徐繼宏
運(yùn)河千古情,江南盛世緣。一條大運(yùn)河,孕育和滋養(yǎng)了吳越文化、江南文化,也為浙江的發(fā)展提供了源源不竭的動(dòng)力。
能通江達(dá)海 有吳風(fēng)越韻
千年大運(yùn)河,錦繡貫古今。京杭大運(yùn)河厚重的歷史底蘊(yùn),決定了她獨(dú)特的文化基因和時(shí)代內(nèi)涵。
“魚(yú)鹽聚為市,煙火起成村”的杭州,“堤繞門(mén)津喧井市,路交村陌混樵漁”的揚(yáng)州,“水門(mén)向晚茶商鬧,橋市通宵酒客行”的汴州(今開(kāi)封),“沿溜入閶門(mén),千燈夜市喧”的楚州(今淮安)……前人詩(shī)句中的古代大運(yùn)河,商賈如云,繁華熱鬧。繁忙的運(yùn)河還帶動(dòng)了沿岸城市的興起和商業(yè)的繁榮,吸引了大批操著不同語(yǔ)言的各地客商,大運(yùn)河成為各民族和諧交融的水上流動(dòng)舞臺(tái),在開(kāi)展商貿(mào)流通的同時(shí),也促進(jìn)了各民族文化的交流。
杭州,是京杭大運(yùn)河的南端,也是浙東運(yùn)河的起點(diǎn),她是祖先留給我們的寶貴遺產(chǎn),是流動(dòng)的文化。于是大運(yùn)河有了新?lián)?dāng)。近年來(lái),浙江以大運(yùn)河國(guó)家文化公園建設(shè)為目標(biāo),以古鎮(zhèn)為明珠,以運(yùn)河為軸,串珠成鏈,努力將大運(yùn)河文化帶(浙江段)建成文化旅游示范帶。截至2019年底,大運(yùn)河(浙江段)共擁有國(guó)家4A級(jí)以上景區(qū)58家,其中烏鎮(zhèn)、南潯古鎮(zhèn)被評(píng)為5A級(jí)景區(qū);省級(jí)全域旅游示范縣5個(gè),省級(jí)以上旅游度假區(qū)16家,省級(jí)旅游風(fēng)情小鎮(zhèn)8家,沿線(xiàn)寧波、紹興、杭州、嘉興、湖州5市,全年累計(jì)接待游客超2億人次。伴隨著文化旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,大運(yùn)河浙江段正煥發(fā)出勃勃生機(jī)和活力。
(一)
流淌不息的大運(yùn)河,是活著的歷史。她貫通五大水系,串聯(lián)七大古都,連接起陸上和海上絲綢之路,是中華文明的“母親河”。
大運(yùn)河浙江段共有9段河道、13個(gè)遺產(chǎn)點(diǎn),涉及杭州、寧波、嘉興、湖州、紹興等5個(gè)設(shè)區(qū)市和杭州市余杭區(qū)、拱墅區(qū)、下城區(qū)、上城區(qū)、江干區(qū)、濱江區(qū)、蕭山區(qū),寧波市余姚市、海曙區(qū)、鄞州區(qū)、江北區(qū),嘉興市南湖區(qū)、秀洲區(qū)、海寧市、桐鄉(xiāng)市,湖州市南潯區(qū)、德清縣,紹興市柯橋區(qū)、越城區(qū)、上虞區(qū)20個(gè)縣(市、區(qū)),遺產(chǎn)區(qū)面積2658公頃,緩沖區(qū)面積10359公頃,總面積為13017公頃。
大運(yùn)河浙江段北接長(zhǎng)江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶、南連海上絲綢之路,具有通江達(dá)海的地理特色和吳風(fēng)越韻的人文特色,是中國(guó)大運(yùn)河中全線(xiàn)通航、至今仍在活化利用的省段之一,是中華文明生命力、浙江文化活力的表現(xiàn)。
據(jù)史料記載,宋代浙東運(yùn)河全線(xiàn)貫通后,作為連接“海上絲綢之路”的寧波三江口,成為古代中國(guó)和外國(guó)交往和貿(mào)易的重要海上通道出口。貿(mào)易船舶沿大運(yùn)河南下到達(dá)三江口,再換乘抗風(fēng)浪性能較好的海船經(jīng)甬江出海,去往世界各地,海外客商也多由此進(jìn)入內(nèi)地。
“河為線(xiàn),城為珠,線(xiàn)串珠,珠帶面。”流淌的大運(yùn)河是經(jīng)濟(jì)交流的大動(dòng)脈、文化融合的主紐帶,也是沿岸城市的母親河、對(duì)外交流的開(kāi)放地。
