舒艷子 陳星 張秀果
【摘要】 目的:探究妊娠晚期B族鏈球菌感染(GBS)患者敏感性抗生素預(yù)防性治療時(shí)機(jī)對母嬰結(jié)局的影響。方法:選取2019年4月1日-2020年3月31日在本院收住的GBS感染者70例為研究對象,將其分為A、B組,每組35例。A組于妊娠35~37周給予青霉素G預(yù)防治療,B組于臨產(chǎn)或胎膜早破后給予青霉素G或氨芐青霉素治療,并以2018年4月1日-2019年3月31日在本院行產(chǎn)檢并確診GBS感染者但未進(jìn)行抗生素治療的孕婦35例為C組,比較三組母嬰不良結(jié)局發(fā)生率、自然分娩率、分娩時(shí)間及產(chǎn)后出血量,比較三組給藥前后凝血功能[血清纖維蛋白原水平、凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)]。結(jié)果:A組產(chǎn)婦及新生兒不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率低于C組(P<0.05),B、C組產(chǎn)婦及新生兒不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率對比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);A組的自然分娩率高于C組,分娩時(shí)間短于B組、C組,產(chǎn)后出血量少于B組、C組(P<0.05),B組分娩時(shí)間短于C組,產(chǎn)后出血量少于C組(P<0.05);分娩后,A組血清纖維蛋白酶原含量低于B組、C組,PT值小于B組、C組(P<0.05),分娩后,B組PT值小于C組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:在妊娠晚期GBS患者35~37周基于抗生素預(yù)防,可降低產(chǎn)婦及新生兒不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率,減少產(chǎn)后出血量,改善凝血功能。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 妊娠晚期 B族鏈球菌感染 敏感性抗生素 治療時(shí)機(jī)
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effect of the timing of prophylactic treatment with sensitive antibiotics on the outcome of pregnant women with group B streptococcus infection (GBS). Method: From April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020, 70 patients with GBS infection in our hospital were selected as the study objects, they were divided into groups A and B, 35 cases in each group. Group A was given Penicillin G prophylactic treatment at 35-37 weeks of gestation, group B was given Penicillin G or Ampicillin after parturition or premature rupture of membranes, 35 pregnant women with GBS infection diagnosed in our hospital from April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019 were taken as group C to compare the incidence of adverse maternal and infant outcomes; the natural delivery rate, delivery time and postpartum delivery time of the three groups were compared Blood loss, blood coagulation [serum fibrinogen level, prothrombin time (PT)] before and after administration were compared among the three groups. Result: The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome in group A was lower than that in group C (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between group B and group C (P>0.05); the natural delivery rate in group A was higher than that in group C, the delivery time was shorter than that in group B and group C, the postpartum hemorrhage was less than that in group B and group C (P<0.05), the delivery time in group B was shorter than that in group C, and the postpartum hemorrhage was less than that in group C (P<0.05). After delivery, the serum fibrinogen content in group A was lower than that in group B and C, and the PT value in group B was lower than that in group C (P<0.05). After delivery, the PT value in group B was lower than that in group C (P<0.05). Conclusion: antibiotic based prophylaxis can reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome, reduce postpartum hemorrhage and improve coagulation function in patients with GBS in the third trimester.
