黃詩純 沈琰 詹明
【摘要】 糖尿病腎病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)是糖尿病的一個(gè)主要微血管并發(fā)癥和發(fā)生終末期腎病的主要原因。目前血肌酐和尿微量白蛋白等臨床指標(biāo)是評(píng)估DKD患者腎組織損傷程度和腎功能進(jìn)展的主要依據(jù),但其仍具有較大的局限性,尤其對(duì)于部分早期DKD患者不敏感。因此,亟須尋找擁有較高準(zhǔn)確性的診斷及判斷預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)志物。近期系列研究表明一些特異性分子可作為新型生物標(biāo)志物用于早期診斷DKD、監(jiān)測(cè)其進(jìn)展以及判斷預(yù)后,如腎損傷分子-1、半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑C和肌醇加氧酶等。這些分子通過特異性反映腎小管細(xì)胞損傷進(jìn)而揭示早期腎組織結(jié)構(gòu)損傷與功能異常,敏感性甚至優(yōu)于尿微量白蛋白。本文就近年來腎小管損傷的診斷標(biāo)志物在DKD中的研究新進(jìn)展同時(shí)結(jié)合筆者自身的研究工作做如下綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 糖尿病腎病 腎小管損傷 生物標(biāo)志物
Research Progress on the Tubular Injury Diagnostic Biomarkers of Diabetic Kidney Disease/HUANG Shichun, SHEN Yan, ZHAN Ming. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(10): -177
[Abstract] Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the complications of microvascular complication in diabetes as well as a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Now serum creatinine, microalbuminuria and other clinical indicators are regarded as main basis for evaluating the degree of renal tissue damage and renal function progression in patients with DKD, but they still have great limitations, especially insensitive to some patients with early DKD. Thus, it is urgent to find novel biomarkers with higher accuracy for diagnosis and prognosis. Recent studies have shown that some specific molecules can be used as novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of DKD and prediction of disease progress and prognosis, such as kidney injury molecule-1, cystatin C, inositol oxygenase, etc. These molecules reveal early renal tissue damage and functional abnormalities by specifically reflecting renal tubular cell damage, and their sensitivity is even better than that of urinary microalbumin. In this paper, the new research progress of diagnostic markers of renal tubular injury in DKD in recent years is reviewed, at the same time combined with the authors own research work.
[Key words] Diabetic kidney disease Tubular injury Biomarker
First-authors address: Ningbo University School of Medical, Ningbo 315000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.10.041
糖尿病腎?。╠iabetic kidney disease,DKD)是糖尿病最常見的微血管并發(fā)癥之一[1]。隨著肥胖和2型糖尿病發(fā)病率的上升,DKD在中國已然超過腎小球腎炎,成為終末期腎臟?。╡nd-stage renal disease,ESRD)的主要原因[2]。近期系列研究表明DKD中除腎小球的損傷之外,腎小管的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能改變同樣是DKD發(fā)生和發(fā)展的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素,且尿白蛋白具有相對(duì)較低的陽性預(yù)測(cè)值,部分DKD患者尿微量白蛋白呈陰性但腎功能不斷下降,表明僅檢測(cè)白蛋白尿不足以預(yù)測(cè)DKD的發(fā)生和進(jìn)展[3]。研究表明以腎小管為基礎(chǔ)尋找生物標(biāo)志物可較早地揭示糖尿病患者腎臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能障礙,且較好地監(jiān)測(cè)DKD的進(jìn)展和判斷預(yù)后,如腎損傷分子-1、中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)載脂蛋白、胱抑素C等[4]。筆者既往對(duì)糖尿病腎病的臨床生物標(biāo)志物進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)綜述[5]。本文將進(jìn)一步聚焦腎小管,就糖尿病腎病腎小管損傷診斷性標(biāo)志物的最新研究進(jìn)展做如下綜述。
