（荷）埃爾斯·貝特

該公共空間設(shè)計項目位于荷蘭鹿特丹市，基于國際現(xiàn)代建筑協(xié)會（CIAM）花園城市概念設(shè)計實施的亞歷山大圩田區(qū)（Alexander polder）。該項目是當(dāng)?shù)嘏盼巯到y(tǒng)改造和道路更新的一部分，既遵循了住區(qū)原有的空間法則，又結(jié)合了當(dāng)?shù)匦碌墓δ苄枨蟆?/p>

1 區(qū)域介紹

亞歷山大圩田區(qū)的“建筑師住區(qū)”（Architectenbuurt）建 于1963—1967年，符 合國際現(xiàn)代建筑協(xié)會的花園城市概念。該住區(qū)由75%的公寓和25%的私家住宅組成。建筑、公共綠地、私人花園和林蔭大道等要素共同界定且塑造了住區(qū)開放且垂相交的空間結(jié)構(gòu)特征。

2 設(shè)計內(nèi)容及工程任務(wù)

主要的工程任務(wù)是置換排污系統(tǒng)，同期進行的還有借此次50年一次的市政工程的翻土機會來置換老舊的地面鋪裝。因此，地下與地上工程需協(xié)同考慮，既要滿足地下市政管網(wǎng)鋪設(shè)的技術(shù)要求，也要整體考慮地上空間的局限性以及居民對空間使用的訴求。

2.1 水治理

新建的分離式排污系統(tǒng)可以將雨水和污水區(qū)分開來，避免將混有污水的雨水帶入地表水中。在雨季和降水高峰時，這套系統(tǒng)都可以有效地降低污水峰值。

2.2 通行性、安全性、可見性

街道的尺度和布局都將依據(jù)現(xiàn)行標準重修調(diào)整，這將影響包括人行道在內(nèi)的每條道路寬度，還涉及停車位和綠地的數(shù)量及位置。

2.3 社交空間

使用公共空間的方式有很多，設(shè)計中需要考慮所有使用者：兒童、通勤者、騎行者、運動者、使用輪椅和助步車的人。這就要求其中有清晰的路沿、交叉的街道、輪椅坡道、足夠?qū)挼娜诵械酪约奥邢到y(tǒng)。

2.4 景觀及生態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)

住區(qū)中高大挺拔的喬木能為街道和綠地帶來更多綠意，所以在設(shè)計中被盡可能地保留。每一塊綠地中的各類植物都將重新配植，新栽植的植物需要與現(xiàn)有的植物相互搭配，為居民提供舒適的環(huán)境，也為鳥類、蝙蝠和昆蟲提供良好的生存環(huán)境。

這些綠色植物構(gòu)成一個連續(xù)的生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，連接地上和地下空間。這種工程措施能使住區(qū)的生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)連續(xù)性得到相應(yīng)的改善。

2.5 空間品質(zhì)

將以上所有需求疊加、落位無法帶來完美契合且連貫的空間品質(zhì)。因此，如何平衡所有地上和地下空間的技術(shù)要求和居民的使用訴求，并與既有住區(qū)空間特征整合，從而形成一個連貫的整體是設(shè)計中的重點與難點。這也是設(shè)計團隊的核心任務(wù)。

3 空間概念

建于20世紀五六十年代的國際現(xiàn)代建筑協(xié)會住區(qū)具有鮮明的空間結(jié)構(gòu)和明確的空間概念。建筑、城市和景觀在同一個維度中連貫組合，形成了住區(qū)的開放空間。

“建筑通過有限的建筑元素和材料表現(xiàn)出重復(fù)的節(jié)奏序列，使得它們在前景中并不引人注目，而是更像是空地中開放空間的背景。在公共空間的設(shè)計中，每一個元素都能喚起強烈的空間效果，這些都與光有關(guān)。依據(jù)植物的大小、形狀、種植密度、顏色和花序來選擇住區(qū)中配植的喬木、灌木和草本種類。建筑和樹木作為城市空間的幕布，起到強化透視效果的作用。喬木可以成行、成組種植或孤植，它們的陰影（可使空間更暗或更透亮）映射在街道、草坪、花壇和建筑立面上，仿佛形成悅動且美輪美奐的空間關(guān)系，還能隨著視角、季節(jié)和時間變化。建筑密度和紋理的多樣性同樣具有視覺沖擊力，表現(xiàn)在磚石山墻和玻璃立面這類對比鮮明的封閉界面或肌理結(jié)構(gòu)之中。建筑在密度、結(jié)構(gòu)和紋理對比等不斷變化之中獲得多樣的感知。景觀與建筑的疊加，形成層次感強、變化豐富、景色優(yōu)美的空間形象?！盵1]

