任淑紅
摘 要:目的:觀察葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12對(duì)兒童癲癇患者同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平的影響。方法:選取我院2017年1月—2020年12月就診,接受治療的98例兒童癲癇患者為研究對(duì)象。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表,將98例患者隨機(jī)分為干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組各49例,兩組患者性別、年齡、病程、發(fā)病頻率間均無(wú)差異(P>0.05),具有可比性。對(duì)照組患者選擇臨床一線治療藥物進(jìn)行抗癲癇治療,干預(yù)組患者在對(duì)照組用藥基礎(chǔ)上,添加0.4 mg葉酸+100 μg維生素B12進(jìn)行輔助治療,對(duì)患者進(jìn)行為期3個(gè)月的跟蹤隨訪。測(cè)定兩組患者干預(yù)前、干預(yù)1個(gè)月、干預(yù)3個(gè)月后血清Hcy、葉酸和維生素B12水平,比較兩者患者干預(yù)前后血清Hcy、葉酸和維生素B12水平變化,同時(shí)記錄患者癲癇發(fā)作次數(shù)和每次發(fā)作持續(xù)時(shí)間,比較兩者患者發(fā)作次數(shù)和持續(xù)時(shí)間的差異。結(jié)果:治療前,兩組患者血清Hcy、葉酸和維生素B12水平比較均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。經(jīng)葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12干預(yù)1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月后,干預(yù)組患者血清Hcy水平均顯著降低(P<0.05),葉酸及維生素B12水平均顯著增高(P<0.05),而對(duì)照組患者血清Hcy水平出現(xiàn)增高現(xiàn)象(P<0.05),葉酸及維生素B12水平未觀察到差異(P>0.05),干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組相比,血清Hcy、葉酸和維生素B12水平均有差異(P<0.05);干預(yù)組患者癲癇發(fā)作頻率顯著低于對(duì)照組患者,發(fā)作持續(xù)時(shí)間顯著短于對(duì)照組患者(P<0.001)。結(jié)論:葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12對(duì)兒童癲癇患者進(jìn)行輔助治療,可顯著降低血清Hcy水平,降低癲癇發(fā)作頻率,縮短癲癇發(fā)作時(shí)間,值得在臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
關(guān)鍵詞:兒童癲癇;葉酸;維生素B12;同型半胱氨酸
我國(guó)現(xiàn)約有900萬(wàn)例以上的癲癇患者,其中兒童癲癇超過(guò)500萬(wàn)例[1]。兒童腦發(fā)育尚未成熟,若治療不當(dāng),極易損傷腦神經(jīng)元,造成兒童性情改變、智力損傷以及認(rèn)知能力受損,嚴(yán)重影響兒童正常生活及社會(huì)功能[2]。兒童癲癇患者血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平較正常兒童高,Hcy具有神經(jīng)毒性,致癲癇發(fā)作,且血清高Hcy水平提示兒童癲癇的不良預(yù)后[3]。對(duì)于癲癇患者,血清Hcy水平一方面受飲食中葉酸、維生素B6、維生素B12的影響,同時(shí)也受抗癲癇藥物奧卡西平、丙戊酸鈉的影響,當(dāng)膳食中缺乏葉酸、維生素B6、維生素B12,或者服用抗癲癇藥物時(shí),會(huì)影響Hcy在體內(nèi)的正常代謝,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致高Hcy血癥,進(jìn)一步加重病情,引起不良預(yù)后。但現(xiàn)有研究?jī)H在成人癲癇患者中進(jìn)行了探究,對(duì)于兒童癲癇患者,尚未有研究報(bào)道。本研究就葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12對(duì)兒童癲癇患者進(jìn)行輔助治療是否會(huì)降低血清Hcy水平展開探討。
1 材料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取我院2017年1月—2020年12月就診,接受治療的98例兒童癲癇患者為研究對(duì)象,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為經(jīng)中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì) 2007年《臨床診療指南·癲癇病分冊(cè)》中癲癇診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),經(jīng)腦電圖、CT、MRI 等檢查確診者;已向家屬介紹本研究目的、方法及意義,遵循自愿原則,家屬已簽署知情同意書。