周樹強(qiáng) 劉偉武 徐國(guó)勇 吳劍 周積武 周雪鋒 黎冬梅
【摘要】 目的 觀察喉罩通氣聯(lián)合右美托咪定麻醉在小兒腹腔鏡疝氣手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用效果。
方法 將玉林市婦幼保健院2021年7月至2022年7月收治的60例行腹腔鏡疝氣手術(shù)患兒作為研究對(duì)象,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組,每組30例。對(duì)照組采用傳統(tǒng)氣管插管全麻,實(shí)驗(yàn)組采用喉罩通氣聯(lián)合右美托咪定麻醉。記錄兩組全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間、術(shù)中通氣情況、患兒蘇醒時(shí)間,氣管插管或插喉罩的患兒反應(yīng)及生命征變化,麻醉情況(麻醉效果、術(shù)中麻醉質(zhì)量、手術(shù)醫(yī)生綜合評(píng)級(jí)),不良反應(yīng)(躁動(dòng)、術(shù)后隨訪聲音嘶啞及咽痛等情況)和患兒或家屬滿意度。
結(jié)果 實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間及蘇醒時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患兒術(shù)中通氣情況相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),兩組患兒在T1~T4時(shí)間段的氣管插管或插喉罩的血氧以及T1的收縮壓、舒張壓、心率相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。而在T2~T4時(shí)間段實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒收縮壓、舒張壓、心率較對(duì)照組更低更平穩(wěn),兩組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)?;純旱穆樽硇Ч麅?yōu)率、術(shù)中麻醉質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)率及手術(shù)醫(yī)生綜合評(píng)級(jí)為Ⅰ級(jí)率,兩組相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。而實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒發(fā)生躁動(dòng)情況、術(shù)后隨訪聲音嘶啞及咽痛率顯著低于對(duì)照組,患兒或家屬滿意度高于對(duì)照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
結(jié)論 在小兒腹腔鏡疝氣手術(shù)中,喉罩通氣聯(lián)合右美托咪定麻醉可明顯縮短全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間及患兒蘇醒時(shí)間,手術(shù)過程生命征更平穩(wěn),躁動(dòng)情況、術(shù)后隨訪聲音嘶啞及咽痛發(fā)生率低,顯著提升患兒及家屬對(duì)于麻醉的滿意程度,效果理想。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 喉罩通氣;右美托咪定;聯(lián)合麻醉;小兒腹腔鏡;疝氣手術(shù)
中圖分類號(hào):R614.2;R656.2?? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A?? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2023.09.003
Application of laryngeal mask airway ventilation combined with dexmedetomidine anesthesia in laparoscopic hernia surgery in children
ZHOU Shuqianga, LIU Weiwub, XU Guoyonga, WU Jiana, ZHOU Jiwua, ZHOU Xuefenga, LI Dongmeic
(a. Department of Anesthesiology, b. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, c. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Yulin Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yulin 537000, Guangxi, China)
【Abstract】 Objective To observe the application of laryngeal mask airway ventilation combined with dexmedetomidine anesthesia in laparoscopic hernia surgery in children.
Methods 60 children undergoing laparoscopic hernia surgery? from July 2021 to July 2022 were randomly divided into control group and experimental group, with 30 cases in each group. The control group were given? general anesthesia with traditional tracheal intubation, and the experimental group were given laryngeal mask airway ventilation combined with dexmedetomidine anesthesia. And then, the induction time of general anesthesia, ventilation during surgery, time of recovery of children in both groups, the changes of reactions and vital signs of children with endotracheal intubation or laryngeal mask insertion, anesthesia (anesthesia effects, the quality of anesthesia during surgery, and the comprehensive rating of surgeon), adverse reactions (restlessness, hoarseness and sore throat in follow-up after surgery, etc) and satisfaction of children or their families were recorded.
Results The induction time of general anesthesia and the recovery time of children in the experimental group were significantly shorter than those in the control group, and difference was statistically significant between the two groups (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of ventilation during surgery (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference of blood oxygen at T1-T4 as well as systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate at T1 among children with endotracheal intubation and laryngeal mask insertion (P>0.05). The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate of the children in the experimental group during T2-T4 period were lower and more stable than those in the control group, and difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the excellent rate of anesthesia effect, the excellent rate of anesthesia quality during surgery and the comprehensive rating of the surgeon as Grade Ⅰ between the two groups (P>0.05). The rate of restlessness, hoarseness and sore throat in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the satisfaction of the children or their families was higher than that in the control group, and difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).
