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金合歡素對(duì)肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和遷移的影響及機(jī)制研究

2023-11-06 20:21:05吳瓊李錦源黃文濤安娜
天津醫(yī)藥 2023年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:小體數(shù)目存活率

吳瓊 李錦源 黃文濤 安娜

摘要:目的 探討金合歡素(Aca)通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)PTEN誘導(dǎo)激酶1(PINK1)/E3泛素連接酶(Parkin)通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬對(duì)肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和遷移的影響。方法 將肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞分為對(duì)照組(正常培養(yǎng)的HepG2細(xì)胞)、Aca組(10 μmol/L Aca)、PINK1小干擾RNA陰性對(duì)照(si-NC)組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC)、PINK1小干擾RNA(si-PINK1)組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-PINK1)、Aca+si-NC組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC后用10 μmol/L Aca處理)、Aca+si-PINK1組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-PINK1后用10 μmol/L Aca處理)。CCK-8法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖;流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡;Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞遷移;透射電鏡觀察自噬小體的形成;Western blot檢測(cè)細(xì)胞中自噬相關(guān)蛋白[Beclin-1、微管相關(guān)蛋白1輕鏈3(LC3)-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ]及PINK1/Parkin通路相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)。結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組比較,Aca組HepG2細(xì)胞存活率、遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)目降低,凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量、Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達(dá)水平升高(P<0.05),si-PINK1組HepG2細(xì)胞存活率、遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)目升高,凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量、Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達(dá)水平降低(P<0.05);與Aca組、Aca+si-NC組比較,Aca+si-PINK1組HepG2細(xì)胞存活率、遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)目升高,凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量、Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達(dá)水平降低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 Aca可能通過(guò)激活PINK1/Parkin通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬抑制肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞增殖、遷移,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡。

關(guān)鍵詞:肝腫瘤,實(shí)驗(yàn)性;線粒體,肝;自噬;金合歡素;PINK1/Parkin通路;HepG2細(xì)胞

中圖分類號(hào):R285文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20221115

Effects of acacetin on proliferation, apoptosis and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and its mechanism

WU Qiong, LI Jinyuan, HUANG Wentao, AN Na

Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China

Corresponding Author E-mail: pic1230@qq.com

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of acacetin (Aca) on the proliferation, apoptosis and migration of liver cancer HepG2 cells by regulating PTEN induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Parkin) pathway mediated mitochondrial autophagy. Methods Liver cancer HepG2 cells were divided into the control group (normally cultured HepG2 cells), the Aca group (10 μmol/L Aca), the PINK1 small interfering RNA negative control (si-NC) group (transfected with si-NC), the PINK1 small interfering RNA (si-PINK1) group (transfected with si-PINK1), the Aca+si-NC group (treated with 10 μmol/L Aca after transfection of si-NC) and Aca+si-PINK1 group (treated with 10 μmol/L Aca after transfection of si-PINK1). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method was used to detect cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. Transwell test was used to detect cell migration. Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the formation of autophagosomes. Western blot assay was used to detect expression levels of autophagy related proteins [Beclin-1, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-Ⅰ and LC3-Ⅱ] and PINK1/Parkin pathway related proteins in cells. Results Compared with the control group, the survival rate and the number of migrating of HepG2 cells were significantly decreased in the Aca group, and the apoptosis rate, number of autophagy bodies, expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ, PINK1 and Parkin protein were increased significantly (P<0.05). The survival rate and the number of migrating of HepG2 cells were significantly increased in the si-PINK1 group, and the apoptosis rate, number of autophagy bodies, expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ, PINK1 and Parkin protein were decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the Aca group and the Aca+si-NC group, the survival rate and the number of migrating of HepG2 cells were significantly increased in the Aca+si-PINK1 group, and the apoptosis rate, number of autophagy bodies, expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ, PINK1 and Parkin protein were decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion Aca may inhibit the proliferation and migration and promote cell apoptosis of liver cancer HepG2 cells by activating mitochondrial autophagy mediated by PINK1/Parkin pathway.

