胡金喜 朱小麗
[摘要] 目的 探討糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)聯(lián)合血清尿酸(SUA)對代謝綜合征(MS)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估及診斷價(jià)值。 方法 收集10 597例于2012年1~12月在浙江省臺州醫(yī)院體檢的成年人MS相關(guān)指標(biāo)及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測數(shù)據(jù),以該人群1645例MS者為實(shí)驗(yàn)組(MS組)和8952例非MS者為對照組(非MS組),用決策樹CRT法和受試者工作曲線(ROC)分析HbA1c聯(lián)合SUA對MS的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及診斷價(jià)值。 結(jié)果 該人群MS患病率為15.5%(男性:18.5%,女性:7.4%)。MS組與非MS組相比HbA1c和SUA均存在顯著差異(均P<0.001)。男性G6組(HbA1c>6.65%且SUA>5.14 mg/dL)相對于G1組(HbA1c≤6.05%且SUA≤7.15 mg/dL)患MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR)是17.9(95%CI:14.35~22.31),女性G5組(HbA1c>7.65%)相對于G1組(HbA1c≤6.15%且SUA≤4.85 mg/dL)患MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR)是78.93(95%CI:41.61~149.72)。ROC曲線得到HbA1c診斷男性和女性MS的最佳cut-off值均為5.7%,SUA診斷男性和女性MS的最佳cut-off值分別為6.4 mg/dL和4.9 mg/dL。HbA1c和SUA聯(lián)檢可以顯著提高特異性(男性:90.9%,女性:93.9%)。 結(jié)論 HbA1c和SUA可作為MS潛在的標(biāo)志物,二者聯(lián)合可有效評估MS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)可以顯著提高診斷MS的特異性。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 決策樹;糖化血紅蛋白;血清尿酸;代謝綜合征
[中圖分類號] R587.1;R589? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)17-0011-05
Risk assessment and diagnostic value of glycosylated hemoglobin combined with serum uric acid for metabolic syndrome
HU Jinxi1? ?ZHU Xiaoli2
1.Department of Oncology Surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou? ?317000, China; 2.Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou? ?317000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the risk assessment and diagnostic value of glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c) combined with serum uric acid(SUA) for metabolic syndrome(MS). Methods The MS-related indexes and laboratory test data of 10 597 adults who had checkup in Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province from January to December 2012 were collected. Among the population, 1645 MS patients were taken as the experimental group(the MS group) and 8952 non-MS patients were taken as the control group(the non-MS group). The risk and diagnostic value of HbA1c combined with SUA for MS were analyzed through the decision tree CRT method and receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve. Results The OR of MS for the population in question was 15.5%(male: 18.5%; female: 7.4%). There were significant differences in HbA1c and SUA between the MS group and the non-MS group(In both, P<0.001). The OR of MS in the male G6 group(HbA1c>6.65% and SUA>5.14 mg/dl) was 17.9(95%CI: 14.35-22.31) relative to the G1 group(HbA1c≤6.05% and SUA≤7.15 mg/dL), while the OR of MS in the female G5 group(HbA1c>7.65%) was 78.93(95%CI: 41.61-149.72) relative to the G1 group(HbA1c≤6.15% and SUA≤4.85 mg/dL). ROC curve showed that the best cut-off value of HbA1c for diagnosis of male and female MS was 5.7%, and the best cut-off value of SUA for diagnosis of male and female MS was 6.4 mg/dL and 4.9 mg/dL respectively. HbA1c and SUA combined examination could significantly improve specificity(male: 90.9%; female: 93.9%). Conclusion HbA1c and SUA can be used as potential markers of MS. The combination of HbA1c and SUA can effectively assess the risk of MS and significantly improve the specificity of diagnosis of MS.