Conclusion Laryngeal mask airway ventilation combined with dexmedetomidine anesthesia can significantly shorten the induction time of general anesthesia and the recovery time of the patients in laparoscopic hernia surgery in children.Vital signs during the surgery are more stable, and the incidence of restlessness, hoarseness and sore throat in follow-up after surgery is low, which can significantly improve the satisfaction of the children and their families with anesthesia, and the effect is ideal.
【Key words】 laryngeal mask airway ventilation; dextrmedetomidine; combined anesthesia; laparoscopy in children; hernia surgery
疝氣是目前臨床中十分常見的疾病,其中腹股溝疝的發(fā)病率最高[1]。疝氣主要是由腹腔內(nèi)的組織或者臟器連同腹膜壁層,通過腹壁薄弱點(diǎn)或者空隙向體表突出而形成[2]。疝氣經(jīng)過保守治療可以獲得較好的效果,但較易復(fù)發(fā)[3]。而此為手術(shù)需要解決的重點(diǎn)問題之一,腹腔鏡手術(shù)為微創(chuàng)手術(shù),其因手術(shù)時(shí)間短、創(chuàng)口小而獲得患者及醫(yī)生的認(rèn)可[4]。因此,對(duì)于疝氣的治療目前首選腹腔鏡手術(shù),而麻醉就是手術(shù)安全與療效的保障,尤其是針對(duì)小兒手術(shù)[5],提升小兒手術(shù)的麻醉質(zhì)量,增強(qiáng)小兒手術(shù)過程的舒適感顯得尤為重要。右美托咪定是一種選擇性腎上腺α2受體激動(dòng)劑,作用于中樞神經(jīng)突觸后的α2受體,通過抑制去甲腎上腺素的釋放,繼而產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜、抗焦慮及鎮(zhèn)痛作用,作用部位主要在藍(lán)斑核,對(duì)呼吸中樞無影響,無呼吸抑制作用?;诖?,我院開展喉罩通氣聯(lián)合右美托咪定麻醉,獲得滿意麻醉效果。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:符合疝氣診斷;年齡<12周歲;符合腹腔鏡手術(shù)指征;依從性較高;術(shù)前生命體征平穩(wěn)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]:有麻醉、手術(shù)禁忌證;癲癇類疾病;合并其他臟器疾?。徽J(rèn)知與溝通障礙患者。經(jīng)患兒家屬知情同意,并經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),納入我院2021年7月至2022年7月收治的60例行腹腔鏡疝氣手術(shù)患兒作為研究對(duì)象,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組,每組30例。對(duì)照組采用傳統(tǒng)氣管插管全麻,男26例,女4例,年齡2~12歲,平均(7.53±1.17)歲,平均體重(21.63±2.61)kg。實(shí)驗(yàn)組采用喉罩通氣聯(lián)合右美托咪定麻醉,男27例,女3例,年齡2~12歲,平均(8.06±1.08)歲,平均體重(21.46±2.77)kg。兩組一般資料對(duì)比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
完善相關(guān)準(zhǔn)備,術(shù)前8 h禁止飲食,麻醉前0.5 h,鹽酸戊乙奎醚注射液(錦州奧鴻藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20020606,規(guī)格:1 mL∶1 mg)0.01 mg/kg靜脈注射,嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè)生命體征,準(zhǔn)備麻醉相關(guān)物品。實(shí)驗(yàn)組采用喉罩全身麻醉聯(lián)合右美托咪定麻醉:首先對(duì)患兒行麻醉誘導(dǎo),鹽酸右美托咪定注射液(揚(yáng)子江藥業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20183219,規(guī)格:2 mL∶0.2 mg)0.5 μg/kg加入100 mL鹽水靜脈滴注;丙泊酚中/長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪乳注射液(北京費(fèi)森尤斯卡比醫(yī)藥有限公司分裝,分包裝國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字HJ20150654,規(guī)格:20 mL∶0.2 g)2 mg/kg靜脈注射;枸櫞酸芬太尼注射液(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H42022076,規(guī)格:2 mL∶0.1 mg)4 μg/kg或枸櫞酸舒芬太尼注射液(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20054171,規(guī)格:1 mL∶50 μg)0.5 μg/kg靜脈注射;注射用苯磺順阿曲庫(kù)銨(浙江仙琚制藥股份有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20090202,規(guī)格5 mg)0.1 mg/kg靜脈注射;結(jié)合患兒情況選取合適喉罩插入;吸入用七氟烷(上海恒瑞醫(yī)藥有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20070172,規(guī)格:120 mL)2%吸入維持麻醉。