潘婷 李作孝 晚麗
摘要:目的 探討紫杉醇(PTX)通過抑制NLRP3/caspase-1通路減輕實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠細(xì)胞焦亡的影響機(jī)制。方法 將50只雌性C57BL/6小鼠按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為正常對(duì)照組、EAE模型組及PTX低、中、高劑量組,每組10只。除正常對(duì)照組外,其余組建立EAE模型。PTX低、中、高劑量組每日分別腹腔注射PTX 1、2、4 mg/(kg·d),正常對(duì)照組和EAE模型組腹腔注射等量生理鹽水,連續(xù)14 d。從免疫當(dāng)日開始,每日定時(shí)觀察并記錄小鼠體質(zhì)量變化、精神、活動(dòng)情況及進(jìn)行神經(jīng)功能障礙評(píng)分;對(duì)各組脊髓組織進(jìn)行尼氏染色和LFB染色觀察病理改變;熒光定量PCR(qPCR)檢測脊髓組織NOD樣受體熱蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域相關(guān)蛋白3(NLRP3)及胱天蛋白酶(caspase)-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平。酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)檢測外周血白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-18和IL-1β含量。結(jié)果 正常對(duì)照組小鼠無明顯癥狀,EAE模型組和PTX低、中、高劑量組體質(zhì)量下降、活動(dòng)減少、反應(yīng)遲鈍。與EAE模型組相比,PTX各劑量組發(fā)病潛伏期延長,高峰期延遲,神經(jīng)功能障礙評(píng)分降低(P<0.05),脊髓組織尼氏小體數(shù)量增多且相對(duì)規(guī)則,脫髓鞘、空泡改變減輕,外周血IL-18、IL-1β含量降低,NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平降低(P<0.05);PTX劑量越高,發(fā)病潛伏期和高峰期延遲越明顯;脊髓組織尼氏小體數(shù)量增多,排列及形態(tài)更規(guī)則,脫髓鞘及空泡改變?cè)捷p,外周血IL-1β、IL-18含量越低,caspase-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平越低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 PTX可能通過抑制細(xì)胞焦亡,減輕EAE小鼠炎癥反應(yīng),其機(jī)制可能與抑制NLRP3/caspase-1通路有關(guān)。
關(guān)鍵詞:多發(fā)性硬化;腦脊髓炎,自身免疫性,實(shí)驗(yàn)性;細(xì)胞焦亡;紫杉醇;NLRP3/caspase-1通路
中圖分類號(hào):R744.51文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20221146
Study on the effect and mechanism of paclitaxel on pyroptosis in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
PAN Ting, LI Zuoxiao WAN Li
Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
△Corresponding Author E-mail: lzx3235@sina.com
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of taxol (PTX) on pyroptosis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice by inhibiting NOD-like receptor thermoprotein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1 pathway. Methods Fifty female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the normal control group, the EAE model group, the PTX low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose groups according to the random number table method, with 10 mice in each group. EAE model was established in other groups except the normal control group. PTX low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose groups were intraperitoneally injected with 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg PTX everyday, respectively, and normal control group and EAE model group were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of normal saline for 14 consecutive days. From the day of immunization, changes of body weight, mental state, activity state and neurological dysfunction score of mice were observed and recorded regularly every day. Nissl staining and LFB staining were used to observe pathological changes. The mRNA expression levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 in crushed tissues were detected by quantitative fluorescence PCR (qPCR). Levels of interleukin (IL) -18 and IL-1β in peripheral blood were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results There were no obvious symptoms in mice of the normal control group. Mice in the EAE model group and the PTX low-, medium-, and high-dose groups showed decreased body weight, decreased activity and sluggish response. Compared with the EAE model group, the latency and peak period were delayed in the PTX dose groups, the neurological dysfunction score at peak period was decreased (P<0.05). The number of Nyssome in spinal cord tissue was increased and relatively regular, demyelination and vacuolar changes were alleviated, and the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 were decreased. The higher the PTX dose, the more obvious the latency and peak delay. The number of Nyssome in spinal cord increased, the arrangement and morphology were more regular, the demyelination and vacuolation changes were lighter, the mRNA expression level of caspase-1 and the contents of IL-1β and IL-18 in peripheral blood were lower (P<0.05). Conclusion PTX may reduce the damage of pyroptosis in EAE mice by inhibiting NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway related inflammatory factors.
