羅燕子 高波 潘海滔 張濤 丁海鋼
[摘要] 目的 分析紹興地區(qū)女性人工流產(chǎn)生殖道感染患病率及其影響因素。 方法 選取2017年10月~2019年10月在我院收治的200例人工流產(chǎn)患者,根據(jù)有無(wú)生殖道感染分為感染組99例和未感染組101例。收集所有女性年齡、文化程度、職業(yè)、婚姻狀況、聯(lián)系方式等一般資料。采用問(wèn)診的方式收集所有女性初次性交年齡、性伴侶個(gè)數(shù)、流產(chǎn)次數(shù)、是否避孕、個(gè)人衛(wèi)生情況、生殖道感染病史、流產(chǎn)后首次性生活時(shí)間等情況。所有女性均進(jìn)行婦科檢查和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查計(jì)算感染率。采用Logistic回歸分析人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染患病率影響因素。 結(jié)果 人工流產(chǎn)女性生殖道感染患病率為49.50%(99/200),其中以宮頸炎、念珠菌性陰道炎、附件炎最為多見(jiàn)。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,初次性交年齡、性伴侶個(gè)數(shù)、是否避孕、個(gè)人衛(wèi)生情況、生殖道感染病史、流產(chǎn)后首次性生活時(shí)間等因素差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),年齡、文化程度、職業(yè)、婚姻狀況、流產(chǎn)次數(shù)等因素差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,初次性交年齡、性伴侶個(gè)數(shù)、是否避孕、個(gè)人衛(wèi)生、生殖道感染疾病史、流產(chǎn)后首次性生活時(shí)間均為人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染的發(fā)病率較高,針對(duì)影響人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染發(fā)生的因素,通過(guò)健康宣教教育工作減少生殖道感染的發(fā)生,從而更好地關(guān)愛(ài)女性健康。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 女性;人工流產(chǎn);生殖道感染;患病率;影響因素
[中圖分類號(hào)] R711.6? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)17-0060-05
Analysis on the prevalence rate and influencing factors of female abortion-induced genital tract infection in Shaoxing area
LUO Yanzi1? ?GAO Bo2? ?PAN Haitao3? ?ZHANG Tao3? ?DING Haigang4
1.Department of Family Planning, Shaoxing Women and Children's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing? ?312000,China; 2.Department of Gynecology, Shaoxing Women and Children's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing? ?312000, China; 3.Genetics Laboratory, Shaoxing Women and Children's Hospital,Shaoxing 312000, China; 4.Department of Medical Affairs, Shaoxing Women and Children's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing? ?312000, China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the prevalence rate and influencing factors of female abortion-induced genital tract infections in Shaoxing area. Methods 200 cases of abortion patients who were admitted to our hospital from October 2017 to October 2019 were selected. According to the presence or absence of reproductive tract infection, the patients were divided into 99 cases in the infection group and 101 cases in the non-infection group. All general data about womens age, education, occupation, marital status, and contact information were collected. The age of first sexual intercourse,the number of sexual partners, the number of miscarriages, taking contraception or not, personal hygiene, the history of reproductive tract infections, the time of first sexual life after miscarriage were collected by inquiry. All women were given gynecological examination and laboratory examination to calculate the infection rate. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors for the prevalence rate of reproductive tract infections after abortion. Results The prevalence rate of reproductive tract infections in abortion women was 49.50% (99/200), among which cervicitis, candidal vaginitis, and appendicitis were the most common. According to the results of univariate analysis,there were statistically significant differences in factors such as age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, taking contraception or not, personal hygiene, history of reproductive tract infection, time of first sexual life after miscarriage(P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in factors such as age, education, occupation, marital status, and number of miscarriages(P>0.05). According to the Logistic regression analysis, the age of first sexual intercourse, the number of sexual partners,taking contraception or not, personal hygiene, history of reproductive tract infections,and the time of first sexual life after abortion were all independent risk factors for reproductive tract infections after abortion(P<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence rate of reproductive tract infections after abortion is high. In view of the influencing factors for the occurrence of reproductive tract infections after abortion, the occurrence of reproductive tract infections can be reduced through health education and education work, so as to better care for women's health.
