過麗珍 盧根娣 田君
[摘要] 腦卒中因其較高的發(fā)病率、致殘率、致死率,已成為全球性的公共健康問題。腦卒中患者經(jīng)過急性期治療后,可留有不同程度的軀體、心理和情感障礙,且其多在家中康復(fù)和生活,需要照護(hù)者長期的支持與幫助,往往導(dǎo)致照護(hù)者承受巨大的生理、心理和社會壓力,不利于患者的長期康復(fù)。本文從照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)的概述、照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)的動態(tài)變化及影響因素、照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)過重的危害和減少照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)的策略四個方面入手,以期為降低照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)提供理論依據(jù),為臨床提高照護(hù)者情感支持奠定基礎(chǔ)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腦卒中;非正式照顧者;照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān);動態(tài)變化
[中圖分類號] R743.3 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)08(b)-0031-04
[Abstract] Stroke has become a global public health problem due to its high incidence, disability and mortality rate. Stroke survivor may be left with different degrees of physical, mental or affective disorder after acute treatment. And most of them will make sustainable lifestyle and receive rehabilitation based on family, which require long-term support and help from their families. As a result, the caregiver endurance enormous physical, psychological and social pressure, which is not beneficial to the recovery of stroke survivor. This paper summarizes the characteristics of caring burden, the dynamic changes of caring burden with time flow and its related factors, the side effects of caring burden and the strategies on how to reduce the burden of caring. And eventually laying a theoretical suggestion on how to reduce care burden. Therefore, it lays the fundation for clinical improvement of emotional support of cavegivers.
[Key words] Stroke; Informal caregiver; Care burden; Dynamic changes
腦卒中作為我國成年人致死、致殘的首因[1],可導(dǎo)致不同程度的功能障礙,嚴(yán)重影響患者的自理能力。且隨著社會老齡化和城市化進(jìn)程的不斷加快,居民不健康生活方式的流行,腦卒中發(fā)病率急劇攀升。此外,隨著診療技術(shù)的提高,腦卒中幸存者增多,從而導(dǎo)致相應(yīng)的疾病負(fù)擔(dān)呈爆發(fā)式增長[2]。研究指出[3],腦卒中患者經(jīng)過急性期治療待病情穩(wěn)定后,75%~80%的患者出院后將回歸家庭進(jìn)行后續(xù)康復(fù)。其中20%~40%的照護(hù)者存在照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)[4]。因此,越來越多的醫(yī)護(hù)人員認(rèn)識到,腦卒中患者的康復(fù)不應(yīng)該僅僅著力于改善患者的日?;顒?,還應(yīng)對照護(hù)者進(jìn)行全程、全面的關(guān)注。故本文基于照護(hù)過程的長期性,針對照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)的動態(tài)變化進(jìn)行綜述。
1 照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)概述
腦卒中患者經(jīng)過急性期治療后,大部分患者選擇在家進(jìn)行后續(xù)的治療與康復(fù),這份工作則轉(zhuǎn)向了患者家屬,這類照顧者通常沒有經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格的資格培訓(xùn)且不需要支付薪酬,這類人群稱為非正式照顧者[5]。照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)是一個多維度概念[6],是指照顧者在為患者提供幫助的過程中,引起身體和情感上的反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生的生理和心理問題。有學(xué)者將照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)分為客觀負(fù)擔(dān)、壓力負(fù)擔(dān)以及需求負(fù)擔(dān)[7]??陀^負(fù)擔(dān)主要測量照護(hù)時長、娛樂活動時長、個人隱私保留度等維度。壓力負(fù)擔(dān)則關(guān)注照顧者與患者的關(guān)系緊張度、焦慮以及抑郁狀態(tài)等維度。需求負(fù)擔(dān)測量患者提出無理需求情況、照顧者是否感覺被利用等維度。也有學(xué)者將照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)分為主觀與客觀負(fù)擔(dān)[8],主觀負(fù)擔(dān)是由客觀負(fù)擔(dān)造成的結(jié)果,包括照顧者的心理、情感和社會影響。Zarit護(hù)理者負(fù)擔(dān)量表(ZBI)則包含兩個維度的負(fù)擔(dān),分別為個人負(fù)擔(dān)與責(zé)任負(fù)擔(dān)。分別從照護(hù)者的健康情況、精神狀態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會生活四個方面進(jìn)行評估[9]。雖分法不同,但均反映出,因腦卒中的突發(fā)性以及照護(hù)任務(wù)的艱巨性,對照顧者的社會、情感、健康和經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況產(chǎn)生顯著的負(fù)向影響[10]。