Key words: liver neoplasms, experimental; mitochondria, liver; autophagy; acacetin; PINK1/Parkin pathway; HepG2 cells

肝癌是常見(jiàn)的原發(fā)性癌癥,也是全球主要的癌癥死亡原因之一[1]。盡管化療與手術(shù)、放療相結(jié)合是治療肝癌的重要方法,但存在耐藥性和毒性大等不良反應(yīng)[2]。同時(shí),由于肝癌起病隱匿、進(jìn)展快、早期診斷率低,多數(shù)患者在確診時(shí)已處于疾病晚期,導(dǎo)致治療效果不佳[3]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),晚期肝癌患者5年腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率高達(dá)40%~70%[4]。因此,開(kāi)發(fā)可抑制肝癌細(xì)胞增殖與轉(zhuǎn)移的有效藥物至關(guān)重要。金合歡素(acacetin,Aca)是一種天然黃酮類化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗腫瘤的作用[5]。研究顯示,Aca可誘導(dǎo)胃癌細(xì)胞凋亡和抑制上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化[6],但關(guān)于Aca對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和遷移影響的研究鮮見(jiàn)。有研究表明,線粒體自噬紊亂是腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的病理因素,抑制PTEN誘導(dǎo)激酶1(PTEN induced kinase 1,PINK1)/E3泛素連接酶(E3 ubiquitin protein ligase,Parkin)介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬可促進(jìn)膀胱腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)[7]。但Aca能否通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)PINK1/Parkin通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬來(lái)影響肝癌細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和遷移尚不清楚。因此,本研究旨在探討Aca對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和遷移的影響以及其可能的作用機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 主要材料 人肝癌細(xì)胞株HepG2(批號(hào)CSL-00367)購(gòu)自深圳市百恩維生物科技有限公司。Aca購(gòu)自上海冠導(dǎo)生物工程有限公司,純度>98%;PINK1小干擾RNA(si-PINK1)及其陰性對(duì)照(si-NC)均由成都瑞芬思生物科技有限公司設(shè)計(jì)合成;Lipofectamine 2000轉(zhuǎn)染試劑盒、DMEM培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清(FBS)、磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)、ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒購(gòu)自上?;鄯f生物科技有限公司;CCK-8、Annexin V-FITC/PI凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒、RIPA裂解液、兔源Beclin-1、微管相關(guān)蛋白1輕鏈3(LC3)-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ、PINK1、Parkin、β-肌動(dòng)蛋白(β-actin)一抗及羊抗兔二抗購(gòu)自翌圣生物科技上海股份有限公司;細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱(型號(hào)HF180)、HM-96C型酶標(biāo)儀購(gòu)自力康生物醫(yī)療科技控股有限公司;流式細(xì)胞儀、Transwell小室、透射電子顯微鏡、凝膠成像系統(tǒng)購(gòu)自上海玉研科學(xué)儀器有限公司。

1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與分組 HepG2細(xì)胞在含有10% FBS、100 U/mL青霉素和100 mg/L鏈霉素的DMEM培養(yǎng)基(37 ℃,5% CO2)中培養(yǎng)。取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的HepG2細(xì)胞分為對(duì)照組(正常培養(yǎng)的HepG2細(xì)胞)、Aca組(10 μmol/L)[8]、si-NC組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC)、si-PINK1組[9](轉(zhuǎn)染si-PINK1)、Aca+si-NC組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-NC后用10 μmol/L Aca處理)、Aca+si-PINK1組(轉(zhuǎn)染si-PINK1后用10 μmol/L Aca處理),轉(zhuǎn)染過(guò)程均使用Lipofectamine 2000轉(zhuǎn)染試劑盒進(jìn)行,每組設(shè)置6個(gè)平行樣本,48 h后收集各組細(xì)胞用于后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

1.3 CCK-8法檢測(cè)各組細(xì)胞增殖水平 細(xì)胞以5×104個(gè)/孔的密度接種在含有10% FBS的DMEM培養(yǎng)基的96孔板中,分別在細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的0、24、48 h時(shí),向每孔加入10 μL CCK-8試劑,在37 ℃、5%CO2加濕培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)1 h,用酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)量450 nm波長(zhǎng)處的光密度(OD)值,計(jì)算細(xì)胞存活率=(實(shí)驗(yàn)組OD值/對(duì)照組OD值)×100%。

