楊政 章佳穎 馬紀(jì)林 王潔
[摘要] 目的 探討橄欖苦苷對重癥急性胰腺炎大鼠心肌損傷的影響。 方法 25只大鼠按體重隨機(jī)分成假手術(shù)組、模型組、OLE低劑量組(30 mg/kg)、OLE中劑量組(60 mg/kg)和OLE高劑量組(90 mg/kg),每組各5只。各組大鼠分別于手術(shù)造模前1 d按組別灌胃給予相應(yīng)藥物。造模后24 h,各組選1只大鼠進(jìn)行心臟超聲檢查,監(jiān)測大鼠造模后24 h的心臟血流動力學(xué)變化,包括左室舒張末容積(LVEDV)、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)和左室短軸收縮率(LVFS),每組各選3只大鼠監(jiān)測心率(P),心臟血流動力學(xué)指標(biāo)檢測完畢后,各組大鼠分別經(jīng)腹主動脈采血,分離血清,全自動生化分析儀檢測血清淀粉酶、鈣離子和CK-MB。結(jié)果 在實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中,模型組、OLE低劑量組、OLE中劑量組和OLE高劑量組分別有2只大鼠于造模后24 h內(nèi)死亡,假手術(shù)組大鼠未發(fā)生明顯異常。與假手術(shù)組相比,左室舒張末容積(LVEDV)、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)和左室短軸收縮率(LVFS)三項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)模型組和OLE低劑量組變化較大;心率各組變化均不大。與假手術(shù)組血清淀粉酶濃度相比,模型組(P<0.001)、OLE低劑量組(P<0.001)、OLE中劑量組(P<0.001)和OLE高劑量組(P<0.001)均有顯著性差異;與假手術(shù)組血清CK-MB濃度相比,模型組(P<0.001)、OLE低劑量組和OLE中劑量組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01),而OLE高劑量組無明顯差異;與模型組血清CK-MB濃度相比,OLE低劑量組(P<0.05)、OLE中劑量組(P<0.01)和OLE高劑量組(P<0.001)均有顯著性差異。與假手術(shù)組血清鈣離子濃度相比,模型組(P<0.001)和OLE低劑量組(P<0.01)有顯著性差異,而OLE中劑量組和OLE高劑量組無差異;與模型組血清鈣離子濃度相比,OLE低劑量組無顯著性差異,OLE中劑量組(P<0.01)和OLE高劑量組(P<0.001)均有顯著性差異。 結(jié)論 橄欖苦苷可改善重癥急性胰腺炎大鼠心肌損傷。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 橄欖苦苷;急性胰腺炎;心肌損傷;血清淀粉酶;CK-MB;心臟超聲
[中圖分類號] R576? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)33-0045-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of oleuropein on myocardial injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Methods Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group,the model group,the OLE low-dose group(30 mg/kg),the OLE medium-dose group (60 mg/kg) and the OLE high-dose group(90 mg/kg) according to the body weight,with 5 rats in each group. The rats in each group were given corresponding drugs by intragastric administration on the day before operation. During the 24 hours after modeling,one rat in each group was selected for echocardiography examination to monitor the changes of cardiac hemodynamics in 24 hours after modeling,including the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV),left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) and left ventricular fraction shortening(LVFS). Three rats in each group were selected to monitor the heart rate (P). After the cardiac hemodynamic indexes were detected,blood of the rats in each group were collected through the abdominal aorta,and their serum was separated. The serum amylase,calcium ion and CK-MB were detected by the automatic biochemical analyzer. Results During the experiment,respective two rats in the model group,the OLE low-dose group,the OLE medium-dose group and the OLE high-dose group died within 24 h after modeling,and no obvious abnormalities occurred in the sham operation group. Compared with the sham operation group,the left ventricular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV),left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fraction shortening(LVFS) were significantly changed in the model group and the OLE low-dose group. No significant changes were observed in heart rate in each group. The serum amylase concentrations of the model group(P<0.001),the OLE low-dose group(P<0.001),the OLE medium-dose group(P<0.001) and the OLE high-dose group(P<0.001) were significantly different from that of the sham operation group. Compared with the sham operation group,statistically significant differences were observed in?the serum CK-MB concentrations of the model group(P<0.001),the OLE low-dose group (P<0.001) and the OLE medium-dose group(P<0.01),but no statistically significant difference was observed in the OLE high-dose group. Compared with the model group,statistically significant differences were observed in the serum CK-MB concentrations in the OLE low-dose group(P<0.05),OLE medium-dose group(P<0.01) and OLE high-dose group(P<0.001). Compared with the sham operation group,statistically significant differences were observed in the serum calcium concentration in the model group(P<0.001) and the OLE low-dose group(P<0.01),while no differences were observed in the OLE medium-dose group and the OLE high-dose group. Compared with the model group,no statistically significant difference was observed in the serum calcium ion concentration in the OLE low-dose group,but statistically significant differences were observed in the OLE middle-dose group (P<0.01) and the OLE high-dose group (P<0.001). Conclusion Oleuropein can relieve myocardial injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis.
