張瑩
摘? ?要:披露關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的目的是為了提升審計(jì)報(bào)告信息含量,以助于緩解信息不對(duì)稱(chēng)方面的問(wèn)題。因此針對(duì)目前披露關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)政策后的具體效果做出觀察及深入分析是十分必要的。通過(guò)對(duì)實(shí)施審計(jì)改革后的關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)信息披露,以及對(duì)所披露的關(guān)鍵審計(jì)項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施成效進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),評(píng)價(jià)它是否和原來(lái)的想法保持一致,且達(dá)到了預(yù)先期望目的?;诖耍捎枚鄠€(gè)角度的方法,探究關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)是怎么樣使得審計(jì)質(zhì)量發(fā)生改變的,作用的原理如何,從而為方針有效實(shí)施及企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表使用者提供有效的信息指導(dǎo)和決策參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng);信息披露;審計(jì)報(bào)告;審計(jì)質(zhì)量
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):F239.2? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A? ? ? 文章編號(hào):1673-291X(2024)06-0091-03
引言
隨著市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)愈發(fā)激烈,市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也在不斷擴(kuò)大,傳統(tǒng)審計(jì)報(bào)告手段已經(jīng)不能夠滿(mǎn)足當(dāng)下公司財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表從業(yè)人員的實(shí)際所需。所以,國(guó)際審計(jì)與鑒證準(zhǔn)則理事會(huì)早在2006年便開(kāi)展了多次學(xué)術(shù)探討及合作嘗試,并開(kāi)始對(duì)審計(jì)報(bào)告進(jìn)行修訂。新準(zhǔn)則主要針對(duì)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的具體列報(bào)內(nèi)容從原則性角度出發(fā)進(jìn)行了指導(dǎo),但對(duì)如何辨別同對(duì)具象化的關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)進(jìn)行明確,如何披露具體的審計(jì)事項(xiàng)內(nèi)容并未作出明確要求。所以,注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師對(duì)此有非常大的自由度,可以結(jié)合各方利益群體的要求對(duì)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)作出描述,并且選擇有利的關(guān)鍵事項(xiàng)加以披露。在新審計(jì)原則下,注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師亟須提升專(zhuān)業(yè)水平,需要對(duì)相關(guān)政策的實(shí)施做到全面掌握,并且要對(duì)所披露的關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的具體效果進(jìn)行評(píng)判。
一、關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的確認(rèn)與披露
(一)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的確定
首先,以“與治理層溝通的事項(xiàng)”作為基點(diǎn)出發(fā),對(duì)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)加以選用。注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師應(yīng)當(dāng)在同治理層交流過(guò)的事項(xiàng)之內(nèi)對(duì)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)加以選用。審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則規(guī)定,注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師同治理層交流審計(jì)這一進(jìn)程之內(nèi)的重大發(fā)現(xiàn),包含對(duì)被審計(jì)組織的重要會(huì)計(jì)方針、會(huì)計(jì)估計(jì)以及財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表披露等會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)的想法,以及審計(jì)進(jìn)程之內(nèi)遭遇到的重大困難、已然在同治理層進(jìn)行探討抑或是亟須書(shū)面交流之重大事項(xiàng)等。其次,從“與治理層溝通的事項(xiàng)”內(nèi)部選擇“在執(zhí)行審計(jì)工作時(shí)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注過(guò)的事項(xiàng)”。注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師重點(diǎn)關(guān)注過(guò)的范疇一般同財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中繁復(fù)且關(guān)鍵的管理層判斷范疇有著密不可分的關(guān)系,所以,一般涉及困難抑或是繁復(fù)的注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師職業(yè)評(píng)判。
(二)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的數(shù)量
審計(jì)事項(xiàng)披露的數(shù)量越是明顯,越會(huì)面臨著不能夠凸顯“重要”這兩個(gè)字的實(shí)際情況。將當(dāng)下上市企業(yè)公開(kāi)的審計(jì)報(bào)告考量在內(nèi),可以知曉,68.75%的注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師都會(huì)針對(duì)兩三個(gè)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)加以相應(yīng)的披露,很少出現(xiàn)5個(gè)或者是5個(gè)以上的披露數(shù)目。所以,關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)就具體數(shù)模具層面而言,其最終的確立離不開(kāi)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師將被審計(jì)單位當(dāng)年的實(shí)際情況置于其間進(jìn)行考量,且沒(méi)有明確性的量化規(guī)定。根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果可知,平均每1家上市公司所涵蓋的關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)數(shù)目介于兩到三個(gè)之間,所以整體數(shù)量非常少。表1為2016—2020年某上市企業(yè)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)披露數(shù)量情況。
表1? 某上市公司2016—2020年關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)披露數(shù)量