從2012年《大運(yùn)河遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)管理辦法》公布,到2014年中國(guó)大運(yùn)河列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》,2018年7月聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)第四十二屆大會(huì)贊揚(yáng)我國(guó)政府的探索和實(shí)踐對(duì)世界其他國(guó)家世界文化遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)管理具有積極參考價(jià)值,到2019年2月《大運(yùn)河文化保護(hù)傳承利用規(guī)劃綱要》提出深入挖掘和豐富大運(yùn)河文化內(nèi)涵,充分展現(xiàn)大運(yùn)河遺存承載的文化、活化大運(yùn)河流淌伴生的文化、弘揚(yáng)大運(yùn)河歷史凝練的文化,讓大運(yùn)河沿線(xiàn)發(fā)展謀篇布局、大運(yùn)河文化保護(hù)傳承利用迎來(lái)歷史最好時(shí)期。
當(dāng)古老的大運(yùn)河與當(dāng)下的時(shí)代產(chǎn)生際遇,推進(jìn)大運(yùn)河文化保護(hù)傳承利用更顯得意義重大。聚焦大運(yùn)河世界文化遺產(chǎn),適度兼顧大運(yùn)河文化帶和大運(yùn)河文化公園,在保護(hù)理念、保護(hù)機(jī)制、保護(hù)規(guī)劃、遺產(chǎn)監(jiān)測(cè)等方面,浙江走在了前列。比如,明確大運(yùn)河沿線(xiàn)各級(jí)政府及其相關(guān)部門(mén)的職責(zé),加快推進(jìn)有關(guān)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)和戲曲、節(jié)慶、民俗、典故、傳統(tǒng)技藝等資料和實(shí)物的普查、收集和整理;依托歷史街區(qū)、碼頭古渡等資源,開(kāi)發(fā)具有浙江元素的詩(shī)畫(huà)江南游、古越風(fēng)情游、絲綢文化游等特色旅游產(chǎn)品,傳承和弘揚(yáng)茶葉、絲綢、書(shū)法、戲曲、湖筆、青瓷、黃酒等特色文化;倡導(dǎo)各地通過(guò)建設(shè)大運(yùn)河世界文化遺產(chǎn)博物館、展示館,講好大運(yùn)河故事,弘揚(yáng)大運(yùn)河文化等。
值得一說(shuō)的是,浙江省已將大運(yùn)河文化帶納入《詩(shī)路文化帶建設(shè)規(guī)劃》,專(zhuān)門(mén)制定了運(yùn)河詩(shī)路黃金旅游帶三年行動(dòng)計(jì)劃,領(lǐng)銜四條詩(shī)路黃金旅游帶建設(shè)。在建的45個(gè)大運(yùn)河重點(diǎn)旅游項(xiàng)目,覆蓋了文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)、旅游風(fēng)情小鎮(zhèn)和景區(qū)鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)建、歷史文化街區(qū)保護(hù)建設(shè)、文化旅游休閑度假設(shè)施等。
此外,在京杭大運(yùn)河博物院、紹興浙東運(yùn)河博物館等龍頭項(xiàng)目的帶動(dòng)下,大運(yùn)河沿線(xiàn)古村古鎮(zhèn)、名人名居、會(huì)館商號(hào)、工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)等各類(lèi)文化空間、文化資源,在開(kāi)發(fā)保護(hù)中得以煥發(fā)青春和活力。
(二)
運(yùn)河貫?zāi)媳?,文脈承古今。大運(yùn)河孕育了水利文化、漕運(yùn)文化、商事文化等多種文化形態(tài)。時(shí)光流轉(zhuǎn),運(yùn)河文化也從未離生活遠(yuǎn)去。
杭州的拱宸橋是京杭大運(yùn)河的地標(biāo)性建筑?!按蓽麃?lái),先經(jīng)拱宸,過(guò)省城,乃江干,深入內(nèi)地?!庇纱耍彝?jiàn)此橋,便知道已抵杭州城。