1.4 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)各組細(xì)胞凋亡 收獲各組細(xì)胞并用預(yù)冷的PBS洗滌2次后重懸,將5 μL Annexin V-FITC和10 μL PI添加到100 μL細(xì)胞(5×104個(gè))中,使用CellQuest Pro 0.9.13軟件通過(guò)流式細(xì)胞儀進(jìn)行分析。細(xì)胞凋亡率(%)=(凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)目/總細(xì)胞數(shù)目)×100%。

1.5 Transwell檢測(cè)各組細(xì)胞遷移 將細(xì)胞以2×105個(gè)/孔的密度接種于無(wú)血清DMEM培養(yǎng)液的Transwell上室,下室填充含有12% FBS的DMEM培養(yǎng)液,孵育48 h后,用棉簽小心擦去膜上表面的細(xì)胞,將通過(guò)膜的細(xì)胞用4%多聚甲醛固定,并用0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色,在光學(xué)顯微鏡下隨機(jī)讀取5個(gè)視野進(jìn)行觀察并計(jì)算遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)目。

1.6 透射電鏡觀察自噬小體的形成 將細(xì)胞用2.5%戊二醛和1%鋨酸固定,經(jīng)脫水,制片,醋酸雙氧鈾、檸檬酸鉛各復(fù)染15 min后,利用透射電子顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞中自噬小體的形成情況并拍照。

1.7 Western blot檢測(cè)各組細(xì)胞中自噬及PINK1/Parkin通路相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá) 使用RIPA裂解緩沖液裂解并提取細(xì)胞中的總蛋白,定量蛋白質(zhì)濃度后,將等量的蛋白質(zhì)(50 ?g)進(jìn)行電泳分離并轉(zhuǎn)移到聚偏二氟乙烯膜上,5%脫脂奶粉封閉1 h后,加入一抗Beclin-1(1∶800)、LC3-Ⅰ(1∶800)、LC3-Ⅱ(1∶800)、PINK1(1∶1 000)、Parkin(1∶1 000)、β-actin(1∶1 500)在4 ℃下孵育過(guò)夜,然后與羊抗兔二抗(1∶2 000)在37 ℃下孵育2 h,利用ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒觀察蛋白條帶顯色情況,使用Image J(v1.8.0)軟件分析蛋白質(zhì)條帶灰度值。

1.8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 24.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以x±s表示,多組間比較用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較用SNK-q法,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 各組HepG2細(xì)胞增殖能力比較 0 h時(shí),各組HepG2細(xì)胞存活率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。24 h和48 h時(shí),與對(duì)照組比較,Aca組HepG2細(xì)胞存活率降低,si-PINK1組HepG2細(xì)胞存活率升高(P<0.05);與Aca組、Aca+si-NC組比較,Aca+si-PINK1組HepG2細(xì)胞存活率升高(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。

2.2 各組HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡率、遷移能力、自噬小體形成情況比較 與對(duì)照組比較,Aca組HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量升高,遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)目降低(P<0.05),si-PINK1組HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量降低,遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)目升高(P<0.05);與Aca組、Aca+si-NC組比較,Aca+si-PINK1組HepG2細(xì)胞凋亡率、自噬小體數(shù)量降低,遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)目升高(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2,圖1~3。

2.3 各組HepG2細(xì)胞中相關(guān)蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)水平比較 與對(duì)照組比較,Aca組HepG2細(xì)胞中Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達(dá)水平升高(P<0.05),si-PINK1組HepG2細(xì)胞中Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達(dá)水平降低(P<0.05);與Aca組、Aca+si-NC組比較,Aca+si-PINK1組HepG2細(xì)胞中Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達(dá)水平降低(P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖4、表3。