[Key words] Late pregnancy Group B streptococcal infection Sensitive antibiotics Timing of treatment
B族鏈球菌(Group B streptococcus,GBS)是導(dǎo)致妊娠期婦女生殖道感染的主要致病菌,不僅會引起母嬰垂直感染,導(dǎo)致新生兒早、遲發(fā)感染的出現(xiàn),還會誘發(fā)產(chǎn)婦敗血癥及新生兒腦膜炎,具有較高的致死率,嚴(yán)重威脅了產(chǎn)婦及新生兒的生命安全[1-2]。有報(bào)道指出,GBS患者妊娠晚期出現(xiàn)早產(chǎn)及新生兒感染的概率遠(yuǎn)高于正常產(chǎn)婦[3-4]。目前常采用青霉素G或氨芐青霉素等抗生素治療GBS妊娠晚期患者,可通過抑制GBS生存及繁殖來起到降低不良事件的發(fā)生率,但不同治療時(shí)機(jī)可能會導(dǎo)致治療療效存在差異。本研究通過對比35~37周及臨產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦應(yīng)用抗生素治療的臨床效果,旨在探究治療時(shí)機(jī)對患者母嬰結(jié)局的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2019年4月1日-2020年3月31日在本院收住的GBS感染者70例為研究對象,將其分為A、B組,每組35例。A組于妊娠35~37周給予青霉素G預(yù)防治療,B組于臨產(chǎn)或胎膜早破后給予青霉素G或氨芐青霉素治療,并以2018年4月1日-2019年3月31日在本院行產(chǎn)檢并確診GBS感染者但未進(jìn)行抗生素治療的孕婦35例為C組。(1)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①經(jīng)陰道GBS培養(yǎng)確診為GBS患者[5];②單胎妊娠。(2)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①其他感染性疾病患者;②多胎妊娠者;③入組前1個(gè)月內(nèi)有抗菌藥物應(yīng)用史者;④肝腎功能異常者;⑤對本研究藥物過敏者;⑥嚴(yán)重血液疾病患者;⑦嚴(yán)重妊娠合并癥者。所有患者均知情同意并簽署同意書,研究經(jīng)本院倫理委員會審核通過。
1.2 方法 A、B組產(chǎn)婦均于術(shù)前接受抗生素藥敏試驗(yàn)。A組于35~37周給予抗生素預(yù)防治療:青霉素G(生產(chǎn)廠家:石藥集團(tuán)中諾藥業(yè)有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號:國藥準(zhǔn)字H20033291),500萬U/d,靜脈滴注,分2~4次,共治療5 d。B組于臨產(chǎn)或胎膜早破后給予抗生素治療:青霉素G500萬U或氨芐青霉素(生產(chǎn)廠家:成都倍特藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號:國藥準(zhǔn)字H13021726)2 g,加入250 mL 0.9%氯化鈉注射液,靜脈滴注,然后給予250萬U青霉素G或1 g氨芐青霉素治療,4 h/次,直至分娩。C組未接受抗生素治療。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)母嬰不良妊娠結(jié)局:于產(chǎn)婦生產(chǎn)后,比較三組產(chǎn)婦及新生兒不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率。新生兒不良妊娠結(jié)局:胎兒生長受限、胎兒窘迫、宮內(nèi)感染、新生兒侵襲性疾病;產(chǎn)婦不良妊娠結(jié)局:胎膜早破、產(chǎn)褥感染、早產(chǎn)。(2)比較三組患者自然分娩率、分娩時(shí)間及產(chǎn)后出血量。(3)凝血功能:比較三組治療前及分娩后血清纖維蛋白原含量及PT值,采集患者5 mL靜脈血,離心分離血清,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測血清纖維蛋白原含量;將已采集的靜脈血加入含有1/10體積0.109 mol/L枸櫞酸鈉抗凝液的硅化玻璃管中,離心10 min,轉(zhuǎn)速為3 000 r/min,用試管取上層液體0.1 mL,于37 ℃下孵育2 min,在試管中加入凝血活酶0.2 mL,混勻,用秒表記錄凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 使用SPSS20統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計(jì)量資料采用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組基線資料比較 A組年齡21~38歲,平均(29.15±4.29)歲;生產(chǎn)次數(shù)0~2次,平均(0.97±0.42)次;孕周35~37周,平均(36.02±0.49)周。B組年齡20~39歲,平均(29.64±4.16)歲;生產(chǎn)次數(shù)0~2次,平均(1.02±0.47)次。C組年齡20~36歲,平均(29.11±4.04)歲;生產(chǎn)次數(shù)0~2次,平均(1.07±0.41)次。三組在年齡、生產(chǎn)次數(shù)方面對比差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 三組母嬰不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生情況比較 A組產(chǎn)婦及新生兒不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率均低于C組(P<0.05),B、C組產(chǎn)婦及新生兒不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率對比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1、2。