2 照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)的動態(tài)變化及影響因素
研究顯示,照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)與時間推移的關(guān)系呈多元化。有研究顯示,腦卒中后6個月內(nèi)[11]、腦卒中后2個月~3年[12]、腦卒中后6個月~5年[13],照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)整體呈下降趨勢??赡茉蚺c隨著時間的推移,患者的生活自理、焦慮抑郁狀態(tài)、生活質(zhì)量水平有較大改善有關(guān);Swinkels等[14]研究顯示,腦卒中后1年內(nèi)照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)隨著時間的推移增加;Pucciarelli等[15]研究顯示,照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)呈先降(出院時至腦卒中后3個月)后升(腦卒中后3~9個月)再下降(腦卒中后9個月~1年)的趨勢,于腦卒中后9個月負(fù)擔(dān)最高;而Kruithof等[16]研究顯示,腦卒中后1年內(nèi)的負(fù)擔(dān)水平無顯著差異。Pont等[17]則指出,大部分照護(hù)者的照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)在腦卒中后6個月與腦卒中后1年一致,小部分(11.1%)照護(hù)者照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)發(fā)生變化,提示應(yīng)該對照護(hù)者進(jìn)行多次重復(fù)的負(fù)擔(dān)測量,以便及時篩選高負(fù)擔(dān)人群。而Chuluunbaatar等[7]指出,腦卒中后1年照顧者的需求負(fù)擔(dān)增加,客觀負(fù)擔(dān)與壓力負(fù)擔(dān)則有所下降,意味著患者無理要求或過度要求的次數(shù)增多,導(dǎo)致照顧者感覺被控制的情緒增加。
引起照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)的因素有很多?;颊叻矫姘ㄗ岳砟芰6,18]、認(rèn)知功能[8]、焦慮抑郁狀態(tài)[18]等。隨著患者的自理能力下降,照護(hù)者照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢。若腦卒中患者存在認(rèn)知障礙,那么則有可能影響患者的吞咽、運(yùn)動等功能,導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)營養(yǎng)不良、康復(fù)不佳等狀況。此外,由于腦卒中康復(fù)的過程長,遷延不愈,患者容易產(chǎn)生焦慮抑郁等一系列負(fù)性情緒,而不良的情緒會影響患者神經(jīng)功能和肢體功能的恢復(fù),進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)加重。照顧者方面包括性別[18-19]、年齡[14]、身份角色[18]、教育程度[19]、自身健康狀況[8]、自我效能[16]、心理健康(焦慮抑郁)狀態(tài)[9,18]、照護(hù)時長[19]等。照顧者年齡越大,報告的照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)程度越高。且女性照護(hù)者照護(hù)壓力高于男性,可能與女性照護(hù)者健康狀況差、易出現(xiàn)體力耗竭有關(guān)。腦卒中照護(hù)者大多為配偶或其子女,而配偶的照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)往往較子女更為嚴(yán)重。此外,照護(hù)者的文化水平越低,就越缺乏對疾病的認(rèn)識,對照顧患者就沒有充足的把握,這會加重照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)。其他因素包括經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況[19]、家庭社會支持[11]、兩者親密程度[7]等。也有研究指出[20],照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)與患者或照護(hù)者本身的性別、年齡以及兩者的親密關(guān)系、家庭支持程度并無關(guān)系。
3 照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)過重的危害
腦卒中可導(dǎo)致患者不同種類、程度的功能障礙,使之不能參與生活工作,一方面增加家庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān);另一方面為了照顧腦卒中患者,需投入更多的時間和精力。以上情況均可影響患者與照護(hù)者正常的生活與社會交往,進(jìn)而造成家庭成員的心理障礙和健康損傷。研究表明,大部分照顧者存在中至重度的照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān),且女性明顯高于男性[14]。照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)過重可影響照顧者的機(jī)體功能,損害社會功能,引起抑郁、焦慮、睡眠紊亂、疼痛不適等問題,還可增加心血管疾病發(fā)病風(fēng)險,造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失等。Tseng等[21]指出,若照顧合并大小便失禁的腦卒中患者,此類照顧者往往還經(jīng)歷身心慌亂、面對骯臟排泄物、患有精神枯竭等危險。而家庭收入減少[22]、照護(hù)時間延長[23-24],患者失能[16,22,25]、抑郁[16]程度增加可引起照護(hù)者抑郁。此外,照顧者自身健康狀況[23]、獲得的社會情感支持[22]以及兩者的親密關(guān)系[7]亦可引起照顧者抑郁。照顧者抑郁又可加重照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān),從而形成惡性循環(huán)。