[Key words] Decision tree; Glycosylated hemoglobin; Serum uric acid; Metabolic syndrome
代謝綜合征(Metabolic syndrome,MS)是以高血糖、肥胖、高血壓、高甘油三酯(TG)及低高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)為病理生理基礎(chǔ),以胰島素抵抗為特征的一組臨床癥候群[1-2]。MS是近年來全球關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)之一,患病率逐年增加,動脈粥樣硬化及心腦血管事件是其主要危害[3],因此,對MS進(jìn)行早期診斷及預(yù)防具有重要意義。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖化血紅蛋白(Hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)與MS的患病率具有重要的聯(lián)系,有學(xué)者提出外周血HbA1c診斷MS的最佳cut-off值為5.65%[4]。亦有文章提出,血清尿酸(Serum uric acid,SUA)與MS的患病率呈正相關(guān),SUA診斷男性和女性MS的最佳cut-off值分別是6.3 mg/dL和4.9 mg/dL[3]。但是,目前還沒有關(guān)于HbA1c聯(lián)合SUA評估MS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及診斷MS的報(bào)道,因此,本研究將探討HbA1c聯(lián)合SUA對MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估及診斷價(jià)值,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
研究人群為2012年1~12月在浙江省臺州醫(yī)院的體檢者,均為臺州市城鎮(zhèn)常住居民,以企事業(yè)單位工作者為主。排除患癌癥和慢性感染性疾?。ㄈ珙愶L(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、病毒性肝炎、長期慢性肝病等)的體檢者。本研究共納入10 597例20歲以上成年人,平均年齡(45.7±13.4)歲,其中男7734例,年齡20~91歲,平均(48.0±12.9)歲,以該人群1434例MS者為實(shí)驗(yàn)組(MS組)和6300例非MS者為對照組(非MS組);研究對象中女2863例,年齡20~89歲,平均(44.9±12.1)歲,以該人群211例MS者為實(shí)驗(yàn)組(MS組)和2652例非MS者為對照組(非MS組)。基于HbA1c和SUA含量,男性受試者被決策樹分為6組(圖1):G1:HbA1c≤6.05%且SUA≤7.15 mg/dL;G2:HbA1c≤6.05%且SUA>7.15 mg/dL;G3:6.05%
1.2 MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
參照中華醫(yī)學(xué)會糖尿病分會(CDS)代謝綜合征研究協(xié)作組2004年MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行診斷[5],即(1)超重和/或肥胖:MBI≥25 kg/m2;(2)血脂紊亂:TG≥1.7 mmol/L,和(或)HDL-C男性<0.9 mmol/L,女性<1.0 mmol/L;(3)高血壓SBP≥140 mmHg和(或)DBP≥90 mmHg,或已確認(rèn)為高血壓并治療者;(4)高血糖:FPG≥6.1 mmol/L,和/或2 hPG≥7.8 mmol/L,或已確診為糖尿病并治療者。具備以上4項(xiàng)中3項(xiàng)或以上者可診斷為MS。
1.3 方法
體檢者脫掉鞋子檢測身高和體重,分別精確到0.1 cm和0.1 kg。體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)用體重(kg)除以身高的平方(m2)換算得來。收縮壓(SBP)和舒張壓(DBP)在體檢者至少休息5 min的情況下由專業(yè)護(hù)士用歐姆龍HEM-7200血壓儀進(jìn)行測量。在體檢者空腹8~12 h的情況下抽取其靜脈血,進(jìn)行生化和血常規(guī)檢測。通過全自動生化分析儀日立7600(Hitachi 7600;Hitachi,Tokyo,Japan),利用比色法檢測空腹血糖(FPG)、TG、HDL-C和SUA。利用全自動分析儀HLC-723 HPLC(HLC-723 G7;Tosoh Corporation,Tokyo,Japan)檢測HbA1c。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
建立體檢人群數(shù)據(jù)庫,對所有數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行整理,采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,采用Students t-test和Chi-square(χ2)test對男性和女性各項(xiàng)基本資料在MS組和非MS組中的差異進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。利用決策樹CRT法對男女HbA1c及SUA進(jìn)行分層分析。利用ROC曲線對MS進(jìn)行診斷,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 男性和女性MS組及非MS組各參數(shù)比較
該人群MS總患病率為15.5%(95%CI:16.2%,14.8%),其中男性MS患病率為18.5%(95%CI:19.2%,18.1%),女性MS患病率為7.4%(95%CI:9.2%,5.6%)。男性MS組年齡[(52.0±12.0)歲]顯著高于非MS組[(47.1±13.0)歲],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);女性MS組年齡[(57.6±10.9)歲]顯著高于非MS組[(43.9±11.6)歲],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。男性和女性MS組BMI、SBP、DBP、FPG、TG、HbA1c和SUA顯著高于非MS組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.001)。男性和女性MS組中血清HDL-C含量顯著低于非MS組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.001)。見表1。
2.2 決策樹法分析HbA1c聯(lián)合SUA評估MS的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