2.3 三組凝血功能指標(biāo)比較 三組治療前血清纖維蛋白原含量及PT值對比,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);分娩后,A組血清纖維蛋白原含量低于B組、C組,PT值小于B組、C組(P<0.05);分娩后,B組PT值小于C組(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.4 三組自然分娩率、分娩時(shí)間、產(chǎn)后出血量比較A組的自然分娩率高于C組(P<0.05);A組分娩時(shí)間短于B組、C組,產(chǎn)后出血量少于B組、C組(P<0.05);B組分娩時(shí)間短于C組,產(chǎn)后出血量少于C組(P<0.05),見表4。
3 討論
GBS為無乳鏈球菌,為兼性厭氧的革蘭陽性鏈球菌,正常寄居于陰道和直腸,屬于條件致病菌[6-7]。因孕期免疫力降低,孕婦受GBS感染的危險(xiǎn)性大大增加[8],另外,GBS可在孕婦生殖道逆行至宮腔,進(jìn)而可能導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)婦及新生兒不良妊娠結(jié)局的發(fā)生[9]。有研究指出,在GBS患者妊娠第35~37周給予抗生素治療,可起到降低母嬰不良妊娠結(jié)局的發(fā)生率[10-12]。對GBS患者妊娠35~37期給予抗生素治療,可減輕或消除GBS引起的炎癥反應(yīng),降低尿路感染、宮內(nèi)膜感染、胎膜感染等感染相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生率,進(jìn)而可降低不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率。本研究中,A組產(chǎn)婦及新生兒不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率低于C組(P<0.05),表明對妊娠晚期GBS患者第35~37周給予抗生素治療,可降低母嬰不良結(jié)局發(fā)生率,與上述研究一致。
GBS是導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重圍生期感染最主要的致病菌之一,隨著妊娠時(shí)間的推移,可導(dǎo)致絨毛膜羊膜炎和胎膜早破的發(fā)生,不利于正常妊娠的進(jìn)行[13]。有報(bào)道指出,及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并盡早治療GBS感染,對減少母嬰發(fā)病及提高自然分娩率具有重要意義[14-15]。對GBS患者盡早給予抗生素治療,可改善陰道內(nèi)環(huán)境,并促進(jìn)生殖器官功能的恢復(fù),可促進(jìn)正常妊娠的進(jìn)行,進(jìn)而可提高自然分娩率。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),A組的自然分娩率高于C組,分娩時(shí)間短于B組、C組,(P<0.05),說明對妊娠晚期GBS患者第35~37周給予抗生素治療,可提高自然分娩率,縮短分娩時(shí)間。Mengist等[16]研究選擇不同時(shí)機(jī)對妊娠晚期GBS患者給予抗生素治療,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了在患者35~37周時(shí)給予預(yù)防治療,可提高自然分娩率,與本研究結(jié)構(gòu)相同。
GBS感染會引起全身炎性反應(yīng),造成組織損傷的出現(xiàn),導(dǎo)致孕婦血漿中凝血因子及激肽釋放原水平異常,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致其出現(xiàn)凝血功能障礙[17-19]。對GBS患者盡早給予抗生素治療,可在一定程度上降低陰道及直腸內(nèi)GBS帶菌量,進(jìn)而減輕炎癥反應(yīng),改善凝血功能。本研究中,A組血清纖維蛋白酶原含量低于B組、C組,PT值、產(chǎn)后出血量小于B組、C組(P<0.05),說明在妊娠晚期GBS患者35~37周給予抗生素治療,可改善其凝血功能,與Amy等[20]研究結(jié)果相同。
綜上所述,在妊娠晚期GBS患者35~37周基于抗生素預(yù)防,可降低產(chǎn)婦及新生兒不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率,減少產(chǎn)后出血量,改善凝血功能,另外,抗生素預(yù)防治療雖能控制GBS感染,但往往會加劇產(chǎn)道內(nèi)其他耐藥菌感染,不利于產(chǎn)婦妊娠,因此需根據(jù)產(chǎn)婦情況決定治療時(shí)機(jī)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]吉地阿依,馬健,童聞,等.孕晚期孕婦B族鏈球菌帶菌情況和危險(xiǎn)因素及應(yīng)用抗生素預(yù)防性治療對母嬰結(jié)局的影響[J].實(shí)用臨床醫(yī)藥雜志,2017,21(19):194-196.
[2]陸少顏,徐燁,陳泳言,等.分娩時(shí)抗生素預(yù)防性治療后新生兒B族鏈球菌感染情況分析[J].中國婦幼保健,2017,32(6):1205-1206.
