呂文麗 史周薇 林昌松
[摘要] 滑膜炎、痤瘡、膿皰病、骨肥厚和骨炎(SAPHO)綜合征是一種累及皮膚、骨和關(guān)節(jié)的罕見慢性病,其皮膚病變具有特征性,包括掌跖部膿皰病、膿皰性牛皮癬、暴發(fā)性痤瘡、聚合性痤瘡及化膿性汗腺炎等,但皮膚表現(xiàn)并非必須。骨關(guān)節(jié)改變中胸肋鎖區(qū)的骨肥厚和骨硬化,也就是“牛頭征”,具有高度特征性。SAPHO綜合征具有誤診概率大、診斷花費時間長、無公認(rèn)診療指南等特點,給本病患者造成巨大的負(fù)擔(dān)和困擾。而中醫(yī)辨證論治在控制SAPHO綜合征患者疾病活動度、改善患者生存質(zhì)量方面有明顯療效。本文結(jié)合1例SAPHO患者的中西醫(yī)診治過程,并進行文獻(xiàn)回顧,以期加強對本病的認(rèn)識,同時探索中醫(yī)藥治療本病的優(yōu)勢。
[關(guān)鍵詞] SAPHO綜合征;中西醫(yī)結(jié)合;診斷;治療
[中圖分類號] R593? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)07(c)-0173-04
Treatment of SAPHO syndrome with combination of Chinese and Western medicine: a case report
LYU Wenli1? ?SHI Zhouwei2? ?LIN Changsong3
1.The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou? ?510006, China; 2.Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou? ?510405, China
[Abstract] Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome is a type of rare disease involving skin, bone and joint lesions. Its skin lesions are characteristic, including palmoplantar pustular disease, pustular psoriasis, fulminant acne, acne conglobata and hidradenitis suppurativa, but skin manifestations are not necessary. Osteoarticular changes in the middle sternal rib clavicle area of bone fat thickness and bone sclerosis, that is, “tau sign” has a high degree of characteristics. Due to the characteristics of SAPHO syndrome, such as high misdiagnosis rate, long diagnosis time, and no recognized diagnosis and treatment guidelines, SAPHO syndrome has caused huge burden and trouble to patients with this disease. The diagnosis and treatment based on TCM syndrome differentiation can give patients with SAPHO syndrome a significant effect in controlling disease activity and improving quality of life. This paper reports a case of SAPHO syndrome treated with traditional Chinese and Western medicine and reviews related literature, so as to increase the understanding of SAPHO syndrome, at the same time to explore the advantages of TCM in treating this disease.