Key words: multiple sclerosis; encephalomyelitis, autoimmune, experimental; pyroptosis; paclitaxel; NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway
多發(fā)性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)是一種自身免疫性疾病,主要以神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)脫髓鞘和神經(jīng)退行性變?yōu)樘卣鳎?]。目前MS發(fā)病趨年輕化且易復(fù)發(fā),治療手段有限[2-4]。實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelims,EAE)可破壞血腦屏障并使其通透性增高,病理改變與MS相似,可作為研究MS常用的動(dòng)物模型[5]。細(xì)胞焦亡是細(xì)胞在胱天蛋白酶(caspase)家族調(diào)控下介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)[6]。當(dāng)細(xì)胞受到刺激時(shí),細(xì)胞內(nèi)的受體識(shí)別相應(yīng)的配體,促使NOD樣受體熱蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域相關(guān)蛋白3(NLRP3)、凋亡相關(guān)斑點(diǎn)樣蛋白(ASC)及caspase-1組成NLRP3炎性小體,炎性小體剪切活化caspase-1前體,caspase-1活化后,使gasdermin D(GSDMD)結(jié)合細(xì)胞膜形成裂孔,同時(shí)活化白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-18、IL-1β,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞焦亡[7]。研究表明,MS炎癥反應(yīng)與NLRP3炎性小體信號(hào)通路及細(xì)胞焦亡關(guān)系密切[8]。紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)廣泛用于腫瘤疾病治療[9],也可調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)[10],但其對(duì)EAE小鼠細(xì)胞焦亡炎癥影響的研究較少。本研究旨在觀察PTX對(duì)EAE模型小鼠的影響,探討其作用機(jī)制是否與NLRP3/caspase-1信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞焦亡途徑有關(guān)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 SPF級(jí)C57BL/6健康雌性小鼠50只,6~8周齡,體質(zhì)量20~25 g,購于武漢恒意賽生物科技有限公司。動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)許可證號(hào):SCXK(鄂)2020-0018,由西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)忠山動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)室統(tǒng)一飼養(yǎng)。環(huán)境通風(fēng)清潔、室溫26 ℃左右,維持濕度50%左右,12 h明/暗循環(huán),進(jìn)食及飲水自由。實(shí)驗(yàn)操作符合西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物福利倫理(20210601-4)。
1.2 主要試劑及儀器 PTX購自武漢阿拉丁生物有限公司,MOG35-55多肽購自國泰生物,滅活結(jié)核分枝桿菌購自BD公司,完全弗氏佐劑(CFA)購自Sigma,RNA提取試劑盒、逆轉(zhuǎn)錄及PCR試劑盒、IL-18和IL-1β酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)檢測試劑盒均購自ELK Biotechnology;普通光學(xué)顯微鏡(OLYMPUS公司,型號(hào)CX21)、臺(tái)式離心機(jī)(上海安亭科學(xué)儀器廠)、熒光定量PCR儀(Life technologies,型號(hào)StepOneTM Real-Time PCR System)、冷凍離心機(jī)(湖南湘儀實(shí)驗(yàn)室儀器開發(fā)有限公司)等。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物分組及EAE小鼠模型建立 按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將50只小鼠分為正常對(duì)照組、EAE模型組及PTX低、中、高劑量組,每組10只。MOG35-55多肽用生理鹽水稀釋成5 g/L,再與相同體積的CFA和一定量滅活結(jié)核分支桿菌混合,形成油包水乳劑,配制成4 g/L的結(jié)核桿菌H37Ra溶液,于除正常對(duì)照組外的其他各組小鼠于脊柱兩側(cè)選取4點(diǎn)予以0.1 mL皮下注射完成造模,正常對(duì)照組注射等量生理鹽水。
1.3.2 藥物干預(yù) 實(shí)驗(yàn)藥物劑量參照體表面積等效劑量比換算,PTX低、中、高劑量組小鼠于免疫當(dāng)日開始分別給藥PTX 1、2、4 mg/(kg·d),正常對(duì)照組和EAE模型組同時(shí)給予等量生理鹽水,均采用腹腔注射給藥,連續(xù)14 d。
