吳三山 劉林麗 沈張 林珺 金瓊 黃勉
[摘要] 目的 探討孕期血清Hcy與重度子癇患者新生兒結(jié)局的關(guān)系。 方法 回顧性分析2017年1月~2019年9月福州市第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科產(chǎn)檢并分娩的子癇前期患者的臨床資料和實驗室檢查數(shù)據(jù),分析產(chǎn)檢數(shù)據(jù)中不同孕周的Hcy水平與新生兒結(jié)局的關(guān)系。根據(jù)病情嚴(yán)重程度,分為重度子癇前期組(n=282)、輕度子癇前期組(n=371)和正常妊娠對照組(n=1596)。 結(jié)果 早孕時,重度子癇前期組孕婦的Hcy水平[(8.92±2.74)μmol/L]明顯高于輕度子癇前期組[(7.21±2.09)μmol/L]及正常妊娠組[(6.54±1.39)μmol/L]。相關(guān)分析顯示,早孕、中孕和晚孕期重度子癇前期組孕婦血清的Hcy水平均與新生兒結(jié)局相關(guān),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 子癇前期孕婦Hcy水平隨著病情的嚴(yán)重程度和孕周的增加,呈上升趨勢;重度子癇前期血清Hcy水平與新生兒結(jié)局密切相關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 同型半胱氨酸;重度子癇前期;子癇前期;新生兒結(jié)局
[中圖分類號] R714.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)25-0020-05
Effect of serum homocysteine level on neonatal outcomes in patients with severe preeclampsia
WU Sanshan LIU Linli SHEN Zhang LIN Jun JIN Qiong HUANG Mian
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fuzhou First Hospital, Fuzhou 350009, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the relationship between serum Hcy during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in patients with severe eclampsia. Methods The clinical data and laboratory examination data of preeclampsia patients, who underwent obstetric examination and gave birth in the obstetrics and gynecology department of the First Hospital of Fuzhou from January 2017 to September 2019, were retrospectively analyzed. The relationship between the Hcy levels of different gestational weeks in the obstetric data and neonatal outcomes were analyzed. According to the severity of the disease, they were divided into severe preeclampsia group(282 cases), mild preeclampsia group (371 cases) and normal pregnancy control group (1596 cases). Results During early pregnancy, the Hcy level of pregnant women[(8.92±2.74)] μmol/L in severe preeclampsia group was significantly higher than that in mild preeclampsia group[(7.21±2.09) μmol/L] and normal pregnancy group[(6.54±1.39) μmol/L]. Correlation analysis showed that the serum Hcy level of pregnant women with severe preeclampsia in early pregnancy, middle pregnancy and late pregnancy was related to neonatal outcomes, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion The level of Hcy in pregnant women with preeclampsia increases with the severity of the disease and the gestational age. Serum Hcy levels in severe preeclampsia are closely related to neonatal outcomes.
[Key words] Homocysteine; Severe preeclampsia; Preeclampsia; Neonatal outcomes
高同型半胱氨酸血癥(Hyperhomocysteinemi,HHcy)是心血管疾病和血管病變的危險因素[1]。既往回顧性病例對照研究的定量薈萃分析顯示,Hcy與腦血管病呈正相關(guān)[2]。此外,動物研究表明,高同型半胱氨酸血癥影響血管壁,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮改變和平滑肌增生。關(guān)于同型半胱氨酸的升高在產(chǎn)科并發(fā)癥的應(yīng)用是鮮有的。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)蛋氨酸-同型半胱氨酸代謝的改變可能會破壞血管結(jié)構(gòu),從而促進(jìn)血栓形成和動脈粥樣硬化,可導(dǎo)致重度子癇前期的典型臨床表現(xiàn)。也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為較高水平的同型半胱氨酸可能導(dǎo)致胎盤微血管疾病和先兆子癇的發(fā)展,從而對內(nèi)皮產(chǎn)生不利影響[3]。被診斷為子癇前期的女性未來患心腦血管疾病的風(fēng)險要大得多,估計與未受影響的女性相比,患病概率翻了一番[4]。這種關(guān)聯(lián)表明子癇前期和心血管疾病可能具有共同的危險因素。
