāi)全基因組測(cè)序及分析技術(shù)的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展,筆者在本研究中分離的MaAP2/ERFs是建立在第二版分析結(jié)果的基礎(chǔ)上的,與第一版相比質(zhì)量更高。在已報(bào)道的植物中,其數(shù)目?jī)H次于油菜[11]和煙草[12],排第三位。香蕉AP2/ERFs分為AP2、RAV、ERF三個(gè)亞家族,這與大多數(shù)植物AP2/ERFs家族的分類是一致的,然而香蕉中并未見(jiàn)到Soloist這一個(gè)亞類,與悅曼芳等[9]的報(bào)道不一致,這可能是因?yàn)橄憬禔P2/ERFs家族基因的結(jié)構(gòu)一致性較高。ERF亞家族又細(xì)分為a、b、c、d、e、f、h、i、j和k共10個(gè)亞類,這是與番茄中的ERF亞家族構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹(shù)得到的,選擇番茄AP2/ERFs全基因家族進(jìn)行比較的原因是香蕉與番茄同屬典型的呼吸躍變型果實(shí),乙烯在果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程中具有非常重要的作用,而AP2/ERFs又是乙烯信號(hào)途徑下游重要的乙烯響應(yīng)因子。
3.2 MaAP2/ERFs在染色體上的不均勻分布及基因結(jié)構(gòu)的差異性
317個(gè)MaAP2/ERFs超家族成員不均勻地分布在11條染色體和random染色體上,特別是253個(gè)MaERFs,從其在染色體上的分布規(guī)律來(lái)看,除了1號(hào)和random染色體外,其余的10條染色體上都存在一個(gè)或多個(gè)由于串聯(lián)重復(fù)事件引起的基因簇,說(shuō)明香蕉在漫長(zhǎng)的進(jìn)化過(guò)程中,MaERFs家族在數(shù)量上顯著擴(kuò)張,這與Wang等[18]的研究結(jié)果類似。這些基因簇的出現(xiàn)為香蕉更好地適應(yīng)多變的環(huán)境奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
3.3 MaAP2/ERFs在不同品種果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中的差異表達(dá)
巴西蕉(基因型AAA)和粉蕉(基因型ABB)是目前生產(chǎn)上兩大類主栽品種,均是由兩個(gè)野生的二倍體祖先種通過(guò)種內(nèi)或種間雜交后,經(jīng)過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)的進(jìn)化和選擇而形成的[24-25]。從轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析MaAP2/ERFs超家族成員在巴西蕉和粉蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程的差異表達(dá)特性來(lái)看,有24.3%和23.3%的AP2/ERFs超家族成員分別在巴西蕉和粉蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中差異表達(dá)。有趣的是,他們中有57個(gè)同時(shí)在巴西蕉和粉蕉中差異表達(dá),有20個(gè)只在巴西蕉中差異表達(dá),有17個(gè)只在粉蕉中差異表達(dá),表明他們?cè)诎臀鹘逗头劢豆麑?shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中雖然都具有重要作用,但扮演的角色隨著品種基因型不同而有差異。特別是與巴西蕉和粉蕉果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程密切相關(guān)的34個(gè)和29個(gè)MaAP2/ERFs以及在巴西蕉和粉蕉果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程中超高水平表達(dá)的MaERF15、36、42和AP2-28等基因,利用qRT-PCR對(duì)這4個(gè)基因的驗(yàn)證結(jié)果也證明了這一點(diǎn),對(duì)其功能及作用機(jī)制的深入研究,將為香蕉果實(shí)成熟品質(zhì)的形成調(diào)控提供重要的基因資源。
4 結(jié) 論
從香蕉A基因組中共鑒定到317個(gè)AP2/ERFs家族成員,歸為AP2(49個(gè))、ERF(253個(gè))和RAV(15個(gè))三個(gè)亞家族。根據(jù)保守結(jié)構(gòu)域和基因結(jié)構(gòu)特征,ERF又分為a、b、c、d、e、f、h、i、j和k共10個(gè)亞類。轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析結(jié)果表明,在巴西蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中高水平表達(dá)的有MaERF15、36、42和AP2-28。在粉蕉果實(shí)采后成熟過(guò)程中高水平表達(dá)的有MaERF42和AP2-28。同時(shí)在巴西蕉和粉蕉果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程中高水平表達(dá)的基因有MaERF15、42和AP2-28,只在巴西蕉果實(shí)中特異表達(dá)的有20個(gè),只在粉蕉中特異表達(dá)的有17個(gè)。
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