[Key words] SAPHO syndrome; Combination of Chinese and Western medicine; Diagnosis; Treatment
滑膜炎、痤瘡、膿皰病、骨肥厚和骨炎(synovitis,acne,pustulosis,hyperostosis,and osteitis,SAPHO)綜合征是關(guān)于皮膚病和骨關(guān)節(jié)病的一組臨床證候,其診斷頗具挑戰(zhàn)性,極易誤診、漏診。目前為止,我國病例報道不超過200例,且尚無規(guī)范的診治指南,在國內(nèi)報道較少,關(guān)于聯(lián)合中醫(yī)藥治療的報道更是鮮見。SAPHO綜合征男女老幼均可發(fā)病,疾病的早期癥狀可不典型,首發(fā)癥狀可為隱匿的關(guān)節(jié)痛,全身骨掃描可見“牛頭征”,為該病特征性表現(xiàn)。皮膚組織與關(guān)節(jié)癥狀可不同步,但其出現(xiàn)對于SAPHO綜合征的診斷及鑒別具有重要意義。SAPHO綜合征患者常需經(jīng)歷更換數(shù)個門診醫(yī)師,才能得以確診,易被誤診為骨結(jié)核、強直性脊柱炎、皮膚性病等。值得注意的是,該病在早診斷、早治療的情況下多數(shù)預(yù)后良好,因此提高疾病的認(rèn)識度和關(guān)注度刻不容緩。目前治療主要是口服非甾體抗炎藥(NSAIDs)、抗風(fēng)濕類藥物(DMARDs)、糖皮質(zhì)激素、二磷酸鹽制劑,以及運用抗菌藥等經(jīng)驗性治療手段。已有文獻(xiàn)報道中醫(yī)藥辨證治療SAPHO綜合征取得較好的效果?,F(xiàn)報道廣州中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院收治的1例SAPHO綜合征患者收治經(jīng)過,具體如下:
1 病例資料
患者,男,18歲,因“反復(fù)顏面部囊腫樣痤瘡1年,胸鎖關(guān)節(jié)、雙髖關(guān)節(jié)疼痛1個月,雙膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛1周余”于2019年5月5日就診于廣州中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕科。癥見:雙側(cè)面部、耳下頸部出現(xiàn)大片暗紅色痤瘡,雙髖關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,伴雙下肢放射痛,活動受限,胸鎖關(guān)節(jié)處疼痛,呈陣發(fā)性刺痛,口干微苦,煩躁,下身畏寒,納呆眠差,小便調(diào),大便溏。舌淡紅,苔薄黃,脈弦緊滑。
查體:面部、耳后暗紅色痤瘡,連接成片,中有膿皰,破潰后可見少量黏稠黃白色膿液,部分已干性結(jié)痂。雙側(cè)胸鎖關(guān)節(jié)稍腫脹凸起,膚溫膚色正常,壓痛(+)。脊柱正直,腰骶部壓痛(+),骨盆擠壓試驗(+),指地距40 cm,右側(cè)4字試驗陽性。雙髖關(guān)節(jié)活動明顯受限,內(nèi)收、外展、外旋功能均受限。輔助檢查:白細(xì)胞總數(shù)10.15×109/L,中性粒細(xì)胞百分?jǐn)?shù)67.7%,紅細(xì)胞沉降率22 mm/h,抗組蛋白抗體陽性(AHA)(+),C反應(yīng)蛋白、HLA-B27、抗核抗體、抗雙鏈DNA抗體、抗鏈球菌溶素0、類風(fēng)濕因子、抗環(huán)瓜氨酸肽抗體、補體C3、補體C4、血清蛋白電泳、免疫球蛋白IgA+IgG+IgM、腫瘤標(biāo)志物、肝腎功能、甲狀腺功能均未見異常。骶髂關(guān)節(jié)X線:雙側(cè)骶髂關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)面模糊、毛糙。骶髂關(guān)節(jié)MR:雙側(cè)骶髂關(guān)節(jié)面模糊,骨質(zhì)大片狀骨髓水腫信號,左側(cè)骶髂關(guān)節(jié)周圍軟組織水腫,考慮早期SAPHO綜合征可能。同位素全身骨掃描:胸骨、雙側(cè)胸肋關(guān)節(jié)處可見放射性濃聚,呈“牛頭征”。