正式開始手術(shù)前,枸櫞酸芬太尼1.5 μg/kg或枸櫞酸舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kg靜脈注射。對(duì)照組患兒用氣管插管全身麻醉,所用麻醉藥物同實(shí)驗(yàn)組,再結(jié)合患兒的具體情況,為其選取適合的氣管導(dǎo)管插入。
1.3 評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
記錄兩組患兒全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間、術(shù)中通氣情況、患兒蘇醒時(shí)間,氣管插管或插喉罩時(shí)患兒反應(yīng)及生命征變化,麻醉情況(麻醉效果、術(shù)中麻醉質(zhì)量、手術(shù)醫(yī)生綜合評(píng)級(jí))、不良反應(yīng)(躁動(dòng)、術(shù)后隨訪聲音嘶啞及咽痛等情況)及患兒或家屬滿意度[8]。氣管插管或插喉罩過程患兒反應(yīng)及生命征變化評(píng)價(jià)中,于T1(麻醉前)、T2(氣管插管即刻)、T3(氣管插管結(jié)束)、T4(氣管插管后15分鐘)時(shí)間段監(jiān)測(cè)血壓、心率及血氧情況。術(shù)中麻醉質(zhì)量由手術(shù)醫(yī)師綜合評(píng)級(jí),按優(yōu)、良、差評(píng)為三個(gè)等級(jí)?;純郝樽硇Ч硐耄匆娦g(shù)中躁動(dòng)、生命體征不穩(wěn)定等不良情況為優(yōu);術(shù)中生命體征輕微波動(dòng),但未見躁動(dòng)等不良情況為良;除以上情況外為差。麻醉效果評(píng)定分為Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四個(gè)等級(jí),Ⅰ級(jí):麻醉完善、無痛、肌松良好、安靜,為手術(shù)提供良好條件,心肺功能和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定;Ⅱ級(jí):麻醉欠完善,有輕度疼痛表現(xiàn),肌松欠佳,有內(nèi)臟牽引痛,需用鎮(zhèn)靜劑,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)有波動(dòng)(非病情所致);Ⅲ級(jí):麻醉不完善,疼痛明顯或肌松較差,呻吟躁動(dòng),輔助用藥后情況有改善,但不夠理想,勉強(qiáng)完成手術(shù);Ⅳ級(jí):需改其他麻醉方法,才能完成手術(shù)。滿意度評(píng)價(jià)使用醫(yī)院自制的滿意度調(diào)查問卷,分值0~100分,其中0~59分為不滿意,60~89分為滿意,90~100分為非常滿意。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,組間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)(方差齊);計(jì)數(shù)資料用百分比(%)表示,組間比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn)。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn):α=0.05,雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn)。
2 結(jié)? 果
2.1 兩組患兒全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間、術(shù)中通氣情況、蘇醒時(shí)間對(duì)比
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間及蘇醒時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。兩組患兒術(shù)中通氣情況相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組氣管插管或插喉罩過程中患兒反應(yīng)及生命征變化
患兒氣管插管或插喉罩過程中,兩組T1~T4時(shí)間段的血氧和T1的收縮壓、舒張壓、心率相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。而在T2~T4時(shí)間段內(nèi)的實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒收縮壓、舒張壓、心率較對(duì)照組更低更平穩(wěn),兩組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患兒麻醉情況、不良反應(yīng)及患兒或家屬滿意度對(duì)比