4 減少照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)的策略
改善腦卒中患者生活壓力及照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān),有賴于其經(jīng)濟(jì)情況的改善,而這有待于政府以及全社會的共同關(guān)注。故首先應(yīng)在宏觀層面加強(qiáng)腦卒中患者社會保障建設(shè),改善醫(yī)療保險體系進(jìn)而減輕腦卒中患者家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。然后,社區(qū)應(yīng)為腦卒中患者開展具有針對性或個體化的干預(yù)和健康追蹤,全面了解并掌握患者及其照護(hù)者在疾病認(rèn)知、情緒、應(yīng)對方式等方面的情況,并提供適宜的連續(xù)性的健康醫(yī)療服務(wù)。此外,有研究顯示[26],照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)可在醫(yī)護(hù)人員的干預(yù)下顯著降低。因此,如何識別引起照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)增加的因素,形成干預(yù)措施,具有非常重要的臨床意義。干預(yù)措施包括向照護(hù)者提供與疾病相關(guān)的健康咨詢[10],對照護(hù)者進(jìn)行腦卒中照護(hù)培訓(xùn)[10],如向照顧者講解腦卒中后常見問題及其預(yù)防,如壓瘡、失禁、營養(yǎng)不良等。再者,鑒于照顧者應(yīng)對策略的不同可產(chǎn)生不同的結(jié)果,因此有學(xué)者建議將“照護(hù)者應(yīng)對策略評估”納入腦卒中護(hù)理常規(guī),并形成相應(yīng)的干預(yù)措施[12],協(xié)助照顧者接受并適應(yīng)角色和身份的改變,理解和滿足照顧者的實(shí)際和情感需求?;蛲ㄟ^精準(zhǔn)的心理護(hù)理妥善處理患者的憤怒、悲傷情緒[27],提高患者的生活自理能力[10],從根本上減少照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)。最后,由于大部分腦卒中家庭是脫離正常社會交往的,因此,還應(yīng)做好延續(xù)護(hù)理如出院后照護(hù)者的在線教育[28]、家庭隨訪[29]等,幫助整個家庭重建正常的社會交往模式。
5 小結(jié)
本文從四個方面對照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)進(jìn)行了一個較為系統(tǒng)的回顧。發(fā)現(xiàn)目前對照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)的研究較多采用橫斷面研究,而縱向的跨地區(qū)的研究則較少,無法充分了解照顧者在長期的照護(hù)過程中照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)的動態(tài)變化,以及不同階段照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)對自身、對患者生活質(zhì)量的影響。其次,由于評估照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)的量表較多,分類方法較雜,只能將照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)分為低、中、重三個等級。在照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)與影響因素之間,研究多停留在相關(guān)性之間的研究,缺少因果關(guān)系及程度的探討。照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)作為一個動態(tài)的變化過程,需要更多的縱向研究進(jìn)行科學(xué)的測量,并做出有效的預(yù)測模型,幫助醫(yī)護(hù)人員分階段及早干預(yù),從而有效減少照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān),提高照護(hù)者的生活質(zhì)量,促進(jìn)腦卒中患者康復(fù),進(jìn)而降低復(fù)發(fā)率及死亡率。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] ?王隴德,劉建民,楊弋,等.我國腦卒中防治仍面臨巨大挑戰(zhàn)——《中國腦卒中防治報告2018》概要[J].中國循環(huán)雜志,2019,34(2):105-119.
[2] ?丁春戈,張振香,曹瑩,等.中國居家腦卒中患者的照護(hù)現(xiàn)況及對策[J].中國實(shí)用神經(jīng)疾病雜志,2019,22(1):64-67.
[3] ?喻偉霞,王海芳,鈕美娥,等.腦卒中患者親屬照護(hù)者居家照護(hù)體驗(yàn)的系統(tǒng)評價[J].中國護(hù)理管理,2019,19(1):35-42.
[4] ?Gertrude N,Kawuma R,Nalukenge W,et al. Caring for a stroke patient:the burden and experiences of primary caregivers in Uganda-a qualitative study [J]. Nurs Open,2019,6(4):1551-1558.
[5] ?Muditha WM,Kerstin S,Elgán C. Caring for stroke survivors:experiences of family caregivers in Sri Lanka-a qualitative study [J]. Top Stroke Rehabil,2018,25(6):397-402.
[6] ?Oni OD,Olagunju AT,Okpataku CI,et al. Predictors of caregiver burden after stroke in Nigeria:effect on psychosocial well-being [J]. Indian J Psychiatry,2019,61(5):457-464.
[7] ?Chuluunbaatar E,Pu C,Chou YJ. Changes in caregiver burden among informal caregivers of stroke patients in Mongolia [J]. Top Stroke Rehabil,2017,24(4):314-321.