目前大多數(shù)研究僅集中在血清Hcy濃度與子癇之間的關(guān)系。據(jù)報道,子癇前期患者母體血清總同型半胱氨酸水平升高,高同型半胱氨酸血癥與子癇的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[5,6]。然而,國外學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),子癇前期的婦女在妊娠中期的Hcy水平與對照組相比沒有顯著差異。然而,妊娠期血清Hcy與重度子癇前期患者的新生兒結(jié)局的研究較少,且關(guān)于Hcy與PE關(guān)系的研究結(jié)果也相互矛盾,因此本研究的目的是探討孕期血清Hcy與重度子癇患者新生兒結(jié)局的關(guān)系以及妊娠期重度子癇患者血清Hcy的動態(tài)變化情況,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
采用回顧性隊列研究,收集2017年1月~2019年9月期間于福州市第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科門診就診,后接受產(chǎn)前檢查并住院分娩的子癇前期患者的臨床資料和實驗室檢查數(shù)據(jù)。根據(jù)子癇前期的嚴(yán)重程度分為:重度子癇前期組(282例)、輕度子癇前期組(371例)和正常妊娠孕婦作為對照組(1596例)。三組數(shù)據(jù)具有可比性。
1.2 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):單胎妊娠伴子癇前期。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①胎兒畸形、妊娠前心臟病、甲狀腺疾病、腎臟疾病、糖尿病、原發(fā)性高血壓病史、血液系統(tǒng)疾病史。所有研究對象在完成基本產(chǎn)檢的基礎(chǔ)上,分別于孕早期(12周前),孕中期(20~28周)和孕晚期(入院分娩時)各加抽一次空腹時的外周靜脈血,釆用酶聯(lián)免疫法測定血清同型半胱氨酸的水平。自愿參與并簽署知情同意書而納入研究。本研究內(nèi)容通過醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會的審批且符合《赫爾辛基宣言》。
診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):重度子癇前期的診斷參考第7版《婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)》[7],要求至少存在以下特征中的1個:①血壓改變:收縮壓≥160 mmHg,舒張壓≥110 mmHg。②24 h蛋白尿≥5 g或間隔4 h兩次蛋白尿(+++),少尿:24 h尿量<500 mL等癥狀。③患者有中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)異常表現(xiàn):視力模糊、頭痛、頭暈;嚴(yán)重者神志不清、昏迷等。④患者有肝包膜下血腫或肝破裂的癥狀:包括上腹部不適或右上腹持續(xù)性疼痛等,天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶升高(>46 U/L)。所有的血壓都必須在間隔至少6 h的兩次測量中升高。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
觀察指標(biāo)包括:早孕時的年齡、身高、體重、孕次、產(chǎn)次、居住地、教育程度、早孕時血壓、早孕時Hcy、尿蛋白;中孕時的身高、體重、血壓、Hcy、尿蛋白、;分娩期的身高、體重、血壓、尿蛋白、24 h尿蛋白及妊娠并發(fā)癥等;妊娠結(jié)局:包括新生兒出生結(jié)局、分娩方式、出生孕周、出生體重、Apgar 1 min評分等。三組孕婦孕早期一般指標(biāo)基線一致,數(shù)據(jù)有可比性。隨后比較三組孕婦血清Hcy在早孕、中孕及晚孕期間的變化并分析其與新生兒結(jié)局的相關(guān)性。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS19.0 軟件處理,利用柯爾莫哥洛夫-斯米爾諾夫檢驗分析連續(xù)變量分布的正態(tài)性。將正態(tài)分布的連續(xù)變量資料采用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析。將非正態(tài)分布的連續(xù)變量資料采用中位數(shù)、極大值和極小值表示,多組間比較采用Kruskal-Wallis檢驗。計數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2、Fisher確切概率法檢驗。采用皮爾森或斯皮爾曼相關(guān)系數(shù)分析血清Hcy與重度子癇前期患者新生兒的結(jié)局的相關(guān)性。顯著性水平定義為P<0.05。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 各組患者早孕期的一般基線特征比較
三組孕婦的年齡、居住地及孕產(chǎn)次、血壓、早孕期檢測Hcy孕周及生化指標(biāo)的基線數(shù)據(jù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。但重度子癇前期組孕婦的Hcy水平明顯高于其余兩組,其教育程度均低于其余兩組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 各組孕婦在早孕、中孕及晚孕期間血清Hcy的變化比較
