孫洪波，吳冰雪

(菏澤學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院，山東 菏澤274015)

《水滸傳》中有大量對疫情的描寫，這些詞筆者統(tǒng)稱為疫情詞。本文從對比語言學(xué)的視角，依據(jù)北京大學(xué)現(xiàn)代漢語語料庫(CCL)檢索與疫情相關(guān)的詞匯做研究?！端疂G傳》英譯史上有兩個(gè)重要的版本，即沙博理的《水泊好漢》和賽珍珠的《四海之內(nèi)皆兄弟》。擬通過賽珍珠譯本和沙博理譯本的平行比較，探討不同譯者對疫情詞采取的翻譯策略的異同，并分析其原因。

《水滸傳》全本共有一百二十回，與疫情相關(guān)的詞語共出現(xiàn)了19次，包括“瘟疫”、“時(shí)疫”、“瘧疾”、“熱病”。其中“瘟疫”在文中共出現(xiàn)12次，“時(shí)疫”共出現(xiàn)2次，“瘧疾”共出現(xiàn)3次，“熱病”共出現(xiàn)2次。下文主要分析賽珍珠譯本和沙博理譯本中出現(xiàn)的含有疫情詞的句子。需要指出的是，因?yàn)橘愓渲樽g本只翻譯了前七十回合，所以在七十回后出現(xiàn)的有關(guān)瘟疫、時(shí)疫的翻譯未找到她的譯文，做缺如處理。

一、涉及“瘟疫”的句子

檢索CCL中含有“瘟疫”句子在兩個(gè)英譯本中的表現(xiàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)有以下三種情況。

第一種情況是，兩個(gè)英譯本都采用直譯，把“瘟疫”譯作了plague。見句子(1)—(7)。

(1)嘉佑三年春間，天下[瘟疫]盛行。自江南直至兩京，無一處人民不染此癥。

Pearl S. Buck: In the spring of the third year of the time called Chia Yu there wasa great plague of sicknessover the whole country and from the region south of the great river to the eastern and to the western capitals there was not one of the people who did not suffer from it.(Chapter 1)

Sidney Shapiro: In the third year of the Jia You perioda plaguestruck the land. From the south to the two capitals, not a single hamlet escaped the contagion. (Chapter 1)

“plague”是指瘟疫，賽珍珠與沙博理都使用“plague”一詞對“瘟疫”進(jìn)行了翻譯，采取的是直譯的方法，保留了原義。

(2)那里醫(yī)治得住，[瘟疫]越盛。

Pearl S. Buck: Yet how could they all be healed? The plague grew yet more grave……(Chapter 1)

Sidney Shapiro: But to no avail. The plague grew worse. (Chapter 1)

賽珍珠與沙博理都使用了“plague”一詞對“瘟疫”進(jìn)行了直譯，所不同的是前半句。賽譯本使用表示反問語氣的特殊疑問句來表示很難實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期的控制疫情。沙譯本直接給出了簡潔明了的否定答案，在表述上更為簡潔有力。

(3)目今京師[瘟疫]盛行，傷損軍民甚多。

Pearl S. Buck: Now is theplagueheavy upon us here in the capital city and many are the soldiers and the people who suffer from it.(Chapter 1)

Sidney Shapiro:Theplagueis raging unabated in the capital. Victims among the soldiers and the people are many.(Chapter 1)

(4)不料其年[瘟疫]轉(zhuǎn)盛。

Pearl S. Buck: But beyond all expectation theplaguegrew yet more heavy. (Chapter 1)

Sidney Shapiro:But theplagueonly became worse.(Chapter 1)

分析：兩譯本都用了plague，二者所不同的是，賽譯本使用了否定極性詞yet這一形式標(biāo)記來說明發(fā)生的不好事件。而沙譯本則用worse的詞匯義來達(dá)成這一目的。

(5)太尉道：“似此如何得見？目今京師[瘟疫]盛行，今上天子特遣下官赍捧御書丹詔，親奉龍香，來請?zhí)鞄煛?/p>

Pearl S. Buck: The Commander said,“If it be so, then how shall we see him? The plague in the capital is fierce passing belief and so did the Son Of Heaven bid me to come hither bearing this mandate which was written even by the imperial hand itself. (Chapter 1)

Sidney Shapiro: “I must meet him.A plagueis raging in the capital and the emperor has sent me with an imperial edict and royal incense to invite him to conduct a great prayer service that will dispel the pestilence and save the people. What can I do?”(Chapter 1)