患兒的麻醉效果優(yōu)率、術(shù)中麻醉質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)率及手術(shù)醫(yī)生綜合評(píng)級(jí)為Ⅰ級(jí)率,兩組相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。而實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒發(fā)生躁動(dòng)、術(shù)后隨訪聲音嘶啞及咽痛發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒或家屬滿意度高于對(duì)照組,兩組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
3 討? 論
氣管插管全身麻醉是腹腔鏡手術(shù)臨床最常用的傳統(tǒng)麻醉方法。由于小兒喉部的解剖、生理不同于成人,氣管短而小,6歲前喉的最狹窄處不是聲門裂,而是聲門下,位于環(huán)狀軟骨平面,氣管導(dǎo)管通過比較緊,易發(fā)生喉痙攣、支氣管痙攣等,如反復(fù)氣管插管刺激喉頭易致黏膜水腫,分泌物多,造成困難氣道,危及生命安全,氣管內(nèi)插管刺激大,而喉罩通氣不用進(jìn)入氣管內(nèi)而在聲門上,相對(duì)氣管插管通氣的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是降低全身應(yīng)激反應(yīng),麻醉平穩(wěn),加快患兒蘇醒,減少喉痙攣及術(shù)后咽痛、聲音嘶啞、喉頭水腫等[9]。同時(shí)喉罩通氣也是解決困難氣道的應(yīng)對(duì)方法之一[3,10-11]。小兒麻醉中蘇醒期恐懼躁動(dòng)哭鬧、不合作等問題迫切需要解決。近年來右美托咪定應(yīng)用于小兒麻醉的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道頗多,主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是大大減少了術(shù)后蘇醒躁動(dòng)的發(fā)生率,在臨床上得到廣泛應(yīng)用[12]。本研究在選擇喉罩的尺寸上,十分注意根據(jù)患兒的實(shí)際情況而定,患兒體重為5~10 kg可選取1.5號(hào)喉罩,10~20 kg可選取2號(hào)喉罩,20~30 kg可選取2.5號(hào)喉罩。喉罩通氣聯(lián)合右美托咪定麻醉在小兒腹腔鏡疝氣短小手術(shù)中,相比氣管插管全麻,能顯著防止全身應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,減少心血管反應(yīng),使全麻誘導(dǎo)平穩(wěn),減少患兒喉痙攣發(fā)生,加快蘇醒,減少蘇醒躁動(dòng)及術(shù)后咽痛、聲音嘶啞、喉頭水腫等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生,提高麻醉質(zhì)量,確?;純喊踩?3-14]。
本研究中,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間及蘇醒時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組,兩組患兒術(shù)中通氣情況相比無顯著差異,在T1~T4時(shí)間段兩組患兒的氣管插管或插喉罩時(shí)血氧及T1收縮壓、舒張壓、心率相比無明顯差異,而在T2~T4時(shí)間段的實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒收縮壓、舒張壓、心率較對(duì)照組更低更平穩(wěn)。兩組患兒的麻醉效果優(yōu)率、術(shù)中麻醉質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)率及手術(shù)醫(yī)生綜合評(píng)級(jí)為Ⅰ級(jí)率無明顯差異。而實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒躁動(dòng)、術(shù)后隨訪聲音嘶啞及咽痛發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患兒或家屬滿意度高于對(duì)照組。
綜上所述,在小兒腹腔鏡疝氣手術(shù)中,喉罩通氣聯(lián)合右美托咪定麻醉可明顯縮短全麻誘導(dǎo)時(shí)間及患兒蘇醒時(shí)間,平穩(wěn)氣道壓、良好的術(shù)中通氣。并在手術(shù)過程中,獲得更為平穩(wěn)的生命指標(biāo)水平,躁動(dòng)、術(shù)后隨訪聲音嘶啞及咽痛率降低,顯著提升患兒及其家屬對(duì)于麻醉的滿意程度,效果較為理想。但考慮到本文納入研究樣本數(shù)量有限,由此所得結(jié)論可能存在一定的局限性。
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(收稿日期:2022-09-19 修回日期:2022-12-22)
(編輯:潘明志)
基金項(xiàng)目:玉林市科學(xué)研究與技術(shù)開發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(玉市科20212215)
第一作者簡(jiǎn)介:周樹強(qiáng),男,主治醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)士,研究方向:小兒麻醉。E-mail:645387972@qq.com
通信作者:劉偉武。E-mail:1290151252@qq.com
[本文引用格式]周樹強(qiáng),劉偉武,徐國(guó)勇,等.喉罩通氣聯(lián)合右美托咪定麻醉在小兒腹腔鏡疝氣手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用[J].右江醫(yī)學(xué),2023,51(9):780-785.