2002年,運(yùn)河(杭州段)綜合整治和保護(hù)開(kāi)發(fā),開(kāi)啟“還河于民”的歷程。拱宸橋橋西原來(lái)是工廠(chǎng)集聚區(qū),通益公紗廠(chǎng)、土特產(chǎn)倉(cāng)庫(kù)、紅雷絲織廠(chǎng)等匯聚在這片不大的區(qū)域。1997年,拱宸橋地區(qū)舊城改造啟動(dòng),在城市有機(jī)更新中謀劃經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型,讓產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整提升和運(yùn)河整治保護(hù)互為促進(jìn)。如今,這一舊廠(chǎng)房集中的片區(qū)已經(jīng)陸續(xù)改造為中國(guó)刀剪劍博物館、中國(guó)扇博物館、中國(guó)傘博物館等國(guó)家級(jí)博物館,實(shí)現(xiàn)了工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)的成功“轉(zhuǎn)身”。
運(yùn)河兩岸散布的博物館、文創(chuàng)園、非遺保護(hù)點(diǎn),加上連片保護(hù)、重現(xiàn)水鄉(xiāng)風(fēng)情的歷史文化特色街區(qū),以及沿岸居民家門(mén)口的“運(yùn)河書(shū)房”、社區(qū)文化家園、“微博物館”等,讓文化與生活、產(chǎn)業(yè)交融,人文景致與美麗運(yùn)河和諧共處。
隨著杭州運(yùn)河文化藝術(shù)中心、杭州大城北規(guī)劃展示館、杭州手工藝活態(tài)館、二十四節(jié)氣主題公園等一批見(jiàn)證杭州歷史文脈的藝術(shù)館相繼開(kāi)放,大運(yùn)河文化更顯生機(jī)。
在杭州大運(yùn)河畔的手工藝活態(tài)館,以西湖綢傘、油紙傘、刺繡、印染、木工、黃楊木雕、風(fēng)箏、皮雕、竹編、張小泉剪刀、天竺筷、石雕等為主的傳統(tǒng)手工藝作坊,每年都會(huì)吸引眾多前來(lái)參觀(guān)體驗(yàn)運(yùn)河文化的學(xué)生、家長(zhǎng)和八方游客。
杭州市依托老棉紡織廠(chǎng)、橋西土特產(chǎn)倉(cāng)庫(kù)等老建筑、工業(yè)遺存,建成以非遺為特色的博物館群落,不僅保護(hù)傳承了工業(yè)文明,還探索了讓歷史建筑重?zé)ㄉ鷻C(jī)的現(xiàn)實(shí)途徑。
杭州運(yùn)河沿岸一大批清末民初風(fēng)格的里弄街巷和歷史建筑得以保留;小橋流水、粉墻黛瓦、飛檐雕花,巧妙地與這座歷史文化名城融為一體;以“大運(yùn)河”命名的公交車(chē)站、地鐵站,以“大運(yùn)河”冠名的文體設(shè)施逐一涌現(xiàn)……一座城市的美,沿著波瀾壯闊的大運(yùn)河而聲名遠(yuǎn)揚(yáng)。
建設(shè)“全域沒(méi)有圍墻的博物館”,打造全國(guó)領(lǐng)先的運(yùn)河文化傳承特色產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚區(qū)……作為浙江省大運(yùn)河遺產(chǎn)地綜合保護(hù)試點(diǎn)市,杭州段大運(yùn)河保護(hù)、傳承、利用實(shí)踐正在成為大運(yùn)河浙江段沿岸地市的行動(dòng)自覺(jué)。
(三)
運(yùn)河千古情,江南盛世緣。一條大運(yùn)河,孕育和滋養(yǎng)了浙江的吳越文化、江南文化,也為浙江的發(fā)展提供了源源不竭的動(dòng)力。
南宋遷都臨安后,明州港(寧波港)的海外貿(mào)易和文化交流作用一躍超過(guò)揚(yáng)州等北方被遼、金政權(quán)控制的運(yùn)河城市。位于浙東運(yùn)河和京杭大運(yùn)河連接點(diǎn)的杭州,其通江達(dá)海的地位更為顯著,并影響到元、明、清等朝代。馬可·波羅、鄂多立克、利瑪竇、崔溥、成尋等歷史上的國(guó)際友人,沿著大運(yùn)河南下北上,都在杭州中轉(zhuǎn),并不惜筆墨,將大量的贊美之詞留給了杭州?,F(xiàn)珍藏于國(guó)家博物館的《乾隆南巡圖》,詳細(xì)記錄了當(dāng)時(shí)沿大運(yùn)河從北京到杭州及過(guò)錢(qián)塘江到紹興的人物、場(chǎng)景。