2 國際現(xiàn)代建筑協(xié)會住區(qū)的空間形象解構(gòu)Deconstruction of the spatial image of a CIAM neighbourhood

4 空間和結(jié)構(gòu)的要素

在這個住區(qū)中，我們利用圖析的方式將空間概念分層，并將其作為公共空間設(shè)計的“導(dǎo)則”。

3 建筑師住區(qū)的照片，展示了空間圖景的豐富層次感和畫面感Pictures of the Architectenbuurt, showing the layered and scenic spatial image

4.1 垂直交叉的開放結(jié)構(gòu)，群組的街區(qū)和空間

該住區(qū)中的建筑彼此垂直布局，形成不同的空間組織方式（共同構(gòu)成郵票比例的圍合空間）。建筑以不同的高度和類型分為8-6-4-3層（公寓）和2層（聯(lián)排住宅）。街道和小路也是垂直交叉布局的。

該住區(qū)可以被分為不同的部分，每個部分都有不同的空間概念：1）圍繞公寓樓布局的社區(qū)花園（公園般的景色）；2）位于林蔭街道旁的小型公寓樓街區(qū)；3）小型停車場周邊的私家住宅；4）位于林蔭街道旁的私家住宅，街道之間伴有小型綠地。

4 6張圖紙解析空間結(jié)構(gòu)的要素Set of 6 drawings deconstructing the components of the spatial structure4-1 圖底關(guān)系Figure ground4-2 建筑呈垂直布局Perpendicular patterns of buildings4-3 不同的空間概念Different spatial concepts4-4 房屋類型Housing typologies4-5 道路結(jié)構(gòu)Road structure4-6 綠色空間及視線分析Green spaces and sightlines

4.2 連接的空間，變化的視線

在相互垂直的街道模式中，兩側(cè)的樹木和建筑交替排列，強調(diào)了街道的通長與筆直，帶來一種非重復(fù)的節(jié)奏感。沿著街道的長直線前行，所見圖景不斷變化。因為建筑有節(jié)奏的排布，視線也隨之有節(jié)奏地在建筑之間的開放空間和其背后的圖景舒展。相互垂直的街道之間的連接空間設(shè)置社區(qū)花園，從而增添街道的趣味性。

4.3 社區(qū)花園：共享景觀和庇護所

5 公共花園Communal garden

6 林蔭街道Treelined street

7 街道之間起到連接作用的小型綠地Linking small green

社區(qū)花園是周邊公寓和街道的共享景觀。高大的喬木并不是貼著住戶的陽臺和窗戶種植的，通常會布置在與公寓有一段距離的社區(qū)花園的中心或邊界地帶。從公寓望向外，看到的是樹木而非其他鄰居們。濃密的樹冠也能保護公寓不受來自街道上他人視線的影響。綠籬、種植池和灌木將空間劃分為隱蔽空間和開放空間，建筑前的綠植，成為陽臺和花園之間的緩沖區(qū)。

4.4 社區(qū)花園：共享領(lǐng)域

住區(qū)的社區(qū)花園服務(wù)于其周邊的公寓，同時也是住區(qū)公共空間體系的一部分。社區(qū)花園是“花園城市“理念的核心要素，該理念強調(diào)為住戶提供城市公寓的城市生活體驗感，同時也可享用充足的自然綠色，在綠色的城市公寓中生活。社區(qū)花園在公共空間體系中的不同尺度上扮演不同的角色。在微觀尺度上，它們可以是停留區(qū)、界定不同空間的緩沖區(qū)、兒童游樂場地、共享景觀；在中觀尺度上，它們起到連接空間、連接空間圖景的作用；在住區(qū)尺度上，它們起到連接住區(qū)中心與邊緣綠地的作用。

5 設(shè)計

新的公共空間體系設(shè)計基于原有基底，以新的方式強調(diào)顯化上文分析出的場地既有空間特征：分層的子系統(tǒng)、富有韻律變化的空間場景、層次豐富的生活空間布景。

設(shè)計在不斷變化的空間圖景中強調(diào)長直線的美感，直線可以是街道上的鋪裝路、排列的停車位，也可以是其中的路沿。整齊排列的喬木和其他植物為住區(qū)營造出深遠、濃烈、安靜、連續(xù)的氛圍。