[Key words] Oleuropein; Acute pancreatitis; Myocardial injury; Serum amylase; CK-MB; Echocardiography
急性胰腺炎(Acute pancreatitis,AP)是常見的胃腸道住院原因,發(fā)病率持續(xù)增加[1-2]。AP相關(guān)的器官衰竭是患者死亡的主要因素[3-4]。重癥急性胰腺炎(Severe acute pancreatitis, SAP)常會并發(fā)心肌損傷,SAP相關(guān)性心肌損傷常表現(xiàn)心肌缺氧,細(xì)胞肥大甚至死亡[5]。最近研究表明,心肌酶升高與SAP嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后有關(guān)[6]。盡管對SAP發(fā)病機(jī)制研究不斷深入,臨床治療顯著改善,但死亡率仍高,相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率仍居高不下。因此,有必要開發(fā)新的治療策略改善SAP心臟損傷和預(yù)后。
橄欖苦苷(Oleuropein,OLE)是一種多酚化合物[7],在心血管疾病中顯示出獨(dú)特作用,包括治療高血壓、預(yù)防心肌細(xì)胞死亡等[8]。目前,研究基礎(chǔ)下通過胰膽管逆行注射5%?;悄懰徕c誘導(dǎo)大鼠急性胰腺炎的心肌損傷,監(jiān)測心臟超聲及血清淀粉酶、CK-MB、離子鈣,觀察OLE對重癥急性胰腺炎大鼠心肌損傷的影響,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 材料與儀器
1.1 材料與動物
橄欖苦苷(源葉生物,批號:P02M11L109137);25只雄性SD大鼠,購入時體重為220~250 g,SPF級,購自上海斯萊克實(shí)驗(yàn)動物有限公司,許可證號:SCXK(滬)2017-0005,合格證號:20170005023495。本研究通過動物實(shí)驗(yàn)倫理審查(審批編號:HB1911004)。
1.2 儀器與試劑
①BL-420S生物機(jī)能實(shí)驗(yàn)系統(tǒng):成都泰盟軟件有限公司,型號:BL-420S;全波長酶標(biāo)儀:SpectraMax Plus 384型,美國MD;②低速自動平衡離心機(jī):TDZ4-WS型,湖南湘儀;電子天平:美國丹佛,型號:TP214;③數(shù)碼相機(jī):505D,佳能;牛黃膽酸鈉:aladdin,批號:L1715127,鈣測試盒:南京建成,批號20200302。④輪轉(zhuǎn)式切片機(jī):RM2235型,LEICA公司,設(shè)備編號:HB215;⑤病理組織漂烘儀:tec 2500型,常州市郝思琳儀器設(shè)備有限公司,設(shè)備編號:HB121;⑥顯微鏡:BX43型,OLYMPUS公司,設(shè)備編號:HB133;隔水式恒溫培養(yǎng)箱:PYX-DHS500BS-Ⅱ型,上海躍進(jìn)醫(yī)療器械有限公司,設(shè)備編號:HB123。⑦TUNEL細(xì)胞凋亡原位檢測試劑盒:ROCHE,貨號:11684817910;蛋白酶K:Tiangen,貨號:RT403-01,批號:M2011;⑧蘇木素:Sigma公司,貨號H9627。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 急性胰腺炎模型的建立與給藥? 2020年3月5日至4月5日期間,25只大鼠稱重,按體重隨機(jī)分成5組,假手術(shù)組、模型組、OLE低劑量組(30 mg/kg)、OLE中劑量組(60 mg/kg)和OLE高劑量組(90 mg/kg),每組各5只,適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)14 d,生活行為正常,大鼠造模前1 d按組別灌胃相應(yīng)藥物,造模前禁食不禁水12 h。3%戊巴比妥鈉(1.5 mL/kg體重)腹腔注射麻醉,無菌下切開腹壁約5 cm,辨別膽胰管走向,聚四氟乙烯導(dǎo)管逆行穿刺進(jìn)入胰膽管,向內(nèi)推進(jìn)5 mm,見膽汁和胰液流出后結(jié)扎壺腹部乳頭開口處防止注射液回流;同時膽總管上段用小動脈夾鉗夾閉,防止注射液流入肝內(nèi)。微泵恒壓勻速逆行注射5%?;悄懰徕c(2 mL/kg),胰腺組織出血腫脹,顏色由肉紅色轉(zhuǎn)為灰黑色(圖1),撤除動脈夾。假手術(shù)組:僅暴露并輕微翻動胰腺,其余手術(shù)同上。
1.3.2 心臟超聲測定? 造模后各組選1只大鼠進(jìn)行心臟超聲檢查,監(jiān)測造模后24 h心臟血流動力學(xué)變化,包括左室舒張末容積(Left ventricular end-diastolic volume,LVEDV)、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(Left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)和左室短軸收縮率(Left ventricular fractional shortening,LVFS);各組選3只大鼠監(jiān)測心率(P)。