排除伴有嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎等臟器功能障礙者;對(duì)葉酸、維生素B12有禁忌癥的患者;其他腦部疾病患者等。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表,將98例患者隨機(jī)分為干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組各49例。其中,干預(yù)組患者男性24例、女性25例,平均年齡(4.92±2.95)歲,平均病程(34.33±14.875)月,每月平均發(fā)病次數(shù)(7.33±2.528)次;對(duì)照組男性25例、女性24例,平均年齡(3.31±2.867)歲,平均病程(35.88±15.530)月,每月平均發(fā)病次數(shù)(7.71±2.415)次。兩組患者性別、年齡、病程、發(fā)病頻率間均無(wú)差異(P>0.05),具有可比性(表1)。
1.2 干預(yù)方法
對(duì)照組患者遵循臨床治療方法,選擇奧卡西平、丙戊酸鈉、拉莫三嗪等臨床一線治療藥物進(jìn)行治療,指導(dǎo)家屬正確用藥,監(jiān)測(cè)不良反應(yīng)。干預(yù)組患者在對(duì)照組用藥基礎(chǔ)上,添加0.4 mg葉酸(生產(chǎn)企業(yè):江西制藥有限責(zé)任公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字號(hào):H36020872)+100 μg維生素B12(生產(chǎn)企業(yè):上海信誼九福藥業(yè)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字號(hào):H31022370)輔助治療,用藥劑量根據(jù)患者病情進(jìn)行調(diào)整。對(duì)患者進(jìn)行為期3個(gè)月的跟蹤隨訪。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
分別于治療前、干預(yù)1個(gè)月后、干預(yù)3個(gè)月后抽取患者清晨空腹靜脈血5 mL,采用免疫吸附法測(cè)定患者血清Hcy、葉酸、維生素B12水平,比較兩者患者干預(yù)前后血清Hcy、葉酸、維生素B12水平變化,同時(shí)記錄患者癲癇發(fā)作次數(shù)和每次發(fā)作持續(xù)時(shí)間,比較兩者患者發(fā)作次數(shù)和持續(xù)時(shí)間的差異。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
采用SPSS 23.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析?;颊甙d癇發(fā)作次數(shù)、持續(xù)時(shí)間及血清Hcy、葉酸、維生素B12水平均采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD方法;男女性別例數(shù)用頻數(shù)表示,組間比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12干預(yù)對(duì)兒童癲癇患者血清Hcy水平的影響
治療前,兩組患者血清Hcy、葉酸和維生素B12水平比較,均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。干預(yù)1個(gè)月后,干預(yù)組患者血清Hcy水平顯著降低[(13.674±1.107)vs(17.388±1.669)μmol/L]、葉酸[(7.784±1.822)vs(6.204±1.837)ng/mL]、維生素B12[(479.082±15.072)vs(400.389±16.296)pg/mL]水平顯著增高,而對(duì)照組患者血清Hcy水平出現(xiàn)增高現(xiàn)象[(20.163±1.179)vs(17.612±1.693)μmol/L],且有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05),血清葉酸及維生素B12水平未觀察到差異(P>0.05);與對(duì)照組相比,干預(yù)組血清Hcy、葉酸和維生素B12水平均有差異(P<0.05)。干預(yù)3個(gè)月后,干預(yù)組患者血清Hcy水平持續(xù)降低,葉酸及維生素B12持續(xù)增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而對(duì)照組患者血清Hcy水平仍增高(P<0.05),葉酸及維生素B12水平未觀察到差異(P>0.05);與對(duì)照組相比,干預(yù)組血清Hcy、葉酸和維生素B12水平均有差異(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.2 葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12干預(yù)對(duì)兒童癲癇患者發(fā)作次數(shù)及發(fā)作持續(xù)時(shí)間的影響
如表3所示,兩組患者在治療后,癲癇發(fā)作頻率及發(fā)作持續(xù)時(shí)間均較治療前減少(P<0.05)。經(jīng)葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12干預(yù)后,干預(yù)組患者癲癇發(fā)作頻率顯著低于對(duì)照組患者[(2.00±1.242)vs(4.02±1.127)次/月](P<0.001),發(fā)作持續(xù)時(shí)間顯著短與對(duì)照組患者[(0.984±0.696)vs(3.020±1.085)min](P<0.001)。