[Key words] Women; Abortion; Reproductive tract infections; Prevalence rate; Influencing factors
妊娠3個(gè)月內(nèi)用人工或藥物方法終止妊娠稱為人工流產(chǎn),是避孕失敗意外妊娠的補(bǔ)救措施,在控制人口數(shù)量方面起到了一定的作用,已成為當(dāng)前世界生殖健康方面關(guān)注的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題之一[1-2]。人工流產(chǎn)手術(shù)包括負(fù)壓吸引、鉗刮人工流產(chǎn)術(shù),術(shù)后常伴有很多并發(fā)癥,其中生殖道感染是人工流產(chǎn)女性主要并發(fā)癥之一。人工流產(chǎn)技術(shù)是一種侵襲性操作,手術(shù)會(huì)破壞婦女生殖道環(huán)境,若術(shù)前宮頸受到損傷或生殖道有炎癥,則增加生殖道感染易感性;若吸宮不徹底,子宮口與外界相通,子宮內(nèi)有殘余物易引起感染[3-4];此外,人工流產(chǎn)次數(shù)越多,生殖道感染等問(wèn)題發(fā)生率越高,給婦女的生殖健康和心理健康產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重危害。生殖道感染通常無(wú)癥狀,且與不孕癥、新生兒感染、宮頸癌等多種疾病發(fā)生有關(guān),并可增加感染艾滋病的危險(xiǎn)性[5-6]。目前降低生殖道感染的發(fā)病率已成為計(jì)劃生育技術(shù)服務(wù)迫切需要解決的問(wèn)題之一。因此本研究旨在分析紹興地區(qū)女性人工流產(chǎn)生殖道感染患病率及其影響因素,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析2017年10月~2019年10月在我院收治的200例人工流產(chǎn)患者的臨床資料,本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行。入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①所有患者均經(jīng)超聲確診為宮內(nèi)妊娠;②所有患者均符合《婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)》關(guān)于生殖道感染的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);③年齡18~40歲;④均自愿要求終止妊娠者;⑤臨床資料完整;⑥患者及家屬知情并簽署同意書(shū)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①高危妊娠者;②非宮內(nèi)妊娠者;③合并全身系統(tǒng)性疾病者;④精神障礙無(wú)法溝通交流者。
1.2 資料收集與檢測(cè)方法
1.2.1 一般資料? 分別在人工流產(chǎn)結(jié)束后1、4、12、24周對(duì)患者進(jìn)行隨訪,采用調(diào)查表收集所有女性年齡、文化程度、職業(yè)、婚姻狀況、聯(lián)系方式等一般資料。采用問(wèn)診的方式收集所有女性初次性交年齡、性伴侶個(gè)數(shù)、流產(chǎn)次數(shù)、是否避孕、個(gè)人衛(wèi)生情況、生殖道感染病史、流產(chǎn)后首次性生活時(shí)間等情況。
1.2.2 婦科及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)? 所有女性均進(jìn)行婦科檢查和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,取陰道分泌物檢測(cè)陰道清潔度以及患者是否存在滴蟲(chóng)、細(xì)菌、衣原體、念珠菌性陰道炎、宮頸炎、附件炎及盆腔炎等,計(jì)算感染率。采集靜脈血檢查梅毒和人體免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV),采用梅毒螺旋體抗體診斷試劑盒進(jìn)行梅毒血清學(xué)篩選試驗(yàn),陽(yáng)性者再用ELISA法檢測(cè)梅毒抗體;采用HIV抗體診斷試劑盒進(jìn)行HIV初篩,經(jīng)半自動(dòng)ELISA法進(jìn)行測(cè)定,陽(yáng)性者再用另一種試劑手工測(cè)定;梅毒和HIV陽(yáng)性結(jié)果送往疾控,免疫印跡法疾控確診。梅毒梅毒螺旋體抗體診斷試劑盒、HIV抗體診斷試劑盒均購(gòu)于英科新創(chuàng)(廈門(mén))科技有限公司。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
本研究所有計(jì)數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)均采用[n(%)]表示,以χ2檢驗(yàn)兩組間數(shù)據(jù)的比較,P<0.05為具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,Logistic回歸分析人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染患病率影響因素。本研究數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS21.0軟件包進(jìn)行分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 人工流產(chǎn)女性生殖道感染患病率
本研究人工流產(chǎn)女性生殖道感染患病率為49.50%(99/200),其中以宮頸炎、念珠菌性陰道炎、附件炎最為多見(jiàn)。所有患者均未見(jiàn)梅毒及HIV陽(yáng)性。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 單因素分析人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染的影響因素