1.3.3 發(fā)病情況觀察 從免疫當(dāng)日開始,每日定時(shí)觀察并記錄小鼠體質(zhì)量變化、精神、活動(dòng)情況;各組小鼠按Kono評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行神經(jīng)功能障礙評(píng)分:0分,無相關(guān)臨床癥狀;1分,尾部力量下降;2分,雙側(cè)后肢無力,可自主翻身;3分,雙側(cè)后肢癱瘓,不可自主翻身;4分,四肢癱瘓;5分,瀕死或者死亡;癥狀介于兩者則±0.5分。小鼠自造模開始至出現(xiàn)癥狀時(shí)判定為發(fā)病潛伏期,神經(jīng)功能障礙評(píng)分連續(xù)3日不增加,四肢癱瘓甚至死亡判定為發(fā)病高峰期。
1.3.4 取材及標(biāo)本處理 發(fā)病小鼠于發(fā)病高峰期眼球取血后處死、取材,未發(fā)病小鼠及正常對(duì)照組小鼠于造模后28 d眼球取血后處死、取材。(1)血清標(biāo)本:采用眼球取血,離心收集血清。(2)病理取材:小鼠于麻醉后開胸,充分暴露心臟,注入生理鹽水充分沖洗,予以40 g/L多聚甲醛固定,隨后斷頭處理,取出脊髓組織,放置于固定液中浸泡1 d,固定標(biāo)本采用常規(guī)石蠟包埋,以脊髓腰膨大處取樣連續(xù)切片,切片厚度約4 μm,每組選取其中3張用于尼氏染色,另選3張用于LFB染色。
1.3.5 脊髓組織病理學(xué)觀察 尼氏染色:將石蠟切片脫蠟至水、組化筆圈畫組織、純水洗脫、尼氏染色液染色、純水洗脫、晾干后中性樹膠封片、尼氏小體計(jì)數(shù)。LFB染色:石蠟切片脫蠟至水、組化筆圈畫組織、純水洗脫、LFB染色液染色、乙醇分化純水洗脫、脫水封片。
1.3.6 熒光定量PCR(qPCR)檢測小鼠NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA表達(dá) 提取各組脊髓組織總RNA,根據(jù)逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒合成cDNA,由武漢金開瑞生物工程有限公司設(shè)計(jì)并合成NLRP3、caspase-1引物,見表1。根據(jù)擴(kuò)增條件在PCR儀上進(jìn)行基因片段擴(kuò)增。PCR反應(yīng)體系:2×PCR Master Mix 5.0 μL,引物工作液(2.5 μmol/L)上下游各0.5 μL,cDNA模板1.0 μL,ddH2O 2.0 μL,Rox 1.0 μL。反應(yīng)條件:95 ℃預(yù)變性1 min;95 ℃變性15 s,58 ℃退火20 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,循環(huán)重復(fù)40次;測得Ct值后,采用2-ΔΔCt法計(jì)算相對(duì)表達(dá)量。
1.3.7 ELISA檢測IL-18和IL-1β含量 按照ELISA試劑盒說明書檢測血清中IL-18和IL-1β的表達(dá)量。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 26.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 PTX對(duì)各組小鼠行為學(xué)和神經(jīng)功能的影響 正常對(duì)照組小鼠無明顯癥狀。EAE模型組和PTX低、中、高劑量組體質(zhì)量下降、活動(dòng)減少、反應(yīng)遲鈍,以尾部力量降低為先發(fā)癥狀。與EAE模型組比較,PTX各劑量組小鼠發(fā)病潛伏期延長,高峰期延遲,神經(jīng)功能障礙評(píng)分下降(P<0.05);PTX低、中、高劑量組發(fā)病潛伏期逐漸延長,高峰期逐漸延遲(P<0.05),神經(jīng)功能障礙評(píng)分差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表2。
2.2 PTX對(duì)脊髓組織病理學(xué)影響 尼氏染色結(jié)果顯示,正常對(duì)照組小鼠脊神經(jīng)元分布及形態(tài)未見明顯異常;EAE模型組小鼠病程高峰期脊髓神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中炎性細(xì)胞增多,尼氏小體數(shù)量減少、形態(tài)及排列不規(guī)則;PTX各劑量組尼氏小體數(shù)量較EAE模型組增多且相對(duì)規(guī)則,隨著PTX劑量升高,尼氏小體數(shù)量增多,排列及形態(tài)更規(guī)則,見圖1。LFB染色結(jié)果顯示,正常對(duì)照組未見明顯脫髓鞘及空泡改變,EAE模型組和PTX各劑量組存在不同程度脊髓組織脫髓鞘和空泡樣改變,且PTX劑量越高,脫髓鞘及空泡改變?cè)缴伲妶D2。
2.3 各組小鼠外周血IL-1β、IL-18含量變化 與正常對(duì)照組相比,EAE模型組小鼠外周血IL-1β、IL-18含量增加(P<0.05);與EAE模型組相比,PTX各劑量組小鼠外周血IL-1β、IL-18含量降低,且PTX劑量越高,小鼠外周血IL-1β、IL-18含量越低(P<0.05),見表3。
2.4 各組小鼠脊髓組織NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA表達(dá)變化 與正常對(duì)照組相比,EAE模型組小鼠脊髓組織NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA水平升高(P<0.05);與EAE模型組相比,PTX各劑量組NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平降低(P<0.05);與PTX低劑量組比較,PTX中劑量組caspase-1 mRNA水平降低,PTX高劑量組NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA水平降低(P<0.05);與PTX中劑量組相比,PTX高劑量組caspase-1 mRNA水平降低(P<0.05)。見表4。
