趙浚江,劉皓,鄭自文,劉波,張登云,張堅(jiān)
[摘要]目的? ? 探討雙糖鏈蛋白多糖(BGN)基因在胃癌中的表達(dá)及與預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。方法? ? 收集Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫中關(guān)于BGN的數(shù)據(jù)信息,對其在胃癌中的差異表達(dá)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。利用GEPIA2數(shù)據(jù)庫對BGN的表達(dá)情況進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。對胃癌中BGN參與的通路進(jìn)行富集分析。利用TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫分析BGN與胃癌總生存期(OS)、腫瘤特異性生存期(DSS)和無疾病間隔(PFI)的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果? ? 從Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫中納入不同腫瘤BGN表達(dá)的研究共計(jì)421項(xiàng)。經(jīng)過篩選,涉及BGN在胃癌組織和癌旁組織中具有表達(dá)差異的研究共5項(xiàng)(包含298例樣本),對5項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行meta分析顯示,與癌旁組織相比,BGN在胃癌組織中均呈高表達(dá)(P<0.05)。利用GEPIA2數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行分析驗(yàn)證,BGN在胃癌樣本中呈現(xiàn)顯著高表達(dá)。富集分析顯示,BGN在胃癌中的表達(dá)可能與同種異體排斥、頂端連接、凋亡信號通路密切相關(guān)。自TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫中提取數(shù)據(jù)分析顯示,BGN表達(dá)與OS、DSS、PFI呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論? ? BGN在胃癌組織中高表達(dá),且與胃癌預(yù)后顯著相關(guān),可能為腫瘤藥物的開發(fā)提供分子靶點(diǎn)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]胃腫瘤;雙糖鏈蛋白多糖;基因表達(dá);預(yù)后;計(jì)算生物學(xué)
[中圖分類號]R735.2
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
[文章編號]2096-5532(2022)04-0500-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2022.58.110[HT]
[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20220622.1623.008.html;[JY]2022-06-2410:59:11
EXPRESSION OF THE BGN GENE IN GASTRIC CANCER AND ITS CORRELATION WITH PROGNOSIS
ZHAO Junjiang, LIU Hao, ZHENG Ziwen, LIU Bo, ZHANG Dengyun, ZHANG Jian
(Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China)
[ABSTRACT]Objective[WTBZ] To investigate the expression of the biglycan? (BGN) gene in gastric cancer and its correlation with prognosis.
Methods The data of BGN in Oncomine database were used for analysis of its differential expression in gastric can-cer. GEPIA2 database was used to verify the expression of BGN. Enrichment analysis was performed for pathways involving BNG in gastric cancer. Data from the TCGA database were used to examine the correlations of BGN with overall survival, disease speci-fic survival, and disease-free interval in gastric cancer.
Results A total of 421 studies on BGN expression in various tumors were retrieved from the Oncomine database. Of these, 5 studies reported the differential expression of BGN between gastric cancer tissues and normal gastric tissues (298 samples). A meta-analysis showed that BGN was highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues (P<0.05). Verification with GEPIA2 database confirmed that BGN was significantly highly expressed in gastric cancer samples. Enrichment analysis showed that the expression of BGN in gastric cancer may be closely related to allograft rejection, apical junction, and apoptotic signaling pathways. Data extracted from TCGA database showed that BGN expression was negatively correlated with overall survival, disease specific survival, and disease-free interval (P<0.05).
Conclusion BGN is highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues and is significantly correlated with the prognosis of gastric cancer, which may provide a molecular target for the development of antitumor drugs.