兩譯本都是用了plague。有趣的是前一句“似此如何得見”的翻譯處理頗值得考慮。賽譯本采用直譯的方式，前件用條件小句，后件用疑問句表達(dá)該句意義。而沙譯本卻采用意譯策略，僅用四個(gè)詞直接表示出該句背后的言外(illocutionary)意義，句子簡潔、意義直白、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，目的明確。

(6)……丹詔御香，到來山中，宣我往東京做三千六百分羅天大醮，祈禳天下[瘟疫]。

Pearl S. Buck:……and the jade censer and he comes here on the mountain and he would have me go to the capital to make a mass of three thousand six hundred chants and so drive away the plague.(Chapter 1)

Sidney Shapiro: The emperor has sent a Marshal Hong here with royal incense and an imperial edict for me to go to the Eastern Capital and conduct a great prayer service that will drive away theplague. (Chapter 1)

(7)……聞人所說：“天師在東京禁院做了七晝夜好事，普施符，禳救災(zāi)病，[瘟疫]盡消，軍民安泰?！?/p>

Pearl S. Buck:……they heard men say, “The Heavenly Teacher Chang said a mass of seven days and seven nights in the imperial palaces and he has written sacred words for many o￡ the people rich and poor to drive out the plague and to heal the sick, and now theplagueis wholly gone and the people and the armies are at peace.”(Chapter 1)

Sidney Shapiro: The Divine Teacher held a great prayer service in the Imperial Park for seven days and seven nights and distributed many charms. Now the sick are cured and theplagueis completely gone.(Chapter 1)

第二種情況是賽譯本和沙譯本均沒有譯出“瘟疫”。見句(8)和(9)。

(8)文武百官商議，都向待漏院中聚會(huì)，伺候早朝奏聞天子，專要祈禱，禳謝[瘟疫]。

Pearl S. Buck:……and all governors both civil and military took council together and they all came into The Hall Of The Water Clock to wait for dawn to come, which was the time of imperial audience, so that they might announce the matter to the Emperor.(Chapter 1)

Sidney Shapiro: All the high civil and military officials conferred. They gathered in the Hall of the Water Clock and waited for daybreak, when court would be held, so that they could appeal to the emperor.(Chapter 1)

兩譯本都沒有把最后小句翻譯出來。為什么沒有翻譯出來？沒有翻譯出來，原句的語義效果是否達(dá)成了？其實(shí)，在處理長難句或句式復(fù)雜難以理解的句子時(shí)，譯者無論采用增詞法還是減詞法，其目的都是為了使譯文符合原意基礎(chǔ)上，達(dá)到言簡意賅的效果。兩譯本都沒有將該內(nèi)容譯出來。賽譯本用the matter指代該事件，而沙譯本則用不及物動(dòng)詞appeal，連the matter都省掉了。綜合來講，這兩個(gè)譯本都可取。

(9)欽差內(nèi)外提點(diǎn)殿前太尉洪信為天使，前往江西信州龍虎山，宣請嗣漢天師張真人星夜來朝祈禳[瘟疫]。

Pearl S. Buck: Then he bade the chief master of ceremonies, who was named Hung Shin, to be his messenger and go to the province of Kiangsi to The Mountain Of Dragons And Tigers and there invite the Taoist Chang Chen Jen, who was descended from the times.(Chapter 1)

Sidney Shapiro: He ordered that Marshal Hong Xin go as his emissary to the Dragon and Tiger Mountain in Xinzhou Prefecture of Jiangxi Province and fetch Zhang the Divine Teacher. While incense burned in the imperial hall, the emperor himself placed the edict in Marshal Hong’s hands and told him to set out immediately.(Chapter 1)

賽珍珠和沙博理都未直譯“瘟疫”，都采用了歸化策略。馬艷穎、孫洪波認(rèn)為，歸化是從目的語的視角，把原著帶入目的語的文化。而異化則是把讀者帶入原著文化中。賽譯中動(dòng)詞invite后帶間接賓語，并且用“who was descended from the times.”描寫“張?zhí)鞄煛笔菚r(shí)代的后裔，帶有一定的神學(xué)色彩。沙博理則用動(dòng)詞fetch，后接間接賓語“Divine Teacher”代指“張?zhí)鞄煛??！癉ivine Teacher”是道教中一種頭銜，如此稱謂的人也是代表擁有法力。

第三種情況是，賽譯本和沙譯本中，有一個(gè)譯本沒有譯出“瘟疫”。見句(10)(11)和(12)。

(10)張?zhí)鞄熎盱黐瘟疫]洪太尉誤走妖魔

Pearl S. Buck: The Heavenly King, Chief of the Taoists, beseeches the Gods to drive away theevil flux. The Commander Hung, in heedlessness, frees the spirits.(Chapter 1)