3 討論
MS發(fā)病主要損害中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),是青年人群非創(chuàng)傷性神經(jīng)功能障礙的主要原因之一?,F(xiàn)階段MS尚缺乏有效藥物防治,治療費(fèi)用高昂,且不可完全逆轉(zhuǎn)疾病發(fā)展。PTX是一種從紅豆杉植物中提取的萜類次生代謝產(chǎn)物,PTX及其衍生物具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗炎等功能,臨床應(yīng)用于多種腫瘤,如卵巢癌、乳腺癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌等疾?。?1]。研究表明其也可能是阿爾茨海默?。?2]、風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎[13]的潛在治療藥物。PTX的免疫調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制可能與抑制有絲分裂有關(guān),PTX可作用于微管系統(tǒng),影響微管聚合,抑制微管降解,使細(xì)胞分裂停滯于G2/M期,誘導(dǎo)多種癌細(xì)胞的凋亡或焦亡。有研究表明,PTX通過影響微管蛋白及其二聚體的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡來誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的程序性死亡[14];其作為一種微管穩(wěn)定藥物,通過誘導(dǎo)α-微管蛋白乙?;?,增強(qiáng)NLRP3炎癥小體的激活,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡或焦亡[10,15]。已有研究提出,抗腫瘤藥物(如阿倫托珠單抗、奧瑞組單抗等)可用于MS治療,降低MS復(fù)發(fā)率,延緩殘疾進(jìn)展[16-18]。本研究探究PTX是否減輕MS脊髓炎癥反應(yīng),發(fā)現(xiàn)PTX能夠有效減輕EAE小鼠的臨床癥狀,降低神經(jīng)功能障礙評(píng)分,減輕EAE小鼠中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥、脫髓鞘及空泡改變,PTX劑量越高,發(fā)病潛伏期越長、高峰期推遲越明顯,且中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥、脫髓鞘及空泡改變?cè)捷p。
正常情況下,炎性因子發(fā)揮清除、修復(fù)、保護(hù)等功能,對(duì)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生積極影響[19]。MS持續(xù)自身免疫性炎癥可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞焦亡啟動(dòng),炎性細(xì)胞過度激活,各種細(xì)胞因子透過血腦屏障,參與局部中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥調(diào)節(jié)[20-21]。在EAE小鼠中,細(xì)胞焦亡誘發(fā)炎癥,促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞分化為Th1和Th17細(xì)胞,加重炎癥及脫髓鞘表現(xiàn)[22]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞焦亡與MS及EAE密切相關(guān)[8,22],NLRP3炎性小體的激活在細(xì)胞焦亡經(jīng)典途徑中發(fā)揮重要作用[23]。caspase-1抑制劑VX-765可抑制其激活,減輕EAE小鼠炎癥反應(yīng)[24]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常對(duì)照組相比,EAE小鼠脊髓組織NLRP3 mRNA、caspase-1 mRNA表達(dá)明顯升高,外周血IL-1β、IL-18含量顯著增加。說明EAE小鼠的發(fā)病機(jī)制與NLRP3/caspase-1通路介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞焦亡密切相關(guān)。PTX干預(yù)后降低了EAE小鼠脊髓組織NLRP3 mRNA、caspase-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平及外周血IL-1β、IL-18含量,且劑量越高變化越明顯,說明PTX可能通過抑制NLRP3/caspase-1通路減少細(xì)胞焦亡,減輕對(duì)EAE小鼠的損傷。
綜上所述,PTX可能通過抑制細(xì)胞焦亡減輕EAE小鼠炎癥反應(yīng),其機(jī)制可能與抑制NLRP3/caspase-1通路有關(guān)。PTX對(duì)EAE小鼠發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用的機(jī)制是否與其他通路相關(guān)有待進(jìn)一步研究。PTX用于MS的治療尚無明確報(bào)道,本實(shí)驗(yàn)可能為MS的治療提供新的方向。
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(2022-07-21收稿 2022-08-15修回)
(本文編輯 李志蕓)