正常妊娠的孕婦(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平均在正常范圍,并隨妊娠周數(shù)的增加,稍呈下降趨勢,但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。輕度子癇前期組孕婦(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平均較正常孕婦各個時期的Hcy水平偏高,但其早、中孕期的Hcy水平與正常孕婦的早、中孕期的Hcy水平相比,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),而顯著高于正常孕婦晚期的Hcy水平。重度子癇前期組的孕婦(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平顯著高于正常妊娠的孕婦(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。重度子癇前期組的孕婦(早、中、晚期)Hcy水平與輕度子癇前期組的孕婦(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平相比,晚孕期的Hcy水平均顯著高于早孕期和中孕期,但早孕期與中孕期的Hcy水平差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.3 孕婦早孕、中孕及晚孕期間血清Hcy與新生兒結(jié)局的相關(guān)性分析
相關(guān)分析顯示,早、中、晚孕期孕婦重度子癇前期患者血清Hcy水平與新生兒的出生孕周、出生體重及出生1 min Apgar評分顯著相關(guān),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。但輕度子癇前期組患者及對照組孕婦血清Hcy水平與新生兒的結(jié)局之間沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)性。見表3。
3 討論
妊娠高血壓,包括先兆子癇,是導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的孕產(chǎn)婦和圍產(chǎn)兒發(fā)病率和死亡率的主要原因之一[8]。先兆子癇合并5%~8%的妊娠[9-10]。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)回顧和薈萃分析顯示,子癇前期與高血壓、冠心病和腦血管病的風(fēng)險增加有關(guān)。但其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明了。然而,高水平的同型半胱氨酸似乎改變了內(nèi)皮一氧化氮的釋放,從而導(dǎo)致高血壓和缺血[11]。以往前瞻性隊列研究中表明,與正常妊娠的孕婦相比,在懷孕早期有重度子癇的孕婦中檢測到的同型半胱氨酸水平更高(P<0.001)[12-13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,正常妊娠的孕婦從妊娠早期到妊娠中期血漿Hcy水平呈下降趨勢,從妊娠中期到妊娠晚期血漿Hcy水平逐漸升高,與Maruta等[14]結(jié)果一致,然而本研究差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。另外數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果顯示,重度子癇前期的孕婦(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平顯著高于正常妊娠的孕婦(早、中、晚期)的Hcy水平,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,與文獻(xiàn)[15-19]報道一致。說明子癇前期孕婦隨著孕周的增加和病情程度的加重,Hcy水平進(jìn)行性增加,提示Hcy水平升高是參與子癇前期發(fā)病發(fā)展及病情加強(qiáng)的重要因素之一,因此檢測Hcy水平有助于判斷患者病情嚴(yán)重程度,同時也可作為患者病情進(jìn)展的評價指標(biāo)。Hcy是人體內(nèi)的一種含硫氨基酸,高水平的Hcy一方面產(chǎn)生超氧離子自由基和過氧化氫,氧化還原系統(tǒng)平衡失調(diào),引起過氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),引起血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞結(jié)果和功能受損,另一方面,Hcy晶體通過引起胎盤血管無血管比增加及胎盤動脈微血栓形成,影響胎盤血流,從而導(dǎo)致子癇前期的發(fā)生[20-25]。
同型半胱氨酸是一種由蛋氨酸失去末端甲基的非蛋白質(zhì)氨基酸。最近的流行病學(xué)研究表明,高同型半胱氨酸血癥(HHcy)是一種與Hcy代謝紊亂引起的血管疾病風(fēng)險增加相關(guān)的疾病。Hcy在自氧化過程中,由金屬陽離子(如銅和超氧陰離子)催化與NO反應(yīng)生成過氧硝酸鹽,增加了氧化應(yīng)激并刺激了ROS的產(chǎn)生,從而導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮損傷。同型半胱氨酸對內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的損傷導(dǎo)致蛋白C活性降低,并抑制血栓調(diào)節(jié)蛋白的表達(dá),從而導(dǎo)致局部促凝狀態(tài)的降低[26-27]。這種損傷還會降低纖溶活性[28]。白細(xì)胞遷移和血小板粘附導(dǎo)致微血栓形成和組織缺氧。
懷孕期間同型半胱氨酸水平升高可導(dǎo)致多種并發(fā)癥,如先兆子癇(PE)、早孕流產(chǎn)、胎盤早剝(PA)、胎兒宮內(nèi)生長受限(IUGR)、靜脈血栓形成等。這些水平與同型半胱氨酸對血管內(nèi)皮功能的影響、促氧化和血栓栓塞活性升高有關(guān)[29-33]。這些因素導(dǎo)致血流動力學(xué)胎盤紊亂,這可能是與內(nèi)皮胎盤功能障礙相關(guān)的妊娠并發(fā)癥的關(guān)鍵因素[34-35]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,重度子癇前期組新生兒的出生體重、出生孕周及出生后1 min評分均顯著低于輕度子癇前期組及正常妊娠組,而相關(guān)系數(shù)分析同樣可以支持這一結(jié)論,說明HHcy可導(dǎo)致不良新生兒結(jié)局,與既往學(xué)者研究結(jié)果一致[36-38]。
綜上所述,子癇前期孕婦Hcy水平與孕周增加和病情程度密切相關(guān)。高濃度的血清Hcy與重度子癇前期患者的不良新生兒密切相關(guān)。
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(收稿日期:2020-04-16)
[基金項目] 福建省福州市科技計劃項目(2018-S-105-4);福建省自然引導(dǎo)性基金項目(2019D004)