1.3.3 血清淀粉酶、CK-MB、鈣離子含量測定? 心臟血流動力學(xué)指標(biāo)檢測完畢后各組大鼠分別經(jīng)腹主動脈采血,分離血清,檢測淀粉酶、CK-MB和鈣離子;取心尖于4%甲醛固定備用。
1.3.4 大鼠心肌組織Tunel染色? ①制作切片:4%甲醛溶液固定,固定后將組織修整,組織塊經(jīng)脫水、透明、浸蠟、包埋、切片、烤片后常溫保存。②Tunel染色:切片脫蠟,Proteinase K工作液處理組織37°C消化20 min;每片加5 μL TdT+45 μL熒光素標(biāo)記的dUTP混勻液,37℃作用60 min;每片加50 μL converter-POD,37℃作用30 min;加適量DAB底物,顯微鏡下控制顯色;蘇木素復(fù)染;脫水、透明、封固。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
每個心肌組織樣本于200×鏡下隨機(jī)選取3個視野統(tǒng)計TUNEL陽性細(xì)胞數(shù),計算凋亡指數(shù):凋亡指數(shù)=凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)/(凋亡細(xì)胞計數(shù)+非凋亡細(xì)胞計數(shù))×100%,取3個視野平均值。各組結(jié)果以(x±s)表示。使用GraphPad Prism 5分析數(shù)據(jù),并表示為平均值±SEM和發(fā)生率。使用方差分析(ANOVA)分析和Fisher精確檢驗(yàn)差異。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,P<0.01為差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中模型組、OLE低、中、高劑量組分別有2只大鼠造模后24 h內(nèi)死亡,假手術(shù)組未發(fā)生異常。
2.1 心臟血流動力學(xué)變化情況
模型組和OLE低劑量組左室舒張末容積(LVEDV)、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)和左室短軸收縮率(LVFS)三項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)較假手術(shù)組變化較大;心率監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn),模型組,OLE低、中、高劑量組較假手術(shù)組有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,模型組和OLE中劑量組心率有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,OLE中劑量組和OLE高劑量組心率有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,其余各組間心率變化無差異。見表1。
2.2 心肌組織病理結(jié)果
心肌組織病理分析可見,模型組,OLE低、中、高劑量組與假手術(shù)組凋亡細(xì)胞指數(shù)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),模型組和OLE高劑量組凋亡細(xì)胞指數(shù)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且模型組,OLE低、中、高劑量組凋亡指數(shù)呈下降趨勢。見表2、封三圖8。
2.3生化指標(biāo)結(jié)果
模型組,OLE低、中、高劑量組血清淀粉酶濃度比假手術(shù)組更高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);模型組與OLE低劑量組血清淀粉酶濃度比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
模型組,OLE低、中、高劑量組血清CK-MB濃度比假手術(shù)組更高,模型組,OLE低、中劑量組與假手術(shù)組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),OLE高劑量組與假手術(shù)組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);OLE低、中、高劑量組血清CK-MB濃度比模型組低,且呈下降趨勢,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);OLE高劑量組較OLE中劑量組血清CK-MB濃度低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