Sidney Shapiro: Zhang the Divine Teacher Prays to Dispel aPlagueMarshal Hong ReleasesDemons by Mistake(Chapter 1)

賽珍珠用“evil”翻譯“瘟疫”?！癳vil”意思為邪惡；罪惡；惡行；害處；壞處；弊端，暗含隱喻色彩，即，瘟疫是罪惡、邪惡之身。沙博理用“plague”直譯“瘟疫”，將原文的故事在回目中進(jìn)行“提示”。二者相比，前者意在隱喻，含有文化背景因素。后者簡單直接，更接地氣。

(11)拜罷起居，奏曰：“目今天災(zāi)盛行，軍民涂炭，日夕不能聊生。以愚臣意，要禳此災(zāi)，可宣嗣漢天師星夜臨朝，就京師禁院修設(shè)三千六百分羅天大醮，奏聞上帝，可以禳保民間[瘟疫]?！?/p>

Pearl S. Buck: When he had made his obeisance and had given greeting he said, “Now is theplaguemost cruel and the soldiers and the people suffer very bitterly, nor can they rest from their fear day or night. According to my poor small purpose, if we are to drive out this plague we must call for the great Taoist who is descended direct from the times of Han to come hither and here in the palace let him call a mass for seven days and thus can we make our trouble known to God so that He may drive out thisplagueand so save the people?”(Chapter 1)

Sidney Shapiro:Fan kowtowed, then rose and said: “Theplagueis decimating our soldiers and citizenry. No one is safe. In my humble opinion if thispestilenceis to be ended Your Majesty should summon the Divine Teacher of the Taoists, who comes from a papal line dating back to Han times. Let him travel day and night and rush here to the capital and conduct a great prayer service in the imperial park. In this way the people will be saved.”(Chapter 1)

賽珍珠用“plague”直譯“瘟疫”，保留了原義。沙博理首先用“plague”翻譯“天災(zāi)”，“天災(zāi)”即指“瘟疫”，第二次用“pestilence”翻譯原文中的“災(zāi)”字，“pestilence”有瘟疫(尤指鼠疫)；有害的事物的意思，但在最后并未翻譯“瘟疫”一詞，同有研究者所說的“缺譯”一樣，總的來說，該譯句符合目的語的表達(dá)方式，但與原句的語言結(jié)構(gòu)和隱含意思并不完全一致。賽譯更直觀。

(12)此時(shí)杭州城內(nèi)[瘟疫]盛行，已病倒六員將佐，是張橫、穆弘、孔明、朱貴、楊林、白勝。(第一百一十六回)

Pearl S. Buck: 無

Sidney Shapiro:A plaguewas rampaging in Hangzhou and six of the chieftains were ill and couldn’t march. (Chapter 96)

賽珍珠只翻譯了原文的前70章，所以此句在譯本并沒有。沙博理用“plague”直譯“瘟疫”，句子簡潔易懂。

二、涉及“時(shí)疫”的句子

(13)昨日他的家公因害[時(shí)疫]死了，這閻婆無錢津送，停尸在家，沒做道理處，央及老身做媒。(第十九回)

Pearl S. Buck: Yesterday this woman’s husband died of a dirediseaseand this woman Yien has not a penny with which to bury him and she has no way to turn for it and so she asked this old woman, who am I, to be go-between to find a man for her daughter. (Chapter 19, p333)

Sidney Shapiro: Yesterday, Old Yan fell ill of the epidemic and died, but his wife has no money to bury him. She doesn’t know what to do, and she’s asked me to find a man to keep Poxi.(Chapter 20)

“disease”是指病，疾?。槐撞?，賽珍珠采用“disease”直譯“時(shí)疫”，即指時(shí)疫是一種疾病?！癳pidemic”指流行?。粋魅静?；風(fēng)尚等的流行，我們通常用“epidemic situation”翻譯“疫情，沙博理用“epidemic”直譯“時(shí)疫”，更貼近原文。

(14)穆弘道：“虞候和吳成各染傷寒[時(shí)疫]，現(xiàn)在莊上養(yǎng)病，不能前來。今將關(guān)防文書，在此呈上?！?第一百一十一回)

Pearl S. Buck: 無

Sidney Shapiro:“Captain Ye and Wu Cheng both have typhoid fever. They’re bedridden and couldn’t come. But we’ve brought our father’s seal of office and his appointment document.”(Chapter 91)