聯(lián)排住宅門前的私家花園、小型社區(qū)花園和建筑前的綠植緩沖區(qū)共同營造了一種小尺度帶有地域文化特征的景觀圖景。因為私人領(lǐng)域與小尺度公共花園中的景觀布置呈現(xiàn)了住戶的日常生活。而大型的社區(qū)花園則營造了一種帶有紀念性的自然氛圍，因此這些大型社區(qū)花園在公共空間體系中處于較高空間等級。

在通直街道之間設(shè)置小型街道與綠地的空間結(jié)構(gòu)，這些空間提供了一種相對私密的空間氛圍。

6 結(jié)論

本項目的設(shè)計任務(wù)是市政維護工程的延展。借助市政翻修排污系統(tǒng)的契機，協(xié)同考量地上與地下空間，重新梳理、設(shè)計住區(qū)公共空間體系。設(shè)計師采用了“歷史倒溯”的方法，通過提煉那些承載花園城市理念的空間要素，詮釋這些要素的空間組織關(guān)系和邏輯，深刻理解要素的組合如何呈現(xiàn)該住區(qū)的空間特征。在繪制分析圖與草圖的過程中，設(shè)計理念和設(shè)計元素逐漸清晰。過程中的發(fā)現(xiàn)被用作更新街道、綠地、社區(qū)花園的設(shè)計導(dǎo)則。

參考文獻(Reference)：

評注：本題主要考查直線與拋物線的位置關(guān)系，考查了拋物線的性質(zhì)，設(shè)A（x1，y1），B（x2，y2），利用點差法得到，取AB中點M′（x0，y0），分別過點A，B作準線x=-1的垂線，垂足分別為A′、B′，由拋物線的性質(zhì)得到（｜AA′｜+｜BB′）｜，進而得到斜率。

[1] BET E, HINTERTHüR H. De kleur van naoorlogse wijken[M]//HAGE K, RUITENBEEK J, ZWEERINK K, et al.Van Pendrecht tot Ommoord: Geschiedenis En Toekomst Van De Naoorlogse Wijken in Rotterdam. Bussum: THOTH,2005: 50-55.

（編輯/王一蘭）

委托人：鹿特丹市

設(shè)計團隊：埃爾斯·貝特、馬爾滕·沃姆斯蒂克

竣工時間：2021年

設(shè)計時間：2019年

圖片來源：埃爾斯·貝特

翻譯：丁瑤

校對：吳丹子、蔡佳秀

Design of the public space in the CIAM garden city of Alexanderpolder in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The project is part of the renewal of sewage and roads. The design is based upon the original spatial principles of the neighbourhood,combined with nowadays functional requirements.

1 Place of Intervention

The “Architectenbuurt” in the Alexanderpolder is a garden city built between 1963 and 1967, to the CIAM ideas of the modern garden city. The neighbourhood consists of 75% apartments and 25% family houses. The neighbourhood’s allotment is a typical open and rectangular structure of buildings in a spatial setting of public greens, private gardens, and green avenues.

2 Intervention and Program of Requirements

The main intervention is the replacement of the sewage. Along with this “once in 50 years”operation, all pavements will be renewed. The work underground and above ground must meet a lot of technical and spatial requirements.

2.1 Water Management

The sewage will be replaced by a separate sewage system, that separates rainwater from wastewater, and brings the rainwater to the surface water instead of the sewage. It helps to reduce the peak on the sewage during the increasing and heavier rainfall. The water-absorbing capacity of the neighbourhoods is increased by making natural wadies and removal of superfluous pavement.

2.2 Traffic, Safety, Visibility

The sizing and layout of streets are attuned to the actual standards. This will change every street,in width of the road, the sidewalk, the amount and position of parking places and greens.

2.3 Social Space

The public space is used in different ways.The design must take all the users into account:kids, commuters, cyclists, sporters, and people using wheelchairs and walkers. It asks for a clear curb, crossable streets, ramps for wheelchairs and sidewalks wide enough for a chat, and a network of walks and run arounds.

8 公共空間設(shè)計圖Drawings of the design of the public space

2.4 Landscape and Ecological Structure

The neighbourhood has beautiful big trees.The trees make the atmosphere in streets and greens. Trees are maintained as much as possible.In the end, there will be more trees than there are now, provided with better growing conditions. The new trees must match the existing trees and offer good conditions for birds, bats, and insects.

All green areas will be replanted with plants that provide an attractive environment for the inhabitants, and value for insects and birds.

Trees and greens form a connective ecological network above and underground. The interventions in the area must improve the connective ecological network.