1 糖尿病腎病腎小管損傷機(jī)制
Bolignano等[6]認(rèn)為約五分之一的DKD患者在出現(xiàn)蛋白尿之前就已經(jīng)存在腎功能下降,這部分患者腎功能的下降可能與線粒體功能異常所致的腎小管損傷密切相關(guān)[7]。傳統(tǒng)的糖尿病腎病病理觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)腎小球是高血糖誘導(dǎo)下腎臟損傷的首要部位,而腎小管間質(zhì)損傷演變是DKD進(jìn)展過程中繼發(fā)性或后期才發(fā)生[7]。在過去的十年中,腎小管損傷是DKD早期腎損傷的關(guān)鍵組成部分已被越來越多的研究者認(rèn)識(shí)到。線粒體是動(dòng)態(tài)細(xì)胞器,是活性氧產(chǎn)生的主要來源,而線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)改變是DKD患者腎小管細(xì)胞損傷的病理特征之一[7]。大量體內(nèi)外研究表明糖尿病狀態(tài)下線粒體損傷和線粒體源性氧化應(yīng)激可激活不同的分子病理信號(hào)通路,如誘導(dǎo)糖基化終末產(chǎn)物形成增加,蛋白激酶C激活,多元醇通路活性增高和己糖胺途徑等,進(jìn)一步引起腎小管細(xì)胞的凋亡和壞死[8]。筆者既往已經(jīng)系統(tǒng)闡述了糖尿病環(huán)境下腎小管細(xì)胞線粒體的動(dòng)力學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能損傷進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)線粒體超氧化物聚集,線粒體片段化和活性氧的產(chǎn)生相互影響,從而形成一個(gè)惡性循環(huán),誘導(dǎo)腎小管上皮細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激,細(xì)胞凋亡、腎小管間質(zhì)萎縮及纖維化,繼而導(dǎo)致腎功能不斷惡化[7-8]。
2 傳統(tǒng)糖尿病腎病的生物標(biāo)記物
既往研究認(rèn)為DKD患者早期先出現(xiàn)腎小球損傷,臨床上也主要以蛋白尿、尿白蛋白與肌酐比值、血清肌酐、估計(jì)的腎小球?yàn)V過率(estimate glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)等評(píng)估糖尿病腎病的進(jìn)展[7]。然而這些生物標(biāo)志物并不能直接反映腎組織損傷程度,且對(duì)腎功能的微小變化相對(duì)不敏感。臨床上有多達(dá)三分之一的DKD患者尿微量白蛋白呈陰性但腎功能損傷不斷進(jìn)展,表明僅檢測(cè)白蛋白尿不足以預(yù)測(cè)DKD的發(fā)生和進(jìn)展[9]。研究表明腎小管損傷或早于腎小球病變[7]。因此,尋找具有高準(zhǔn)確性、敏感度和特異度的新型腎小管診斷及預(yù)后生物標(biāo)志物,將對(duì)糖尿病腎病的診治具有更廣泛的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
3 新型糖尿病腎病腎小管生物標(biāo)志物
隨著人類基因組計(jì)劃的啟動(dòng),轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué),蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)以及代謝組學(xué)等技術(shù)相繼出現(xiàn),為篩選疾病早期診斷及預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)志物提供新的途徑。最近,一些最初應(yīng)用于急性腎損傷的生物標(biāo)志物也相繼被報(bào)道對(duì)評(píng)估慢性腎臟?。╟hronic kidney disease,CKD)患者中具有價(jià)值。例如腎損傷分子-1、中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)載脂蛋白、胱抑素C和肌醇加氧酶等。
3.1 腎損傷分子-1 腎損傷分子-1(kidney injury molecule-1,KIM-1),也被稱為甲型肝炎病毒細(xì)胞受體1或T細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白粘蛋白1,是腎臟近端小管上皮細(xì)胞的一種跨膜糖蛋白[10]。當(dāng)腎臟結(jié)構(gòu)或功能正常時(shí),無法檢測(cè)到此分子,但其可隨著腎小管的損傷而顯著上調(diào)[11]。因此,KIM-1可作為近端小管損傷的潛在生物標(biāo)志物。Coca等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)DKD患者血漿中KIM-1水平與疾病的進(jìn)展呈正相關(guān),即使納入尿白蛋白與肌酐比值、糖化血紅蛋白和eGFR等常見協(xié)變量,KIM-1仍可作為預(yù)測(cè)糖尿病患者進(jìn)展性腎病的生物標(biāo)志物。