賽珍珠未翻譯?！癴ever”有發(fā)燒，發(fā)熱；狂熱的意思，與原文“傷寒”對應(yīng)，沙博理用“fever”直譯“時(shí)疫”，用詞靈活。

三、涉及“瘧疾”的句子的翻譯

(15)那廊下有一個(gè)大漢，因害[瘧疾]，當(dāng)不住那寒冷，把一锨火在那里向。(第二十回)

Pearl S. Buck: Now there beneath the porch stood a great fellow and because he was suffering fromchills and a feverand he could not longer endure the chill, he had brought out a shovelful of fiery coals and was there warming himself. (Chapter 22， p372)

Sidney Shapiro: A big fellow, chilled by a malarial attack, was on the veranda huddled over some burning embers on a shovel. (Chapter 22)

“fever”指發(fā)燒，發(fā)熱；狂熱，賽珍珠用“fever”翻譯“瘧疾”，與后文寒冷相對應(yīng)?！癿alarial”指患瘧疾的；毒氣的，沙博理用“malarial”翻譯“瘧疾”，即保留原義，又照顧目的語的習(xí)慣，與原義更加契合。

(16)今欲正要回鄉(xiāng)去尋哥哥，不想染患[瘧疾]。(第二十二回)

Pearl S. Buck: now today I was even about to go home and seek out my elder brother and I had not thought of falling ill with chills and fever, so that I could not start my journey home.(Chapter 23, p376)

Sidney Shapiro: I intended to go home and see my older brother, but then I caught this malaria and wasn’t able to leave. (Chapter 23)

同例(15)，賽珍珠用“fever”翻譯“瘧疾”，沙博理用“malarial”翻譯“瘧疾”。

(17)武松聽了，呵呵大笑道：“管營聽稟，我去年害了三個(gè)月[瘧疾]，景陽岡上酒醉里打翻了一只大蟲，也只三拳兩腳，便自打死了，何況……(第二十七回)

Pearl S. Buck:Wu Sung heard this and he laughed a great ho-ho and he said,Young lord, pray hear what I say humbly to you. Last year I was ill three months with chills and fever. Yet at a time when I was drunken I killed a tiger on The Ching Yang Ridge and I did it with a few kicks of my foot. What then is wrong today?"(Chapter 27, p490)

Sidney Shapiro: Wu Song laughed heartily.“Last year, after a three month bout of malaria, I got drunk and fought a big tiger on Jingyang Ridge. With three punches and two kicks I killed it. What couldn’t I do today!”(Chapter 28)

同上述例(15)例(16)，賽珍珠用“fever”翻譯“瘧疾”，沙博理用“malarial”翻譯“瘧疾”。

四、涉及“熱病”的句子的翻譯

(18)人賺開門來打火，只聽得白勝在床上做聲。問他老婆時(shí)，卻說道害[熱病]，不曾得汗。從床上拖將起來，見白勝面色紅白，就把索子綁了，喝道……(第十七回)

Pearl S. Buck: Then they heard Pei Sheng speak from his bed and they asked his wife of him and she answered, “He has a fever and it has not yet broken into perspiration."(Chapter 17, p285)

Sidney Shapiro:They heard Bai Sheng groaning on the bed. The wife said he had a fever but had not been able to sweat. They hauled him from the bed and tied him up. His face was blotched red and white.

“fever”指發(fā)燒，發(fā)熱；狂熱，賽珍珠和沙博理都用“fever”直譯“熱病”，保留了原義。

(19)管營也笑道：“想是這漢子多管害[熱病]了，不曾得汗，故出狂言。不要聽他，且把去禁在單身房里。”(第二十七回)

Pearl S. Buck: Again the onlookers on both sides laughed and the chief of the gaol laughed too and he said, “I think this man is surely suffering from a long fever and he has not sweat it out yet and so he is speaking in a delirium. Do not listen to him, but take him back to the solitary cell.”(Chapter 27, p484)

Sidney Shapiro: Again the onlookers laughed, and the warden joined them.Not only were you ill, but you must be still running a high fever to talk so deliriously! Pay no attention to him. Guards, take him back to the single room.”(Chapter 28)

該句中，賽珍珠和沙博理都用“fever”直譯“熱病”。綜上所述，賽珍珠用“plague”、“不譯”、“evil”三種方式翻譯“瘟疫”；用“disease”、“不譯”兩種方式翻譯“時(shí)疫”；用“fever”翻譯“瘧疾”與“熱病”。而沙博理用“plague”、“不譯”兩種方式翻譯“瘟疫”；用“epidemic”、“fever”兩種方式翻譯“時(shí)疫”；用“malarial”翻譯“瘧疾”；用“fever”翻譯“熱病”。那么，一個(gè)自然的問題是，造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因何在？