(三)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的角色定位
披露關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)旨在讓上市企業(yè)審計(jì)報(bào)告所富含的訊息含量得到呈現(xiàn),進(jìn)而使得財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表利用人能夠更全方位地了解被審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的重要事項(xiàng)、注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師能就上市公司宣發(fā)的關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)采用應(yīng)對(duì)舉措,從而提升他們對(duì)上市企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的信任水平。通過(guò)這樣的方式,關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)肩負(fù)的關(guān)鍵性角色就具備了極其重要的價(jià)值。倘若角色定位缺乏精準(zhǔn)性,則其一定會(huì)使得關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的功能受到削弱。因此,新的審計(jì)報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則之內(nèi)所涵蓋的關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng),并非表示上市企業(yè)一切重要事項(xiàng)都必須作為關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)內(nèi)部涵蓋的具象化內(nèi)容加以披露,針對(duì)使得注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師發(fā)表沒(méi)有保留意見(jiàn)的事項(xiàng)等十分重要的事項(xiàng)都應(yīng)該單獨(dú)得到披露。
(四)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)披露的角色
披露關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)最原始的初心旨在讓無(wú)數(shù)資金投入者了解更多的關(guān)于上市公司的具體訊息以及實(shí)際情況,從而提升他們對(duì)于審計(jì)質(zhì)量的信任感,進(jìn)而全方位提高審計(jì)報(bào)告的質(zhì)量。因此,關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的具象化披露一定要把資金投入人當(dāng)成重點(diǎn),為其角色作用發(fā)揮提供數(shù)目更多、更卓有成效的訊息,甚至還要對(duì)各個(gè)類(lèi)目做出規(guī)定,盡最大程度落實(shí)精準(zhǔn)性以及細(xì)化性。
(五)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)段的描述
應(yīng)該對(duì)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)中的子標(biāo)題進(jìn)行每個(gè)事項(xiàng)的描述和探究,包含明確的關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng),確認(rèn)這些事項(xiàng)被囊括在關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)背后的要因以及審計(jì)所采取的針對(duì)性舉措。審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則當(dāng)中明確指出,注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師不對(duì)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)獨(dú)自發(fā)表相應(yīng)的看法有兩個(gè)方面的原因。第一,會(huì)計(jì)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)是由財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表整體性的審計(jì)意見(jiàn)為基礎(chǔ)加以披露的,所以它并不會(huì)對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的整體性審計(jì)意見(jiàn)產(chǎn)生作用。第二,如果注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師獨(dú)自發(fā)表相應(yīng)的看法,就會(huì)使得自身的責(zé)任和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增強(qiáng)。就“在關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)段是不是應(yīng)披露審計(jì)應(yīng)對(duì)的結(jié)果”這一個(gè)話(huà)題進(jìn)行討論時(shí)存在著非常明顯的爭(zhēng)議,持有反對(duì)意見(jiàn)的人大致上和上面所說(shuō)的兩個(gè)原因保持一致,而持有同意意見(jiàn)的人提出應(yīng)當(dāng)立足于資金投入者的角度去加以考量,倘若不對(duì)審計(jì)應(yīng)對(duì)的結(jié)果進(jìn)行一定程度的披露,那么就不能明確關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)是不是獲得相應(yīng)的處理,就會(huì)使得資金投入人仍舊存在非常大的疑惑。
二、關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)披露對(duì)審計(jì)質(zhì)量的影響分析
(一)供給維度
1.強(qiáng)化審計(jì)溝通
注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師應(yīng)該根據(jù)專(zhuān)業(yè)能力和職業(yè)判斷,明確該類(lèi)訊息有沒(méi)有必要進(jìn)行交流,對(duì)交流這一個(gè)事項(xiàng)造成的不良影響以及產(chǎn)生的公眾利益的益處方誰(shuí)大誰(shuí)小進(jìn)行權(quán)衡決定。關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的選擇是基于注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師與被審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)管理層級(jí)交流過(guò)的事項(xiàng)當(dāng)中所選用的事項(xiàng),不管是就審計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)亦或是財(cái)務(wù)層面而言均呈現(xiàn)出“重大”這一特質(zhì)。而關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的披露,使得注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師同被審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)得到了進(jìn)一步的交流,提升了交流的品質(zhì),從而使得審計(jì)質(zhì)量得到提升。
2.增加審計(jì)透明度