治療:面部予硼酸洗液濕敷,中藥解毒膏外涂,口服依托考昔片(120 mg、每天1次,1周后改為60 mg、每天1次)抗炎止痛,甲氨蝶呤片(10 mg、每周1次)抑制免疫,通痹寧片通絡(luò)止痛,雷貝拉唑膠囊護胃,中藥方選桂枝芍藥知母湯加減,藥物組成:桂枝10 g、白芍15 g、知母10 g、茯苓30 g、白術(shù)15 g、防風(fēng)10 g、金銀花15 g、寬筋藤15 g、葛根30 g、當(dāng)歸15 g、牡丹皮10 g、赤芍10 g、甘草10 g。經(jīng)治療2周后,患者關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、面部痤瘡較前明顯好轉(zhuǎn)。出院繼續(xù)治療,患者關(guān)節(jié)疼痛已緩解,面部痤瘡消退,規(guī)律隨訪至今。
2 討論
SAPHO綜合征是1987年由Chomat等[1]提出的具有臨床特異性的一組綜合征,估計患病率為0.001 44/100 000[2]。由于對本病的認(rèn)識不足,誤診、漏診較多,目前研究很有可能低估了其患病率[3]。本病可在任何年齡段發(fā)病,甚至在15個月大的幼兒中發(fā)病[4]。李忱等[5]回顧分析119例于北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院確診為SAPHO綜合征的患者,男女比例約為2∶1。
SAPHO綜合征病因與發(fā)病機制至今尚不明確,目前研究主要考慮與感染或免疫相關(guān)。據(jù)推測,SAPHO綜合征中出現(xiàn)的骨炎和皮膚病變是持續(xù)但低度感染厭氧微生物(例如痤瘡丙酸桿菌局灶性感染)的結(jié)果,它會在遺傳易感人群中非特異性激活先天性和T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫反應(yīng),表現(xiàn)為使嗜中性粒細(xì)胞活躍過度,發(fā)現(xiàn)白介素23及白介素4的變體與SAPHO綜合征密切相關(guān)[6-7]。Kahn等[8]認(rèn)為口腔的感染病灶可能是下頜骨骨髓炎和胸骨、胸肋、胸鎖關(guān)節(jié)的骨炎的起源。一些研究提示,HLA-B27及炎性腸病與SAPHO綜合征具有相關(guān)性,加之頻繁的中軸骨(脊柱及骶髂關(guān)節(jié))受累,跟腱起止點炎的發(fā)生以及免疫抑制有效等,SAPHO綜合征被認(rèn)為是血清陰性脊柱關(guān)節(jié)病,歸屬于自身免疫性疾病[9]。近年來,蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)研究通過從SAPHO綜合征患者骨髓和皮膚血清中分離出外泌體,推測MAPK1、SYK、ITB3、PP2AA和2AAB這5種外泌體蛋白與SAPHO綜合征發(fā)生、發(fā)展和預(yù)后相關(guān),從而為SAPHO綜合征提供新的病理資料[10]。
目前臨床上較為公認(rèn)的診斷分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由Kahn等[11]在1944年提出,即:①急、慢性無菌性關(guān)節(jié)炎并伴有膿皰性銀屑病、掌跖膿皰病或痤瘡;②多病灶的骨髓炎,伴或不伴有皮膚表現(xiàn);③無菌性骨炎伴有一種特征性皮膚損害,滿足3個條件之一即可。這是一種排他性的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),需要排除感染性皮膚角化癥、感染性胸壁關(guān)節(jié)炎、感染性掌跖膿皰病、化膿性骨髓炎、彌漫性特發(fā)性骨肥厚病。本病尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)特異性的血清學(xué)指標(biāo),但據(jù)研究統(tǒng)計,紅細(xì)胞沉降率、C反應(yīng)蛋白等炎癥性指標(biāo)與疾病活動度相關(guān)[12]。SAPHO綜合征主要表現(xiàn)為皮膚和關(guān)節(jié)的慢性損害,典型的皮膚表現(xiàn)有掌跖膿皰?。ㄗ顬槎嘁姡?、痤瘡(聚合性痤瘡、暴發(fā)性痤瘡或毛囊阻塞三聯(lián)征)和化膿性汗腺炎[13]。SAPHO綜合征的骨損害主要表現(xiàn)為滑膜炎、骨肥厚和骨炎,主要累及的關(guān)節(jié)為胸鎖肋關(guān)節(jié)、脊柱及骶髂關(guān)節(jié)。在成人中,最常受影響的骨骼部位是前胸壁(65%~90%)[14]。前上胸壁病變是SAPHO綜合征最具特征性的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),X線、CT表現(xiàn)為骨及肋軟骨硬化、肥厚,關(guān)節(jié)間隙變窄,關(guān)節(jié)破壞、強直,胸骨柄、鎖骨近端和第1肋軟骨受累多為雙側(cè)[15-16]。