3.2 中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)載脂蛋白 中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)載脂蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)是一種分子量為25 kDa的小分子分泌性蛋白,其主要在腎小管上皮細(xì)胞中表達(dá)[12-13]。既往研究表明NGAL被認(rèn)為可能是早期腎臟損傷的可靠的生物標(biāo)志物之一[14-15]。Satirapoj等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)2型糖尿病患者,腎臟快速進(jìn)展組相較于非快速進(jìn)展組尿中NGAL水平顯著升高,意味著NGAL可能成為預(yù)測(cè)DKD進(jìn)展的生物標(biāo)志物之一。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在1型糖尿病患者中血清NGAL和eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān),表明其與腎功能下降程度呈正相關(guān)。但并未發(fā)現(xiàn)尿NGAL與eGFR之間存在顯著的相關(guān)性[16],這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與其他相關(guān)報(bào)道不一致,故NGAL是否能成為診斷糖尿病腎病的潛在標(biāo)志物尚需更多的臨床試驗(yàn)來論證。
3.3 胱抑素C 胱抑素C又稱半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑C(cystatin C,cys C),是一分子量約為 13 kDa的內(nèi)源性小分子蛋白質(zhì),由體內(nèi)有核細(xì)胞恒定產(chǎn)生[13]。生理情況下,其可自由通過腎小球?yàn)V過膜,絕大部分在近端腎小管被重吸收分解并代謝,且不受感染、飲食、肝病和炎癥等相關(guān)因素的影響[17]。因其可早期反映腎小球?yàn)V過率以及腎小管重吸收功能的變化,故可作為腎小球和腎小管損傷的標(biāo)志物[17-18]。研究表明尿胱抑素C水平被認(rèn)為可能是腎小管功能障礙的標(biāo)志[4,13],而血清胱抑素C水平則被作為可能是腎小球損傷的潛在生物標(biāo)志物之一[15]。Satirapoj等[4]通過多元回歸分析模型表明,在2型糖尿病患者中尿胱抑素C水平與腎功能下降顯著相關(guān),且其準(zhǔn)確性與尿白蛋白相似。
3.4 視黃醇結(jié)合蛋白 視黃醇結(jié)合蛋白(retinol binding protein,RBP4)是一種在循環(huán)中唯一的相對(duì)分子量為21 kDa的視黃醇特異性轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,負(fù)責(zé)維持視黃醇的正常水平,其主要在肝細(xì)胞表達(dá)[19-20]。RBP4可被腎小球自由濾過,隨后在近端小管幾乎完全被重吸收,故正常情況下尿中RBP4排出量較少[21]。但當(dāng)腎小管損傷時(shí),尿中RBP4的排出量隨之增加,表明尿中RBP4可能成為小管損傷的有用標(biāo)志物[22]。Park等[23]通過多元回歸分析模型表明,在糖尿病患者中尿RBP4對(duì)尿白蛋白排泄有很強(qiáng)的預(yù)測(cè)作用,甚至在腎臟疾病的早期,即在出現(xiàn)大量白蛋白尿和eGFR水平降低之前。而血清中RBP4水平則與糖尿病的發(fā)病及腎小球的濾過率相關(guān)[20,24],因此其也被認(rèn)為可能是腎小球損傷的潛在生物標(biāo)志物之一。
3.5 肝型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白 肝型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(liver-type fatty acid-binding protein,L-FABP)是一種15 kDa的細(xì)胞內(nèi)載脂蛋白,參與長鏈脂肪酸的代謝。它主要在肝臟以及腎臟近端腎小管上皮細(xì)胞的胞漿中表達(dá)。在大量蛋白尿、高血糖、高血壓、缺血、毒素等多種因素誘導(dǎo)下,均可引起腎小管間質(zhì)損害,L-FABP基因表達(dá)上調(diào),從而尿中L-FABP排泄增加[25]。多項(xiàng)研究表明糖尿病腎病患者尿中L-FABP水平明顯高于健康人群,與尿白蛋白、尿白蛋白與肌酐比值呈正相關(guān),與eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示其可能作為診斷DKD的潛在標(biāo)志物之一[21]。Panduru等[25]通過前瞻性研究表明在1型糖尿病患者中尿L-FABP與腎功能下降呈正相關(guān),但與尿白蛋白排泄率以及eGFR相比沒有額外的預(yù)測(cè)優(yōu)勢(shì)。Chou等[26]通過采用L-FABP代替尿白蛋白排泄率預(yù)測(cè)病情發(fā)展,對(duì)基本模型進(jìn)行ROC曲線分析調(diào)整后,發(fā)現(xiàn)L-FABP的準(zhǔn)確率(0.735)小于尿白蛋白排泄率(0.778),提示尿L-FABP可能不是2型糖尿病患者腎功能下降的理想預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。故目前尿L-FABP作為早期DKD進(jìn)展的臨床診斷標(biāo)志物尚有待大量的臨床觀察驗(yàn)證。