關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)要求對(duì)其中某個(gè)事項(xiàng)的具體審計(jì)應(yīng)對(duì)流程加以披露,包含審查合同、檢查憑證等具象化方面,使得審計(jì)工作的透明度得到提升,由此可以知曉注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師針對(duì)重大的審計(jì)事項(xiàng)作出相應(yīng)的審計(jì)應(yīng)對(duì)流程是不是具備科學(xué)性。因此,可以提升審計(jì)透明度,并能夠推動(dòng)審計(jì)質(zhì)量提升。對(duì)關(guān)鍵事項(xiàng)的披露應(yīng)當(dāng)分為兩個(gè)方面,即引言段和正文段。就前一部分而言,關(guān)鍵是運(yùn)用簡(jiǎn)潔性的話(huà)語(yǔ)對(duì)相應(yīng)的性質(zhì)和背景加以明確,具體劃分為下面的事項(xiàng):(1)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)是注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師按照自我的職業(yè)評(píng)判認(rèn)定,對(duì)這一期財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表審計(jì)產(chǎn)生最為關(guān)鍵性作用的事項(xiàng)。(2)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的應(yīng)對(duì)要對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表整體加以審計(jì),并且以相應(yīng)的審計(jì)意見(jiàn)作為出發(fā)點(diǎn),注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師不單獨(dú)對(duì)該類(lèi)事項(xiàng)做出相應(yīng)的審計(jì)意見(jiàn)。綜上,這一段落的關(guān)鍵目的在于向報(bào)告利用人做出相應(yīng)的提醒:所描繪的事項(xiàng)已經(jīng)得到相應(yīng)的解決,并且不對(duì)這一單獨(dú)事項(xiàng)發(fā)表單獨(dú)性的看法。
3.增加審計(jì)訴訟風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
原來(lái)的審計(jì)報(bào)告的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化手段在一定水平上可以對(duì)法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及訴訟方面的職責(zé)進(jìn)行有效規(guī)避??墒瞧渲泻w的訊息水平遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不足。而“關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)”段的增多使得訊息量提升,同時(shí)也會(huì)使得相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增大,因此會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所應(yīng)當(dāng)采取應(yīng)對(duì)舉措,將審計(jì)服務(wù)品質(zhì)提升上去。
(二)需求維度
1.信息含量需求增加
報(bào)告利用人原來(lái)僅關(guān)注審計(jì)報(bào)告內(nèi)部的“審計(jì)意見(jiàn)”段,基于此,眾多資金投入人并不將之當(dāng)做資金投入的參照。關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的披露,讓其中包含的訊息得到進(jìn)一步增多?;诖?,報(bào)告利用人亟須提升自我專(zhuān)業(yè)性素養(yǎng),此外,注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師亦亟須化被動(dòng)為主動(dòng),提升審計(jì)質(zhì)量。
2.審計(jì)聲譽(yù)影響審計(jì)質(zhì)量
落實(shí)新審計(jì)報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則前影響審計(jì)聲譽(yù)的情形包含兩個(gè)具象化的方面。其一為針對(duì)審計(jì)事項(xiàng)采用了不加符合之審計(jì)流程等致使審計(jì)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;其二為盡管做出了正確恰當(dāng)?shù)膶徲?jì)意見(jiàn)但仍使得審計(jì)失敗。新審計(jì)報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則規(guī)定,審計(jì)報(bào)告除了要對(duì)關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)加以披露之外,還一定要針對(duì)此事項(xiàng)落實(shí)的具象化的審計(jì)流程加以體現(xiàn),從而提升審計(jì)質(zhì)量。
三、結(jié)論
就供給維度這一層面而言,關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)的披露使得審計(jì)交流得到強(qiáng)化,提升審計(jì)的透明度以及面臨訴訟方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),讓注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師在工作中更為關(guān)注與被審機(jī)構(gòu)管理層級(jí)的進(jìn)一步交流,加強(qiáng)審計(jì)流程,全方位提升職業(yè)素養(yǎng),從而使得審計(jì)質(zhì)量得到提升。就需求這一層面而言,關(guān)鍵審計(jì)事項(xiàng)讓報(bào)告利用人對(duì)訊息含量的需要得到擴(kuò)大,運(yùn)用審計(jì)聲譽(yù)產(chǎn)生的作用迫使審計(jì)提升質(zhì)量。
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The Impact of Disclosure of Key Audit Matters on the Quality of Audit Reports
ZHANG Ying
(Harbin Petrochemical Branch, China National Petroleum Corporation, Harbin 150056, China)
Abstract: The purpose of disclosing key audit matters is to enhance the information content of audit reports and help alleviate the problem of information asymmetry. Therefore, it is necessary to observe and conduct in-depth analysis on the specific effects of the current policy of disclosing key audit matters. By disclosing information on key audit matters after implementing audit reform and testing the implementation effectiveness of the disclosed key audit items, it is evaluated whether they should be consistent with the original ideas and achieve the expected goals. Based on this, multiple perspectives are adopted to explore how key audit matters change audit quality, and the principles behind their effects, in order to provide effective information guidance and decision-making references for the effective implementation of policies and users of corporate financial statements.
Key words: Key audit matters; Information disclosure; Audit report; Audit quality
[責(zé)任編輯? ?柯? ?黎]