[3] Zheng F,Spreckelsen N V,Zhang X,et al.Should preventive antibiotics be used in patients with acute stroke. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].PLoS One,2017,12(10):18667-18668.
[4] Yuanyuan W,Zijp T R,Akbar B M,et al.Effects of prophylactic antibiotics on patients with stable COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy,2018,12(4):1-13.
[5] Skoetz N,Bohlius J,Engert A,et al.Prophylactic antibiotics or G(M)-CSF for the prevention of infections and improvement of survival in cancer patients receiving myelotoxic chemotherapy[J].Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,2015,12(12):7107-7109.
[6]鄭建瓊,陳海迎,倪菲菲,等.產(chǎn)時(shí)抗生素預(yù)防對B族溶血性鏈球菌定植產(chǎn)婦新生兒結(jié)局影響研究[J].中國實(shí)用婦科與產(chǎn)科雜志,2018,34(6):103-107.
[7] Liu X,Zuo X,Sun X,et al.Effects of prophylactic antibiotics before peritoneal dialysis catheter implantation on the clinical outcomes of peritoneal dialysis patients[J].Renal Failure,2019,41(1):16-23.
[8]劉娜,尤建萍,王博,等.妊娠晚期孕婦陰道B族鏈球菌感染青霉素鈉治療對血漿凝血功能及新生兒結(jié)局的影響分析[J].現(xiàn)代檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2019,34(4):146-150.
[9] Keyerleber M A,Lluís F.Effect of prophylactic cefalexin treatment on the development of bacterial infection in acute radiation-induced dermatitis in dogs: a blinded randomized controlled prospective clinical trial[J].Veterinary Dermatology,2017,29(1):37-38.
[10]羅力冰,周鎮(zhèn)邦,勞錦輝,等.孕晚期B族鏈球菌篩查及分娩期預(yù)防性抗生素治療效果的臨床分析[J].中華圍產(chǎn)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2018,21(8):537-540.
[11] Jong-Sun K , Wan-Sik L , Cho-Yun C , et al.Clinical Impact of Prophylactic Antibiotic Treatment for Self-Expandable Metallic Stent Insertion in Patients with Malignant Colorectal Obstruction[J].Gastroenterology Research and Practice,2015,2015:416142.
[12]李亞超.妊娠晚期B族鏈球菌帶菌者應(yīng)用敏感抗生素預(yù)防性治療的療效及治療時(shí)機(jī)分析[J].中國處方藥,2019,17(5):45-46.
[13] Zhou F W,Zhou W Y,Zhu Q.Effect of systematic diet guidance on compliance and Maternal-Infant outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus[J].World Chinese Journal of Digestology,2017,25(14):1311-1315.
[14]林秀美.妊娠晚期B族鏈球菌帶菌者敏感抗生素預(yù)防性治療時(shí)機(jī)的選擇及比較[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2019,16(5):133-136.
[15] Xu J,Wang J,Xuan S,et al.The Effects of Childbirth Age on Maternal and Infant Outcomes in Pregnant Women[J].Iranian Journal of Public Health,2018,47(6):788-793.
[16] Mengist A,Kannan H,Abdissa A.Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of anorectal and vaginal group B Streptococci isolates among pregnant women in Jimma, Ethiopia[J].BMC Research Notes,2016,9(1):1-5.
[17]劉昱,安莉莉,尹保民.頭孢噻肟不同給藥時(shí)機(jī)治療妊娠晚期孕婦B族溶血性鏈球菌感染的臨床研究[J].實(shí)用藥物與臨床,2018,21(6):647-650.
[18]陸少顏,徐燁,陳泳言,等.分娩時(shí)抗生素預(yù)防性治療后新生兒B族鏈球菌感染情況分析[J].中國婦幼保健,2017,32(6):1205-1206.
[19] Zanardi D M,Moura E C,Santos L P,et al.The effect of maternal near miss on adverse infant nutritional outcomes[J].Clinics,2016,71(10):593-599.
[20] Amy Tanner Tubay,Kate A Mansalis,Matthew J Simpson, et al.The Effects of Group Prenatal Care on Infant Birthweight and Maternal Well-Being:A Randomized Controlled Trial[J].Military Medicine,2018,184(5):440-446.
(收稿日期:2020-06-03) (本文編輯:周亞杰)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2021年4期