[KEY WORDS] stomach neoplasms; biglycan; gene expression; prognosis; computational biology
胃癌是全世界最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,由于缺乏有效的治療方法,其預(yù)后較差[1]。中國的胃癌發(fā)病率很高[2]。胃癌發(fā)生是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的生物過程,涉及多種因素、基因和分期,具有高度異質(zhì)性。尋找新的、特異性的生物標(biāo)志物對胃癌的診斷和治療具有重要的臨床價(jià)值,揭示關(guān)鍵基因在胃癌發(fā)病過程中的作用機(jī)制,可以為抗腫瘤實(shí)驗(yàn)奠定基礎(chǔ),為胃癌治療提供新的選擇。雙糖鏈蛋白多糖(BGN)基因是編碼富含亮氨酸的小分子蛋白多糖家族的成員[3]。BGN的主要功能包括調(diào)節(jié)基質(zhì)裝配、細(xì)胞遷移、細(xì)胞黏附、骨骼礦化、炎癥、細(xì)胞生長、自噬以及細(xì)胞凋亡等[4-6]。因此,BGN參與了多種生理和病理生理過程,包括腫瘤發(fā)生[7]。BGN在腫瘤發(fā)生中的作用目前尚存在爭議。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞中,BGN過表達(dá)參與了血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體信號的激活和細(xì)胞外信號激酶途徑的調(diào)節(jié),促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生[8]。但是在膀胱癌中,BGN基因沉默導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖增強(qiáng),表明BGN在該疾病中起腫瘤抑制作用[9]。目前,BGN對胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展作用的相關(guān)研究較少。因此,本研究利用相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫分析BGN在胃癌中的表達(dá)及與預(yù)后的相關(guān)性,以期更好地理解BGN在胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用,從而促進(jìn)新治療方法的開發(fā)。
1資料與方法
1.1數(shù)據(jù)檢索及篩選
本研究從Oncomine腫瘤信息數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.oncomine.org/)中檢索BGN相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),根據(jù)以下檢索條件進(jìn)行篩選:①基因名稱為BGN;②癌癥類型為Gastric cancer;③數(shù)據(jù)類型為mRNA;④分析對照類型為Cancer vs Normal Analysis;⑤臨界值設(shè)定條件為P value<0.05,fold change(FC)>2,gene rank=top 10%。
1.2BNG基因表達(dá)驗(yàn)證
利用GEPIA2數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://gepia2.cancer-pku.cn)的TCGA數(shù)據(jù)集和GETX數(shù)據(jù)集對BGN基因在腫瘤組織中的表達(dá)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。設(shè)置篩選條件如下:①gene為BGN;②methods為ANOVA;③|Log2FC| Cutoff為2;④q value Cutoff為0.01;⑤Matched Normal data為Match TCGA normal data,Match TCGA normal and GTEX data;⑥Tissue為STAD。
1.3基因功能富集分析
收集了408例胃癌組織和36例正常胃組織的基因表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù),這些數(shù)據(jù)來自癌癥基因組圖譜網(wǎng)站TCGA(https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/orga-nization/ccg/research/structural-genomics/tcga)。
為研究胃癌中BGN表達(dá)相關(guān)的分子通路,采用基因集富集分析(GSEA)桌面軟件進(jìn)行GSEA,獲得相關(guān)性排前3位的通路(P value<0.05)。
1.4預(yù)后分析