3 討論
癲癇是一種由多種原因引起的以腦神經(jīng)元過(guò)度放電導(dǎo)致的反復(fù)發(fā)作、短暫性的中樞神經(jīng)功能失常為主要特征的慢性腦部疾病。癲癇發(fā)作具有自限性,多數(shù)患者不需特殊處理,臨床治療上常采用苯妥英鈉等藥物長(zhǎng)期治療,以控制癲癇發(fā)作,但若治療不當(dāng),可增加發(fā)作頻率,以致使腦神經(jīng)發(fā)生不可逆的損傷[4-5]。Hcy是蛋氨酸代謝的中間產(chǎn)物,研究證實(shí),Hcy具有神經(jīng)毒性,過(guò)高水平的Hcy可過(guò)度激活NMDA 受體,促使細(xì)胞外大量鈣離子內(nèi)流,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元胞質(zhì)鈣超載,從而引發(fā)神經(jīng)元的毒性損傷,最終導(dǎo)致癲癇發(fā)作[6]。而NMDA 受體是體內(nèi)興奮性氨基酸受體的代表,發(fā)揮正常離子傳遞、維持正常神經(jīng)元功能等作用,在生理?xiàng)l件下,谷氨酸、鎂離子等內(nèi)源性調(diào)節(jié)劑與NMDA 受體結(jié)合發(fā)揮生理功能,但NMDA 受體作為興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)谷氨酸和甘氨酸活化的配體陽(yáng)離子通道,其還受致癲癇相關(guān)基因GRIN的編碼影響[7]。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)高Hcy血癥時(shí),由于Hcy與谷氨酸鹽的結(jié)構(gòu)相似性,可阻斷谷氨酸與NMDA受體結(jié)合,也可作為激動(dòng)劑最大化激活NMDA受體,從而引起鈣離子大量?jī)?nèi)流,引起連鎖反應(yīng),使神經(jīng)元過(guò)度興奮,異常放電,從而導(dǎo)致癲癇發(fā)作[8]。
人體血清Hcy水平受生活方式(如吸煙、酒精等)、某些疾?。ㄈ绺闻K疾病、內(nèi)分泌紊亂等)、飲食(主要受葉酸、維生素B6、維生素B12)等的影響。體內(nèi)Hcy在轉(zhuǎn)硫化過(guò)程中與絲氨酸結(jié)合,在合成酶的作用下生成醚,進(jìn)一步合成半胱氨酸,再與谷氨酸結(jié)合,經(jīng)過(guò)一系列反應(yīng)最終以無(wú)機(jī)硫酸鹽的形式排出體外。Hcy在體內(nèi)的代謝主要在肝臟進(jìn)行,而傳統(tǒng)的抗癲癇藥物,如卡馬西平、丙戊酸鈉等具有活躍的肝酶誘導(dǎo)劑作用,可刺激肝臟的分解代謝過(guò)程,進(jìn)而使得血液中Hcy水平增高[9]。另外,葉酸、維生素B6、維生素B12是Hcy代謝途徑中的重要輔酶,若缺乏則會(huì)導(dǎo)致同型半胱氨酸不能正常向蛋氨酸轉(zhuǎn)化,以致血液中同型半胱氨酸堆積,出現(xiàn)高同型半胱氨酸血癥[10]。而抗癲癇藥物的使用可使體內(nèi)葉酸水平降低,進(jìn)而加重藥物對(duì)體內(nèi)Hcy水平影響,引起高同型半胱氨酸血癥,不利于癲癇發(fā)作的控制[11]。有研究結(jié)果顯示,兒童癲癇患者血清Hcy水平較正常兒童高,且血清高Hcy水平提示兒童癲癇的不良預(yù)后[3]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兒童癲癇患者均存在高Hcy血癥現(xiàn)象,干預(yù)前患者血清Hcy水平(17.50±1.676)μmol/L,在經(jīng)葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12干預(yù)后1個(gè)月及3個(gè)月,干預(yù)組患者血清均出現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì),且在用藥1個(gè)月后,血清Hcy水平已降至正常區(qū)間。另外,血清葉酸及維生素B12出現(xiàn)增高現(xiàn)象,且顯著高于對(duì)照組患者,這一結(jié)果與王思彬、和梅的研究結(jié)果一致[12-13]。對(duì)于患者癲癇發(fā)作控制狀況,抗癲癇治療后,兩組患者癲癇發(fā)作頻率和發(fā)作持續(xù)時(shí)間均降低,且干預(yù)組患者經(jīng)葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12干預(yù)后,癲癇發(fā)作頻率和發(fā)作持續(xù)時(shí)間降低趨勢(shì)高于對(duì)照組患者。
綜上所述,葉酸聯(lián)合維生素B12對(duì)兒童癲癇患者進(jìn)行輔助治療,可顯著降低血清Hcy水平,降低癲癇發(fā)作頻率,縮短癲癇發(fā)作時(shí)間,值得在臨床推廣應(yīng)用?!?/p>
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Effect of Folic Acid Combined with Vitamin B12 on Homocysteine Levels in Children with Epilepsy
REN Shu-hong
(Department of Neurology,Baoding Children’s Hospital,Baoding 071050,China)