[8] ?Wu CY,Skidmore ER,Rodakowski J. Relationship consensus and caregiver burden in adults with cognitive impairments 6 months following stroke [J]. PM&R,2019,11(6):597-603.
[9] ?Hu P,Yang Q,Kong LN,et al. Relationship between the anxiety/depression and care burden of the major caregiver of stroke patients [J]. Medicine,2018,97(40):e12638.
[10] ?Zhu W,Jiang Y. Determinants of caregiver burden of patients with haemorrhagic stroke in China [J]. Int J Nurs Pract,2018,25(2):e12719.
[11] ?Han Y,Liu Y,Zhang X,et al. Chinese family caregivers of stroke survivors:determinants of caregiving burden within the first six months [J]. J Clin Nurs,2017,26(23/24):4558-4566.
[12] ?Visser-Meily A,Post M,van de Port I,et al. Psychosocial functioning of spouses of patients with stroke from initial inpatient rehabilitation to 3 years poststroke:course and relations with coping strategies [J]. Stroke,2009,40(4):1399-1404.
[13] ?Jaracz K,Grabowska-Fudala B,Górna K,et al. Burden in caregivers of long-term stroke survivors:prevalence and determinants at 6 months and 5 years after stroke [J]. Patient Educ Couns,2015,98(8):1011-1016.
[14] ?Swinkels JC,Broese van Groenou MI,de Boer A,et al. Male and female partner-caregivers′ burden:does it get worse over time? [J]. Gerontologist,2019,59(6):1103-1111.
[15] ?Pucciarelli G,Ausili D,Galbussera AA,et al. Quality of life,anxiety,depression and burden among stroke caregivers:a longitudinal,observational multicentre study [J]. J Adv Nurs,2018,74(8):1875-1887.
[16] ?Kruithof WJ,Post MW,van Mierlo ML,et al. Caregiver burden and emotional problems in partners of stroke patients at two months and one year post-stroke:determinants and prediction [J]. Patient Educ Couns,2016,99(10):1632-1640.
[17] ?Pont W,Groeneveld I,Arwert H,et al. Caregiver burden after stroke:changes over time? [J]. Disabil Rehabil,2018,44(3):360-367.
[18] ?Zhu W,Jiang Y. A meta-analytic study of predictors for informal caregiver burden in patients with stroke [J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2018,27(12):3636-3646.
[19] ?Mandowara B,Patel AN,Amin AA,et al. Burden faced by caregivers of stroke patients who attend rural-based medical teaching hospital in Western India [J]. Ann Indian Acad Neurol,2020,23(1):38-43.
[20] ?McCullagh E,Brigstocke G,Donaldson N,et al. Determinants of caregiving burden and quality of life in caregivers of stroke patients [J]. Stroke,2005,36(10):2181-2186.
[21] ?Tseng CN,Huang GS,Yu PJ,et al. A qualitative study of family caregiver experiences of managing incontinence in stroke survivors [J]. PLoS One,2015,10(6):e0129540.
[22] ?Huang CY,Sousa VD,Perng SJ,et al. Stressors,social support,depressive symptoms and general health status of Taiwanese caregivers of persons with stroke or Alzheimer′s disease [J]. J Clin Nurs,2009,18(4):502-511.
[23] ?Loi SM,Dow B,Moore K,et al. The adverse mental health of carers:does the patient diagnosis play a role? [J]. Maturitas,2015,82(1):134-138.
[24] ?Gbiri CA,Olawale OA,Isaac SO. Stroke management:informal caregivers′ burdens and strians of caring for stroke survivors [J]. Ann Phys Rehabil Med,2015,58(2):98-103.
[25] ?Rigby H,Gubitz G,Eskes G,et al. Caring for stroke survivors:baseline and 1-year determinants of caregiver burden [J]. Int J Stroke,2009,4(3):152-158.
[26] ?Karahan AY,Kucuksen S,Yilmaz H,et al. Effects of rehabilitation services on anxiety,depression,care-giving burden and perceived social support of stroke caregivers [J]. Acta Medica,2014,57(2):68-72.
[27] ?Choi-Kwon S,Mitchell PH,Veith R,et al. Comparing perceived burden for Korean and American informal caregivers of stroke survivors [J]. Rehabil Nurs,2009,34(4):141-150.
[28] ?Klimova B,Valis M,Kuca K,et al. E-learning as valuable caregivers′ support for people with dementia-a systematic review [J]. BMC Health Serv Res,2019,19(1):781.
[29] ?Day CB,Bierhals CCBK,Santos NOD,et al. Nursing home care educational intervention for family caregivers of older adults post stroke (SHARE):study protocol for a randomised trial [J]. Trials,2018,19(1):96.
(收稿日期:2019-12-24)