單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,初次性交年齡、性伴侶個(gè)數(shù)、是否避孕、個(gè)人衛(wèi)生情況、生殖道感染病史、流產(chǎn)后首次性生活時(shí)間等因素差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),年齡、文化程度、職業(yè)、婚姻狀況、流產(chǎn)次數(shù)等因素差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 各影響因素及賦值
見(jiàn)表3。
2.4 Logistic回歸分析人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染患病率影響因素
Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,初次性交年齡、性伴侶個(gè)數(shù)、是否避孕、個(gè)人衛(wèi)生、生殖道感染疾病史、流產(chǎn)后首次性生活時(shí)間均為人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
3 討論
人工流產(chǎn)作為一種避孕失敗后終止妊娠的補(bǔ)救措施,可嚴(yán)重破壞生殖道的正常防御機(jī)制,其中生殖道感染是人工流產(chǎn)的常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥,也是臨床上常見(jiàn)的疾病之一[7-8]。生殖道感染是指多種病原微生物入侵引起的生殖道感染,其發(fā)病率較高[9],臨床危害較大,給育齡婦女的生殖健康和身心健康帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重影響。本研究結(jié)果顯示,人工流產(chǎn)女性生殖道感染患病率為49.50%(99/200),這可能是人工流產(chǎn)手術(shù)可削弱甚至破壞女性生殖系統(tǒng)生理屏障的保護(hù)作用,引起外源性細(xì)菌感染或上行性細(xì)菌感染,嚴(yán)重者可引發(fā)盆腹膜炎甚至敗血癥。發(fā)生生殖道感染的女性者中以宮頸炎、念珠菌性陰道炎、附件炎最為多見(jiàn),主要原因是人工流產(chǎn)可導(dǎo)致宮腔、陰道壁及宮頸口有大面積傷口,陰道酸性環(huán)境可使病原體繁殖增多,增加了陰道炎和宮頸炎的可能性[10-11]。
人工流產(chǎn)可直接造成女性健康的不良影響,本研究經(jīng)Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,初次性交年齡、性伴侶個(gè)數(shù)、是否避孕、個(gè)人衛(wèi)生、生殖道感染疾病史、流產(chǎn)后首次性生活時(shí)間均為人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。初次性交年齡小,患者自我保護(hù)意識(shí)淡薄,多數(shù)未采取避孕措施,性伴侶個(gè)數(shù)較多且有性病等高危因素,更易發(fā)生人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染[12-13]。未采取合理的避孕方式可增加女性人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染的危險(xiǎn),避孕藥物的使用、避孕套的不正確使用及宮內(nèi)節(jié)育環(huán)的脫落等均可導(dǎo)致避孕失敗的發(fā)生,增加人工流產(chǎn)的發(fā)生率及生殖道感染的患病率[14-15]。個(gè)人衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣的良好與人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),人工流產(chǎn)可降低患者生殖道抵抗力,若患者不注意個(gè)人衛(wèi)生,清洗外陰時(shí)間間隔較長(zhǎng)、不勤換內(nèi)褲等,更易引起生殖道感染。是否有生殖道感染疾病史也是人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,大部分女性對(duì)生殖道感染的嚴(yán)重性認(rèn)識(shí)不足,認(rèn)為出現(xiàn)白帶異常、外陰瘙癢等癥狀不影響日常生活,未能及時(shí)就醫(yī)診治,導(dǎo)致生殖道感染患病率增加[16-17]。流產(chǎn)后首次性生活時(shí)間過(guò)早也可增加生殖道感染的發(fā)生率,由于人工流產(chǎn)可損傷子宮內(nèi)膜,破壞生殖道微環(huán)境,過(guò)早進(jìn)行性生活可增加感染的發(fā)生率[18]。有學(xué)者通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[19],流產(chǎn)史、婚姻健康狀況、個(gè)人或配偶健康狀況等均是生殖道感染發(fā)生的影響因素。還有相關(guān)報(bào)道發(fā)現(xiàn)[20],配偶健康狀況、避孕方式、初次性交年齡等是人工流產(chǎn)后發(fā)生生殖道感染的影響因素,由此可見(jiàn)人工流產(chǎn)后患者發(fā)生生殖道感染的因素較為復(fù)雜。
綜上所述,人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染的發(fā)病率較高,針對(duì)影響人工流產(chǎn)后生殖道感染發(fā)生的因素,通過(guò)健康宣教教育工作減少生殖道感染的發(fā)生,從而更好地關(guān)愛(ài)女性健康。
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