成人的胸骨受累頻率較高,而兒童的鎖骨和長骨受累頻率較高[17]。當(dāng)懷疑或診斷出SAPHO綜合征時,患者應(yīng)進行同位素全身骨掃描,可探測到受累骨組織呈“飛燕征”或“牛頭征”(放射性濃聚對稱分布在胸、肋、鎖關(guān)節(jié))[18]。但認(rèn)為重復(fù)的骨掃描顯像對SAPHO患者的隨訪沒有額外的臨床價值[19]。這一特征也增加了鎖骨下靜脈血栓形成的風(fēng)險[20]。結(jié)合患者顏面部痤瘡、骶髂關(guān)節(jié)炎、胸鎖關(guān)節(jié)“牛頭征”等癥狀及影像學(xué)檢查,排除腫瘤、感染性關(guān)節(jié)炎、強直性脊柱炎等相關(guān)疾病可能,SAPHO綜合征診斷明確。骨損害可與皮膚病變同時發(fā)生,也可早于或者晚于皮膚病變,通常幾年甚至10年以上[8]。嚴(yán)重痤瘡主要發(fā)生在年齡偏小的男性,診斷所需要的時間更長,而且與胸鎖骨受累密切相關(guān)[21]。本病例患者出現(xiàn)面部囊腫樣痤瘡近1年后出現(xiàn)胸鎖關(guān)節(jié)、雙髖部疼痛,關(guān)節(jié)病變發(fā)生晚于皮膚病變發(fā)生,若接診醫(yī)師對SAPHO綜合征認(rèn)識不足,易將此病例誤診為單純原發(fā)性骶髂關(guān)節(jié)炎、胸肋骨炎及皮膚痤瘡等,因此需仔細(xì)查體、綜合考慮,切勿一葉障目。
SAPHO綜合征尚無公認(rèn)的診治指南。治療常選NSAIDs、糖皮質(zhì)激素、抗生素及多種慢性DMARDs。NSAIDs通常作為SAPHO綜合征的一線治療,但部分患者的疼痛癥狀難以緩解[22]。有研究顯示[23-25],難治性SAPHO綜合征患者接受早期生物制劑治療,可降低疾病活動性并防止不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的損害,其中多選用腫瘤壞死因子-α受體拮抗劑和白介素受體拮抗劑。本例患者予依托考昔片抗炎止痛,甲氨蝶呤(10 mg,qw)免疫抑制,結(jié)合中藥內(nèi)服取得良好療效。
研習(xí)古籍并未發(fā)現(xiàn)SAPHO綜合征對應(yīng)的病名,緣本病主要侵犯關(guān)節(jié),其次為皮膚,可將其歸納于中醫(yī)學(xué)“痹癥”中“骨痹”的范疇[26]?!端貑枴らL刺節(jié)論》中載道:“病在骨,骨重不可舉,骨髓酸痛,寒氣至,名曰骨痹?!被颊邽榍嗌倌昴行裕嘁蛩伢w不足,又因長居嶺南濕地,不慎外感風(fēng)寒濕三氣,阻滯四肢骨節(jié),而出現(xiàn)疼痛?!稘健酚洠骸耙蝮w虛,腠理空疏,受風(fēng)寒濕氣而成痹也。”風(fēng)寒邪侵犯筋骨關(guān)節(jié),營衛(wèi)失和,氣血凝澀,不通則痛,屈伸不利;寒邪甚著,束殺陽氣,因病情尚淺,陽氣尚存,故出現(xiàn)上寒下熱之癥,上見口苦、反之眠差、舌苔黃等癥;下見下身畏寒怕冷、納呆、脈弦緊諸癥;另濕邪無出路,流注下焦,則見大便不實。根據(jù)本例患者臨床證候及舌脈,辨證屬風(fēng)寒濕痹阻,兼夾熱邪之寒熱錯雜證,故治以桂枝芍藥知母湯加減祛風(fēng)散寒除濕,兼以滋陰清熱。方中桂枝、防風(fēng)辛溫祛風(fēng),散表寒濕;知母、白芍益陰清熱,柔肝緩急;茯苓、白術(shù)健脾助陽除里濕;當(dāng)歸、牡丹皮、赤芍滋陰養(yǎng)血;雙花清熱解毒;寬筋藤、葛根祛風(fēng)止痛,舒筋活絡(luò);甘草調(diào)和諸藥。諸藥配伍,表里兼顧,且有溫散而不傷陰、養(yǎng)陰而不礙陽之妙。皮損方面,乃屬濕毒上攻,予硼酸洗液外洗抑菌防腐,外涂主要成分為白花蛇舌草、黃柏、白蘞等成分的院內(nèi)制解毒膏,以祛濕清毒收斂,配合耳穴壓豆、穴位貼敷、藥物罐等中醫(yī)特色治療調(diào)理臟腑氣血功能。
回顧文獻(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),SAPHO綜合征診斷的建立往往需要數(shù)年乃至數(shù)十年時間,給患者的健康和生活質(zhì)量帶來沉重的負(fù)擔(dān),臨床醫(yī)師需具備識別本病的專業(yè)知識,及時給予干預(yù)及治療。在缺乏特定診療方案的前提下,聯(lián)合中醫(yī)藥治療不失為良策。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-15)