大運(yùn)河是一個(gè)文化符號(hào),更是一種生活方式。如今,運(yùn)河杭州段的游船數(shù)量越來(lái)越多,線(xiàn)路也越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)。2004年,運(yùn)河水上巴士在信義坊碼頭首航,標(biāo)志著杭州成為全國(guó)首個(gè)在市區(qū)運(yùn)河干道開(kāi)通水上交通的城市;2008年,三條水上黃金旅游線(xiàn)開(kāi)通,為杭州旅游又添了一筆。目前,在運(yùn)河主航道,余杭塘河、上塘河、東河等支流線(xiàn)航道以及錢(qián)塘江等,均有休閑旅游線(xiàn)路在運(yùn)營(yíng),客流接待量從最初的每年5.4萬(wàn)人次增至130余萬(wàn)人次。
城因運(yùn)河而生,業(yè)因運(yùn)河而興。2020年4月,《浙江省大運(yùn)河文化保護(hù)傳承利用實(shí)施規(guī)劃》發(fā)布,嘉興市、杭州市、湖州市等有關(guān)單位共同簽訂合作協(xié)議,推動(dòng)大運(yùn)河唐詩(shī)之路建設(shè),以京杭大運(yùn)河和古鎮(zhèn)集群為紐帶,串聯(lián)水上古鎮(zhèn)節(jié)點(diǎn)旅游線(xiàn),培育大運(yùn)河“走運(yùn)之旅”,共同打響杭嘉湖一體化大運(yùn)河文旅品牌。
繁華不只為追憶。千年運(yùn)河流動(dòng)在老百姓的生活中,流淌出波濤滾滾的文化記憶,流向我們無(wú)限向往的遠(yuǎn)方。杭州京杭運(yùn)河水上游線(xiàn)、寧波三江水上夜游、嘉興古運(yùn)河旅游、紹興柯橋運(yùn)河游、湖州南潯水上游線(xiàn)正在串珠成鏈;與運(yùn)河伴生的古鎮(zhèn)文化、蠶桑文化、絲綢文化、曲藝文化的歷史價(jià)值、文化價(jià)值和旅游價(jià)值得以深入挖掘;運(yùn)河古鎮(zhèn)之路、運(yùn)河絲綢之路、運(yùn)河詩(shī)畫(huà)之路、運(yùn)河曲藝之路、考古研學(xué)之路,這些綜合展示運(yùn)河風(fēng)貌、傳統(tǒng)民居、生活美學(xué)、生產(chǎn)場(chǎng)景等的精品旅游線(xiàn)路呼之欲出,給了游客更多“非來(lái)不可”“再住一晚”的理由。讓千年運(yùn)河文脈生生不息,續(xù)寫(xiě)千年運(yùn)河的精彩故事,運(yùn)河沿岸的浙江兒女正在書(shū)寫(xiě)新時(shí)代大運(yùn)河的壯美篇章。
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Grand Canal: Past Glory of Zhejiang Section
By Xu Jihong
A big part of the history of Hangzhou City and Zhejiang Province has something to do with the Grand Canal. What is now known as Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was actually the Capital-Hangzhou Grand Canal for more than 1,000 years. Hangzhou at the southern end of the great manmade watercourse connected with present-day Beijing in the Yuan (1279-1368), the Ming (1368-1644) and the Qing (1644-1911) dynasties. Before these dynasties, Hangzhou connected with Luoyang, the capital of the Sui (581-618) and the Tang (618-907), a dynasty with Changan and Luoyang as dual capitals. In the Northern Song (960-1127), Hangzhou was the countrys economic center. Such strong ties with the capitals of the dynasties in history are testified today by numerous Grand-Canal sites in Zhejiang.