決策樹根據(jù)HbA1c和SUA含量將男性分為6組,女性分為5組。男性6組(G1、G2、G3、G4、G5、G6)MS患病率分別為9.8%,20.9%,28.4%,49.3%,44.8%和66.0%,女性各組(G1、G2、G3、G4、G5)的MS患病率分別為2.2%,10.6%,27.1%,51.8%,45.2%和63.5%。男性G2、G3、G4、G5和G6組相對于G1組MS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)OR分別為:2.44(95%CI:2.08~2.87),3.66(95%CI:2.90~4.62),9.00(95%CI:7.02~11.50),7.48(95%CI:5.73~9.77)和17.90(95%CI:14.35~22.31)。女性G2、G3、G4和G5組相對于G1組MS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)OR分別為:5.40(95%CI:3.62~8.03),16.89(95%CI:10.60~26.90),48.81(95%CI:26.65~89.38)和78.93(95%CI:41.61~149.72)。見圖1~2、表2。
2.3 ROC曲線分析HbA1c聯(lián)合SUA對MS的診斷價(jià)值
利用ROC曲線得到男性和女性HbA1c診斷MS最佳的cut-off值均為5.7%,女性和男性SUA診斷MS最佳的cut-off值分別是4.9 mg/dL和6.4 mg/dL。HbA1c和SUA聯(lián)檢可以顯著提高特異性(男性:90.9%,女性:93.9%)。見表3。
3 討論
MS以中心性肥胖、葡萄糖耐受不良、動脈粥樣硬化性血脂異常和高血壓為特征[6],與冠心病、腦血管疾病、糖尿病和死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加密切相關(guān)[7-8]。Meta分析顯示,MS患者心血管疾病、冠心病及卒中事件發(fā)病率分別是非MS者的1.53倍、1.52倍和1.76倍,且女性MS患者患心血管疾病的相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于男性[9]。MS在世界范圍內(nèi)有很高的患病率,韓國和美國MS患病率分別為31.3%和34.2%[10]。本研究中MS的患病率為15.5%(男性:18.5%;女性:7.4%),該結(jié)果與前人報(bào)道的中國MS患病率相似[11]。不同國家MS患病率的差異可能是由于種族和地域差異引起,而男、女MS患病率的差異可能與男、女生活習(xí)慣、生活壓力或激素水平不同有關(guān)。
HbA1c可以反映人體檢測前6~10周內(nèi)的平均血糖水平,是判斷糖尿病長期控制情況的良好指標(biāo)[12],HbA1c是空腹血糖調(diào)節(jié)受損和MS的預(yù)測指標(biāo),也是心血管疾病和2型糖尿病的危險(xiǎn)因素[13-14],Cavero-Redondo I等[15]提出HbA1c是非糖尿病患者發(fā)生MS的預(yù)測因子。Janghorbani M等[16]報(bào)道HbA1c可能是MS的預(yù)測指標(biāo),將HbA1c水平進(jìn)行五分位分組,HbA1c水平最高組人群患MS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是最低組的2.01倍。研究證明,SUA可能對MS有直接的致病作用,King C等[17]提出SUA是MS疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因子,而一項(xiàng)Meta分析亦顯示較高的SUA水平會導(dǎo)致MS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加[18]。Liu PW等[19]的研究將男、女SUA按四分位水平分組,男性SUA水平最高組患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為SUA水平最低組的1.5倍,女性為2.33倍。本研究引入決策樹模型對HbA1c和SUA進(jìn)行分層分析,有效地篩選出MS患病的高危人群。本研究中男性G6組(HbA1c>6.65%且SUA>5.14 mg/dL)患MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是G1組(HbA1c≤6.05%且SUA≤7.15 mg/dL)的17.90倍,女性G5組(HbA1c>7.65%)患MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是(HbA1c≤6.15%且SUA≤4.85 mg/dL)的78.93倍。該結(jié)果提示男性G6組及女性G5組人群應(yīng)作為患MS疾病的重點(diǎn)預(yù)防和監(jiān)控對象。
HbA1c被認(rèn)為是糖尿病及其它糖代謝紊亂的一個重要診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),美國糖尿病協(xié)會認(rèn)為HbA1c 6.5%是診斷糖尿病的閾值,HbA1c 5.7~6.4%即是糖尿病前期狀態(tài)。國外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HbA1c可作為診斷MS的一個新的血清學(xué)指標(biāo),診斷MS的最佳cut-off值為5.65%[4],國內(nèi)報(bào)道HbA1c診斷成年人MS的最佳cut-off值為5.6%[20]。林碩等[21]報(bào)道對于大于50歲的人群,HbA1c診斷MS的最佳cut-off值為6.1%,提示HbA1c診斷MS的最佳cut-off值可能會隨著年齡的不同而存在差異。而本研究得到的最佳男性和女性診斷MS的最佳cut-off值均為5.7%,特異度分別為73.5%和79.8%。亦有研究提出,SUA與MS的患病率程正相關(guān),SUA診斷男性和女性MS的最佳cut-off值分別是6.3 mg/dL和4.9 mg/dL[5]。本研究得到男性和女性SUA診斷MS的最佳cut-off值分別是6.4 mg/dL和4.9 mg/dL,特異度分別為63.9%和79.9%。通過HbA1c聯(lián)合SUA可顯著提高診斷MS的特異性(男性:90.9%;女性93.9%)。
綜上所述,利用決策樹對HbA1c及SUA分層分析,可有效篩選MS患病的高危人群,在MS的早期預(yù)防及監(jiān)測中起著重要的作用,HbA1c聯(lián)合SUA可顯著提高M(jìn)S診斷的特異性。
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(收稿日期:2020-04-09)
[基金項(xiàng)目] 浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2018KY889);浙江省臺州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(1702KY06,1702KY25)
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