從TCGA官方網(wǎng)站胃癌項(xiàng)目中獲得基因表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)(胃癌組織與正常胃組織)和臨床信息,剔除臨床信息不夠完整的數(shù)據(jù)。對于最終保留的病人數(shù)據(jù),使用sangerbox進(jìn)行生存曲線繪制??偵嫫冢∣S)定義:診斷日期至死亡日期之間的時(shí)間[10]。無疾病間隔(PFI)定義:胃癌手術(shù)至檢測到復(fù)發(fā)之間的時(shí)間[11]。疾病特異性生存期(DSS)定義:結(jié)局指標(biāo)為癌癥相關(guān)死亡,它與癌癥生物學(xué)和治療效果有更大的關(guān)系[12]。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 24.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。Kaplan-Meier模型分析用于檢驗(yàn)BGN與胃癌預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1不同腫瘤中BGN的表達(dá)情況
對Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行檢索,并分析BGN基因在腫瘤與正常組織中的差異表達(dá)情況。共檢索到相關(guān)研究421項(xiàng),其中BGN基因在腫瘤組織中呈高表達(dá)的研究103項(xiàng),呈低表達(dá)的研究9項(xiàng)。對檢索的結(jié)果進(jìn)行篩選,在涉及胃癌的相關(guān)研究中,BGN基因在胃癌組織中呈高表達(dá)的研究11項(xiàng),呈低表達(dá)的研究0項(xiàng)。見圖1。
2.2BGN在胃癌組織中的表達(dá)
對Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索結(jié)果分析顯示,BGN基因在胃癌組織及癌旁組織中存在表達(dá)差異的研究共5項(xiàng)(共有12個(gè)芯片數(shù)據(jù)集,包含298例組織樣本)。將此12個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)集相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行meta分析,結(jié)果顯示,BGN在所有差異表達(dá)基因中的中位數(shù)值排名為70.5(P<0.001),提示該基因在胃癌組織中顯著高表達(dá)。見圖2。
2.3BGN在不同病理類型胃癌中的表達(dá)
在Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫中檢索不同病理類型胃癌BGN表達(dá)的研究,對研究結(jié)果分析顯示,與正常胃組織相比較,BGN基因在胃腸型胃癌(t=18.317,P<0.001)、彌漫型胃癌(t=23.103,P<0.001)和大細(xì)胞型胃癌(t=8.406,P<0.001)組織中均呈顯著高表達(dá)(圖3A~C)。利用GEPIA2數(shù)據(jù)庫,對從TCGA和GETX數(shù)據(jù)庫中篩選的胃癌組織與正常組織樣本的研究結(jié)果(篩選條件為|Log2FC|>1,P<0.01)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,結(jié)果顯示,與211例正常組織樣本比較,BGN在408例胃癌組織樣本中也呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá)(圖3D)。
2.4胃癌中BGN基因功能的富集分析
為了確定胃癌中可能的BGN相關(guān)通路,使用TCGA胃癌數(shù)據(jù)集的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行GSEA,結(jié)果顯示,BGN在胃癌中的表達(dá)可能與同種異體排斥、頂端連接、凋亡信號通路密切相關(guān)。見圖4。
2.5BGN表達(dá)與胃癌病人預(yù)后的關(guān)系
自TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫中下載胃癌病人相關(guān)臨床數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。根據(jù)臨床結(jié)局情況,分別進(jìn)行篩選。分別對441例病人的OS結(jié)局、420例病人的DSS結(jié)局及435例病人的PFI結(jié)局進(jìn)行Kaplan-Meier Plotter分析,以比較BGN表達(dá)與胃癌病人不同預(yù)后結(jié)局間相關(guān)性。結(jié)果顯示,BGN表達(dá)水平與胃癌病人OS、DSS、PFI均呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(P=0.002~0.039),BGN高表達(dá)病人的OS、DSS和PFI均明顯短于BGN低表達(dá)病人。見圖5。
3討論
胃癌是一種常見的惡性腫瘤,是世界范圍內(nèi)因腫瘤死亡的主要原因。目前外科手術(shù)是治療胃癌的主要手段,但手術(shù)治療具有較高的復(fù)發(fā)率。靶向治療是治療癌癥的新策略與新方法,但是目前胃癌仍缺乏有效的靶向治療。所以,尋找潛在的胃癌相關(guān)基因有助于胃癌的治療與預(yù)后判斷。同時(shí),炎癥和腫瘤發(fā)展之間的關(guān)系被越來越多的證據(jù)證實(shí)。雖然炎癥在組織損傷修復(fù)與對抗病原體中有著重要作用,但是如果炎癥消退不及時(shí)會使得免疫細(xì)胞浸潤,伴隨產(chǎn)生大量的免疫細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子等,這些免疫因子會引起組織的再次損傷與炎性反應(yīng),改變免疫微環(huán)境,從而在一定程度上促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