模型組,OLE低、中劑量組血清鈣離子濃度比假手術(shù)組低,模型組與假手術(shù)組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),OLE低、中劑量組與假手術(shù)組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);OLE低、中、高劑量組血清鈣離子濃度較模型組高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);OLE高劑量組血清鈣離子濃度較OLE低、中劑量組高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而OLE低劑量組與OLE中劑量組之間血清鈣離子濃度比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
SAP開始于胰腺的局部炎癥,最終引起全身性炎癥反應(yīng)和并發(fā)癥,是一種致命性疾病。過去20余年SAP研究取得了顯著進(jìn)展,但其發(fā)病機(jī)制仍未闡述清楚[9],SAP心肌損傷是死亡主要原因之一[10]。本研究成功建立了SAP動物模型發(fā)現(xiàn),模型組,OLE低、中、高劑量組血清淀粉酶濃度較假手術(shù)組高;模型組、OLE低、中、高劑量組各有2只大鼠于造模后24 h內(nèi)死亡,假手術(shù)組無明顯異常,死亡率未見統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。另外,本研究中橄欖苦苷治療時間僅24 h,相對有限。需要擴(kuò)大樣本量和更長的治療時間深入研究。
橄欖苦苷是酚類化合物,橄欖苦苷具有廣泛生物作用,并表現(xiàn)出多種治療活性[11],包括鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌等[12]。Tsoumani等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),橄欖苦苷抗氧化作用增加心肌保護(hù),并通過抑制NF-kB和GSK-3β信號傳導(dǎo)減輕敗血癥引起的全身炎癥和心肌損傷[14]。橄欖苦苷抗氧化活性與水溶性α-生育酚相似[15]。因此,橄欖苦苷抗氧化和抗炎特性是心臟保護(hù)的合適研究對象[16]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),橄欖苦苷作用大鼠缺血前后心臟可見心率、左心室舒張末期壓力(Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, LVEDP)、左心室形成壓力(Left ventricular developed pressure,LVDP)、心室壓力時間變化(最大和最小dp/dt)及冠狀動脈流出量均有顯著改善。此外,橄欖苦苷可改善缺血-再灌注損傷后心臟功能障礙。本研究結(jié)果表明,SAP大鼠造模前向大鼠灌胃橄欖苦苷具有心肌損傷保護(hù)作用。模型組和OLE低劑量組LVEF比假手術(shù)組明顯降低,OLE中、高劑量組較模型組和假手術(shù)組相仿。模型組和OLE低劑量組的LVEF、LVFS較假手術(shù)組變化較大,而OLE中、高劑量組與假手術(shù)組相仿,各組大鼠心率變化均不大。
十余年來Ca2+信號傳導(dǎo)被認(rèn)為是胰腺炎的關(guān)鍵誘因[17]。用膽囊收縮素-8刺激腺泡細(xì)胞可導(dǎo)致胞質(zhì)Ca2+持續(xù)升高,引起胞內(nèi)消化酶過早活化和細(xì)胞壞死[18]。SAP沉淀物,如膽鹽和乙醇等也會導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞壞死[19]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,模型組,OLE低、中劑量組較假手術(shù)組血清Ca2+低,OLE高劑量組高于假手術(shù)組;OLE低劑量組較模型組血清Ca2+相仿,OLE中、高劑量組較之升高。由此可見,SAP大鼠灌注橄欖苦苷可減輕再灌注誘導(dǎo)的“鈣超載”[20]。目前鮮有關(guān)于橄欖苦苷對SAP大鼠心肌損傷作用的報道。因此,有必要對其進(jìn)行研究。
CK-MB水平可以評估心肌損傷[21]。模型組,OLE低、中、高劑量組血清CK-MB高于假手術(shù)組;OLE低、中、高劑量組較模型組CK-MB低。本研究中橄欖苦苷治療的SAP大鼠血清CK-MB和LDH水平明顯降低。因此,初步實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)表明,橄欖苦苷可抑制SAP心肌損傷大鼠血清CK-MB上調(diào),對SAP大鼠具有心肌保護(hù)作用。
綜上所述,橄欖苦苷能夠有效降低SAP大鼠血清CK-MB水平,并可減輕SAP大鼠細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+升高,從而減輕心肌損傷。本研究大鼠數(shù)量有限,需更大樣本量前瞻性研究橄欖苦苷對SAP誘發(fā)心肌損傷保護(hù)作用的潛在機(jī)制。
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(收稿日期:2021-05-11)