3 討論

Aca是一種在癌癥、炎癥、感染和其他代謝紊亂方面具有多種治療潛力的黃酮[10]。研究顯示,Aca可誘導(dǎo)前列腺癌[11]和結(jié)直腸癌[12]細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制惡性乳腺上皮細(xì)胞遷移[13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,Aca組HepG2細(xì)胞存活率、遷移細(xì)胞數(shù)目降低,凋亡率升高,推測(cè)Aca可能通過(guò)抑制細(xì)胞增殖、遷移,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的方式抑制肝癌的進(jìn)展。

線粒體自噬是一種選擇性自噬,可促進(jìn)線粒體更新并防止功能失調(diào)線粒體的積累以維持細(xì)胞穩(wěn)態(tài)[14]。越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明,線粒體自噬對(duì)于癌癥的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移至關(guān)重要[15],適度激活自噬可延緩腫瘤的惡性進(jìn)展。如激活線粒體自噬可抑制三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖與轉(zhuǎn)移[16];黃芪多糖可通過(guò)激活線粒體自噬來(lái)抑制肝癌細(xì)胞增殖[17]。自噬體的形成依賴于Beclin-1[18]、LC3等各種標(biāo)志物的表達(dá)。LC3是自噬的標(biāo)志性蛋白,由細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的LC3-Ⅰ和自噬體膜上的LC3-Ⅱ組成,LC3蛋白從LC3-Ⅰ到LC3-Ⅱ的轉(zhuǎn)化被廣泛認(rèn)為是自噬激活的標(biāo)志[19]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,Aca組HepG2細(xì)胞中自噬小體數(shù)量、Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白表達(dá)水平升高,推測(cè)Aca可能通過(guò)激活線粒體自噬來(lái)抑制HepG2細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移,促進(jìn)其凋亡。

PINK1/Parkin通路是細(xì)胞應(yīng)激下線粒體自噬的主要通路,在細(xì)胞應(yīng)激條件下,PINK1會(huì)在線粒體外膜上積聚,進(jìn)而磷酸化并激活Parkin,活化的Parkin可以誘導(dǎo)各種線粒體外膜蛋白的泛素化,泛素標(biāo)記的外膜蛋白被自噬受體蛋白p62(p62/SQSTM1)識(shí)別,導(dǎo)致被自噬體包裹并最終被自噬溶酶體降解[20]。相關(guān)研究顯示,PINK1和Parkin的低表達(dá)可以降低腮腺多形性腺瘤線粒體自噬活性,且與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[21]。δ-纈草甜菜堿通過(guò)激活PINK1/Parkin通路來(lái)誘導(dǎo)線粒體自噬,進(jìn)而抑制結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞凋亡[22]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,Aca組HepG2細(xì)胞中PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達(dá)水平升高,推測(cè)Aca對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞增殖、遷移的抑制以及細(xì)胞凋亡的促進(jìn)作用可能與PINK1/Parkin通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬有關(guān)。筆者進(jìn)一步通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)染si-PINK1以干擾PINK1/Parkin通路,發(fā)現(xiàn)沉默PINK1后HepG2細(xì)胞中PINK1、Parkin蛋白表達(dá)水平降低,HepG2細(xì)胞增殖、遷移能力增強(qiáng),凋亡能力、線粒體自噬減弱,提示PINK1/Parkin通路確實(shí)參與了HepG2細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、凋亡、線粒體自噬過(guò)程。為了進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證上述推測(cè),本研究在Aca作用的基礎(chǔ)上以si-PINK1干預(yù)HepG2細(xì)胞,結(jié)果顯示,si-PINK1減弱了Aca對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞增殖、遷移的抑制作用,以及對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡及線粒體自噬的促進(jìn)作用,證實(shí)了Aca可能通過(guò)激活PINK1/Parkin通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬抑制肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞增殖、遷移,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡。

綜上所述,Aca可通過(guò)激活PINK1/Parkin通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬,從而抑制肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移,促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡。然而,Aca是否還通過(guò)其他通路介導(dǎo)的線粒體自噬調(diào)控肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為,有待后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步探究。

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(2022-07-15收稿 2022-09-21修回)

(本文編輯 陸榮展)

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