BGN基因與炎癥密切相關(guān),可能作為腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要因子參與癌癥的進(jìn)程。有研究顯示,BGN在人類胰腺癌、卵巢癌、結(jié)腸癌等腫瘤組織中均存在過表達(dá)[13-15]。本文結(jié)果顯示,BGN的表達(dá)與同種異體排斥、頂端連接、凋亡信號通路密切相關(guān)。細(xì)胞凋亡是指為維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定,由基因控制的細(xì)胞自主的有序的死亡。已有研究表明,BGN與腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡密切相關(guān),BGN的缺失通過細(xì)胞凋亡促進(jìn)細(xì)胞死亡,BGN的表達(dá)干擾胃癌病人抗凋亡和促凋亡基因的調(diào)節(jié),提示BGN參與的細(xì)胞凋亡途徑可能是治療胃癌的一個(gè)靶點(diǎn)[16-17]。關(guān)于同種異體排斥、頂端連接相關(guān)的信號通路對癌癥作用的研究較少,推測BNG可能通過參與這些通路,直接或間接地參與胃癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展,但這種猜想需要進(jìn)一步的研究證明。既往有研究結(jié)果顯示,BGN可通過TLR2/4-NF-κB和P2X7-NLRP3-caspase-1信號通路直接參與腫瘤的調(diào)控,同時(shí)可以通過下游遞質(zhì),如活性氧(ROS)、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)間接影響腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展進(jìn)程[18]。
慢性炎癥在胃癌的進(jìn)展和轉(zhuǎn)移中起著至關(guān)重要的作用[19]。慢性胃炎已被證明是胃癌的關(guān)鍵病因,控制胃部炎性反應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是臨床預(yù)防胃癌發(fā)生的有效方法,但胃部炎癥導(dǎo)致胃癌的機(jī)制還需要進(jìn)一步探索。ROS、VEGF主要參與炎癥介導(dǎo)的損傷,多數(shù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌組織中ROS、VEGF的含量增加,表明二者參與了腫瘤的進(jìn)程[20-21]。炎癥反應(yīng)中公認(rèn)的細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號通路之一是核因子κB(NF-κB)信號通路。Toll樣受體(TLR)基因(特別是[STBX]TLR2、TLR4和TLR10)在宿主防御中起重要作用[22]。目前研究表明,在胃癌組織中,TLR4蛋白基本呈高表達(dá)狀態(tài),且其表達(dá)可能與腫瘤惡性侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移、TNM分期密切相關(guān)[23]。NLRP3炎性小體作為目前研究較為廣泛的復(fù)雜炎性體,激活后可通過活化半胱天冬酶-1,剪切白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-1β或IL-18,引起大量炎癥因子的釋放,IL-1β及IL-18等炎性因子的過表達(dá)在腫瘤的逐步演進(jìn)過程中起著重要作用[24]。結(jié)直腸癌、乳癌等組織中NLRP3的表達(dá)水平均明顯高于對應(yīng)的正常組織[25]。有研究結(jié)果顯示,NF-κB蛋白在胃癌組織中的陽性染色率(71.43%)明顯高于癌旁正常切緣(23.81%),NLRP3的陽性染色率(78.57%)也顯著高于癌旁正常切緣(16.67%)[26]。BGN基因通過參與調(diào)控TLR2/4-NF-κB和P2X7-NLRP3-caspase-1信號通路可能在胃癌的發(fā)展中起到重要作用。但胃癌中BGN與下游信號通路的關(guān)系機(jī)制較為復(fù)雜且不十分清楚,仍需通過進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究進(jìn)行探討。
綜上所述,本研究使用生物信息學(xué)的方法,基于Oncomine、GEPIA2與TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫的聯(lián)合分析顯示,BGN基因在胃癌組織中高表達(dá),且與病人的OS、DSS和PFI有關(guān)。表明BGN基因參與了胃癌的重要進(jìn)程,并影響其預(yù)后。檢測胃癌組織中BGN的表達(dá)有助于評估病人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況和預(yù)后。BGN有可能成為腫瘤治療的新靶點(diǎn),為胃癌的治療提供新的方向。
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(本文編輯馬偉平)