The Grand Canal was inscribed as the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 2014. Included in the heritage, the Zhejiang section of the Grand Canal presents nine sections and thirteen sites located in five cities in the north of the province. Another way to describe the cultural prosperity of the Zhejiang section of the Grand Canal is to list the tourist attractions in the area: fifty-eight 4A and 5A scenic zones, including Wuzhen and Nanxun, ancient canal towns. These tourist attractions allure 200 million visitors a year.
The canal system in Zhejiang played a big role in the economic and social and cultural prosperity in the region. In the Song Dynasty, what is known as Eastern Zhejiang Canal was constructed. This is a manmade river connected with Hangzhou via the Qiantang River at the west side and Ningbo at the eastern tip. Ningbo became a key port where ships to and from the outside world docked. Cargo ships from inland reached Ningbo where goods were transferred onto sea-going ships for overseas destinations. In particular, Ningbo became the very destination of many international visitors from overseas. They traveled on the canal from Ningbo to Hangzhou and then went northward to other parts of the country via the Capital-Hangzhou canal. The Eastern Zhejiang Canal and Ningbo made Hangzhou more important and more prosperous as the hub of the two canals. Hangzhou embraced many historical international names such as Marco Polo, Odoric of Pordenone, Matteo Ricci, Choe Bu, and Jojin who are in the history of cultural exchanges and conversations between China and the rest of the world.
Long before the Grand Canal became UNESCO world heritage site in 2014, Hangzhou made efforts to preserve the past glory of the worlds longest manmade river. In 2002, the Hangzhou section of the canal saw the first large-scale refurbishment project. At the west side of the Gongchen Bridge, the symbol of Hangzhou section of the canal, there used to be a lot of factories which went dysfunctional in the 1990s. Now the district is home to a series of national museums featuring local products which were famed all over the country: household scissors and knives, umbrellas, and paper fans. The district now is also home to a special handicraft center where artists and craftspeople work at their studios demonstrating ancient handicrafts. The museums and the center, all housed at the repurposed factory buildings, attract a large number of students and their parents and tourists every year.
Along the Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal which zigzags through the very heart of the city are a lot of historical residential houses and industrial buildings in the architectural styles of the late Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) and the Republic of China (1911-1949). Also well preserved are time-old lanes and backstreets.
Along the canal are many facilities named after the Grand Canal, giving people of today a chance to peep into the past glory of the city. The first canal boat bus for tourists began to operate in Hangzhou in 2004. In 2008, three sightseeing boat tour routes on the canal started to serve tourists. Nowadays, these routes have branched into other canals in and around downtown Hangzhou and some sightseeing boat tours are on the Qiantang River. In the first year, 54,000 tourists took the boat tours. Nowadays, over 1.3 million take the boat tours on the canals and the Qiantang River per year. In other canal areas across Zhejiang, there are also many boat tours. Tours are usually organized around ancient towns and cities.
The provincial government has done a lot to make sure the Grand Canal in Zhejiang is well preserved and utilized to further promote the social, economic and cultural development of the canal zones. In 2012, two years before the Grand Canal was inscribed as a UNESCO world heritage site, the province issued a regulation on the preservation of the legacy of the canal sections. In February 2019, an outline for further preservation, development, utilization of the culture of the Grand Canal was formulated and issued. The plan has a focus on the world heritage sites, which amount to 13,017 hectares in total, including the 10,359-hectare buffer zones. In April 2020, the province issued a detailed plan to translate the 2019 outline into reality. Jiaxing, Hangzhou and Huzhou have signed an agreement to join forces in promoting sightseeing tours based on the Grand Canal and ancient canal towns.
Under government protection are more than physical structures in the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Also preserved and promoted are intangible cultural heritage items and traditional arts and crafts that once originated and thrived in Hangzhou in the era of the Grand Canal. These tours highlight silkworm farming and silk production, regional operas, folk entertainment performances, ancient architecture, ancient poetry and art. These cultural treasures of the past give tourists a window on the colorful dimensions of the ancient life cultured by the Grand Canal.