2.5 Spatial Quality

Adding up and positioning all the requirements in place, one can be sure it doesn’t fit and won’t be coherent. It is quite a puzzle to balance all underground and above ground requirements and interests into a coherent whole.This is the role of the design team.

3 Spatial Concept

The Modern CIAM Neighbourhoods that were built in the fifties and sixties of the last century have a characteristic construction of the spatial image and a specific spatial concept. The open allotments are coherent compositions on an architectonic, urban and landscape scale.

“For the buildings, it shows in the repetition and rhythm of a limited number of architectonical elements and materials. The buildings are not striking in the foreground but form a background for the in-between open space. In the design of the public space, all tools are used to evoke a strong spatial effect. Everything is about light. Trees,shrubs, and plants are chosen by their size, form,airiness, or density, by colour and inflorescence.Buildings and trees are placed as screens in the urban space, intensifying the perspective effect.Trees are planted in rows, groups, or solitary. The effect of their shade (dark or more open) is used to cast light on the street, lawn, flowerbeds, and facades. It is a dancing and picturesque spatial image that changes with the point of view and follows the changes of the season and the day.The multiplicity of densities and textures in the buildings is equally strong and shows in contrasting closed surfaces or tissue-like structures, in masonry gables and glassy facades. The contrasts in density,structure and texture produce a constantly changing perception of the buildings. The superposition of landscape and buildings leads to layered, changeful and scenic spatial images.”[1]

4 Components of Space and Structure

We identified the components of the layered spatial concept in this specific neighbourhood by mapping and used it as a guideline for the design of the public space.

4.1 Perpendicular Open Structure, Grouping Blocks and Space

The buildings in the neighbourhood are positioned perpendicular and are organized in different patterns (stamps). The buildings have different heights and typologies: 8-6-4-3 storeys(apartments) and 2 storeys (row housing). Streets and paths are perpendicular too.

The neighbourhood can be divided into different parts, with each a different spatial concept:1) Apartment buildings with communal gardens that provide a park-like scenery; 2) Treelined streets and small apartment blocks; 3) Family houses surrounding little parking squares; 4) Treelined streets with family houses and in between linking small greens.

4.2 Linking Spaces, Changing Views

The perpendicular street pattern produces long and straight streets aligned with alternating trees and buildings. It brings a rhythm instead of repetition. Along the straight line the view is constantly changing and opening to the space in between and behind. Straight but not boring, due to the communal gardens that form linking spaces between the perpendicular streets.

4.3 Communal Gardens: Shared View and Shelter

The communal garden is a shared view from the apartments, and from the street. The big trees are not placed in front of the balconies and windows, but on some distance, along the edge or in the middle. From the apartments, you see the trees, not the neighbours. The crowns of the trees also protect the apartments against views from the street. Hedges, planting beds and shrubs divide the space into more sheltered or more open spaces,and a green border along with the building, making a buffer between the garden and the balconies.

4.4 Communal Gardens: Shared Domains

The communal gardens in the neighbourhood belong to the surrounding apartments but are at the same time the extension of the public space.The communal gardens are determinative in the concept of the “garden city”: living in an urban apartment in a green environment. The communal gardens belong to the small scale (arrival, green buffer, playground, shared view), the middle scale (linking spaces, linking views) and the scale of the neighbourhood (linking the heart of the neighbourhood to the green edges).

5 The Design

The design of the public space is a new design, based upon the original, in the way that the new requirements are used to strengthen the components of the layered, changeful, and scenic spatial concept.

The design enhances the long and straight lines with alternating views.

The straight line in each street is made by the pavement on the road, the straight lining of parking places and the curb. The atmosphere is kept big,strong, quiet, and continuous with aligning greens and groups of trees.

The position of the buildings produces alternating views. The perspective effect of the in-between and linking spaces is strengthened by making layered compositions of foreground and background in height and depth with hedges, lawns,borders, and trees.

The small gardens of family houses, small communal gardens, and borders along with the buildings, have a small-scale, cultural look. The big communal gardens have a monumental, natural atmosphere, thus joining the “big spaces” in the hierarchy.

In between the long straight lines lies a structure of smaller streets and greens, having a more sheltered atmosphere.

6 Conclusion

The design assignment in this case, as part of a maintenance operation, is for a great deal designing “backwards” to capture the spatial concept and to point out the composing elements and their contribution to the spatial image of the neighbourhood. By visualizing it in analytical maps and drawings, the design idea and design elements are made explicit and can be used as a guiding principle in the redesign of the streets, greens, and communal gardens.

(Editor / WANG Yilan)