3.6 腫瘤壞死因子受體1和腫瘤壞死因子受體2 腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)是一種多效的細(xì)胞因子,主要由免疫細(xì)胞如巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞和T淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生[27]。TNF及其受體在金屬蛋白酶裂解后從細(xì)胞表面脫落并以17 kDa多肽的形式釋放。在血漿中,TNF表現(xiàn)為游離的或與循環(huán)中TNF受體1(tumor necrosis factor receptor 1,TNFR1)(p55或CD120a)和TNF受體2(tumor necrosis factor receptor 2,TNFR2)(p75或CD120b)結(jié)合,統(tǒng)稱TNF通路標(biāo)志物[27]。TNFR1主要存在于腎小球和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中,而TNFR2只表達(dá)于T淋巴細(xì)胞和其他細(xì)胞,且僅在各種腎臟疾病的腎細(xì)胞中轉(zhuǎn)錄及表達(dá)[27-28]。Coca等[11]通過病例對(duì)照研究及前瞻性隊(duì)列研究表明血漿中TNFR1和TNFR2的濃度均與各期DKD患者eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān)性。同樣,Murakoshi等[29]研究表明無論在1型還是2型糖尿病患者中,血清TNFR水平與蛋白尿呈正相關(guān),與eGFR水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)。此外,循環(huán)TNFR水平對(duì)全因死亡率和eGFR下降獨(dú)立相關(guān),即使調(diào)整了相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素后,如eGFR、蛋白尿和糖化血紅蛋白。因此可將其作為診斷早期糖尿病腎病的生物標(biāo)志物。
3.7 銜接蛋白P66Shc P66Shc是屬于ShcA蛋白質(zhì)家族中的一種銜接蛋白[7]。筆者及國內(nèi)外的多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)銜接蛋白P66Shc是一種氧化還原酶,其主要與線粒體活性氧的產(chǎn)生、氧化應(yīng)激和誘導(dǎo)凋亡有關(guān)[7,30-32]。而線粒體是腎小管細(xì)胞中的主要亞細(xì)胞器,糖尿病腎病的腎小管病變與線粒體損傷密切相關(guān)[8]。前期筆者團(tuán)隊(duì)通過體外細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,P66Shc介導(dǎo)高血糖誘導(dǎo)的線粒體分裂和促凋亡信號(hào)通路,從而導(dǎo)致腎小管細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激和凋亡[7]。Xu等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在DKD患者的外周血和腎臟組織中均發(fā)現(xiàn)P66Shc表達(dá)增加,且其與腎小管損傷呈正相關(guān),這意味著P66Shc不僅可能是導(dǎo)致糖尿病腎病腎小管損傷的主要損傷因子之一,同時(shí)也有望成為監(jiān)測(cè)DKD腎功能進(jìn)展的潛在生物標(biāo)志物之一。
3.8 肌醇加氧酶 肌醇加氧酶(myoinositol oxygenase,MIOX)是一種分子量約為33 kDa的含非血紅素鐵的單加氧酶,它在腎臟中將肌醇分解為D-糖醛酸,是一種特異性氧化還原蛋白。MIOX高特異性地表達(dá)于近端小管細(xì)胞,并發(fā)現(xiàn)其在糖尿病小鼠的腎臟中表達(dá)上調(diào)[34]。近期文獻(xiàn)[35]研究表明MIOX不僅可調(diào)節(jié)肌醇的新陳代謝也可以通過非肌醇代謝途徑來參與DKD小管損傷的病理機(jī)制。此外Gao等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)2型糖尿病腎病患者腎活檢組織中MIOX表達(dá)上調(diào),且血清和尿MIOX水平可在出現(xiàn)微量蛋白尿之前即顯著升高,提示其可作為診斷早期糖尿病腎病的生物標(biāo)志物。
4 展望
目前臨床上糖尿病腎病的診斷仍依賴于白蛋白尿、尿白蛋白排泄、肌酐等指標(biāo)。隨著新技術(shù)的發(fā)展,越來越多的腎小管生物標(biāo)志物被探索,為糖尿病腎病早期診斷提供了新的方式。然而盡管現(xiàn)有的研究中一些分子被認(rèn)為有望成為糖尿病腎病腎小管損傷潛在生物標(biāo)志物,但其仍然未被應(yīng)用于臨床診斷。這些生物分子在診斷糖尿病腎病中的準(zhǔn)確性、靈敏性和特異度需要在更大規(guī)模的臨床隊(duì)列研究中被驗(yàn)證,尤其對(duì)于無白蛋白尿的糖尿病腎病人群,需進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)它們是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化。此外,要通過加強(qiáng)對(duì)糖尿病腎病的早期篩查,并實(shí)施有效的預(yù)防措施,更早、更精確地預(yù)測(cè)以及延緩DKD的進(jìn)展。
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(收稿日期:2020-07-22) (本文編輯:田婧)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2021年10期