Abstract:Objective To observe the effect of folic acid combined with vitamin B12 on the level of homocysteine (Hcy)in children with epilepsy.Method We selected 98 cases of childhood epilepsy patients treated in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2020 as the research objects.According to the random number table,98 patients were randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group,each with 49 cases.There was no difference in gender,age,course of disease,and frequency of disease between the two groups (P>0.05).Patients in the control group chose clinical first-line drugs for anti-epileptic treatment.Patients in the intervention group were treated with 0.4 mg folic acid + 100 μg vitamin B12 for adjuvant therapy based on the drugs in the control group.The patients were followed up for a period of 3 months.The serum Hcy,folic acid and vitamin B12 levels of the two groups patients before intervention,one month and three months after intervention were measured,and the changes in serum Hcy,folic acid and vitamin B12 levels of the two patients before and after intervention were compared.At the same time,the frequency of seizures and the duration of each seizure were recorded,and the difference in the frequency and duration of seizures between the two patients was compared.Result Before treatment,there was no statistical difference between the two groups of patients in serum Hcy,folic acid and vitamin B12 levels.After folic acid combined with vitamin B12 intervention for one and three months,serum Hcy levels of intervention group patients were significantly reduced (P<0.05),folic acid and vitamin B12 levels were significantly increased (P<0.05),while serum Hcy levels of patients in the control group was increased (P<0.05),folic acid and vitamin B12 levels was no difference observed (P>0.05).Compared with the control group,the intervention group had differences in serum Hcy,folic acid and vitamin B12 levels (P<0.05).The frequency of seizures in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group,and the duration of seizures was significantly shorter than that of the control group (P<0.001).Conclusion Folic acid combined with vitamin B12 for adjuvant treatment of children with epilepsy can significantly reduce serum Hcy levels,reduce the frequency of seizures,and shorten the duration of seizures.It is worthy of clinical application.
Keywords:childhood epilepsy;folic acid;vitamin B12;homocysteine