五、翻譯過程與翻譯策略

(一)性別差異

語言由于不同的翻譯主體在翻譯過程中，在單詞的使用、句式的運(yùn)用、語言處理等方面都會(huì)有所不同，從而使譯文呈現(xiàn)出各自特點(diǎn)。賽珍珠(1892-1973)是美國女作家，中文是她的母語之一。就《水滸傳》書名的翻譯來看，直譯為“Water Margin”，說明故事發(fā)生的處所即可?？墒琴愓渲椴]有采用這種翻譯方式。她嘗試過多個(gè)方案，但都不滿意。直到出版前夕，她才突然有了靈感。因?yàn)橘愓渲橛讜r(shí)一直生活的中國，受中國傳統(tǒng)儒家思想熏陶，她想到了《論語》中的一句古語：“四海之內(nèi)皆兄弟也”，她的譯本標(biāo)題由此而來，其作為譯者的主體地位顯而易見，譯者的看法也通過該書名的翻譯得到讀者的確認(rèn)。而沙博理是原籍美國的男性作家，深受當(dāng)時(shí)中國國內(nèi)政治影響，將原譯的“hero”改為“outlaw”。在英文中“outlaw”有綠林好漢的意思，從選詞的推敲中可以看出，男性譯者對英雄的崇拜。

但綜合來講，二者并無高下之分，所以不管是女性譯者還是男性譯者，在翻譯的過程中盡力克服自身性別對翻譯心理所帶來的影響，使譯文用原文風(fēng)格相吻合。

(二)文化背景不同

語言是情感的載體，既有自然屬性，也有社會(huì)屬性。所以翻譯和對外傳播文學(xué)作品會(huì)受到復(fù)雜因素的影響(劉云虹，許鈞，2014：13)。賽珍珠因其生活環(huán)境受到雙重文化的影響，一是她自由生活的中國文化環(huán)境，二是她也受到基督教的深刻影響。在上述的例(10)中，她用“evil”來翻譯“瘟疫”，在基督教中，devil意思為魔鬼、惡魔。在“evil”前文又用“Gods”翻譯“張?zhí)鞄煛⒑樘尽?，God意思為上帝，神，代表著正義，存在一定隱喻意，即：正義一定會(huì)打敗邪惡。而沙博理在翻譯稱謂時(shí)，比如例(10)中的“張?zhí)鞄煛狈g為“Zhang the Divine Teacher”，“Divine Teacher”是道教中一種頭銜，如此稱謂的人也是代表擁有法力。所以，不同的文化背景的譯者擁有不同的文化氣質(zhì)。沙博理在翻譯過程中保留原作文化中的異質(zhì)成分，“把讀者帶入外國情境”，在此處采用了異化策略，處理的恰到好處。

結(jié)語

《水滸傳》作為一本貼近市井生活的長篇小說，疫情詞作為小說《水滸傳》的構(gòu)成要素，毫無疑問它也是推動(dòng)小說發(fā)展的動(dòng)力之一。從總體上看，賽珍珠多保留原文的風(fēng)格和語言表達(dá)形式，目的在于向外國傳遞中國特色文化氣息，馬紅軍(2003)認(rèn)為她“盡可能地做了直譯，……保留了原作的意義和風(fēng)格，甚至原封不動(dòng)地保留了一些即使是中文讀者也不很感興趣的內(nèi)容……使不懂中文的讀者感覺自己在讀原著?！?但對文化氣息濃厚的詞匯沒有相應(yīng)活用，翻譯形式上過于冗長，讀者很難真正的理解其內(nèi)涵。所以鐘再強(qiáng)(2041：74)認(rèn)為“賽譯《水滸傳》能被讀者接受，原因是多方面的，并不完全體現(xiàn)在譯者出色的綜合語言素質(zhì)方面”。沙博理一般用直譯加意譯的翻譯手法，翻譯方式更加多樣，一部分進(jìn)行了刪減，淺化了原語的典故和習(xí)語，在詞匯選擇方面更加豐富精準(zhǔn)，盡量保留了原文的文體特征，但一定程度上削弱了中國傳統(tǒng)文化?？偟膩碚f，兩位譯者各具特色，在翻譯《水滸傳》疫情詞時(shí)采用的翻譯方式為中華文化的傳播提供了豐富的學(xué)習(xí)借鑒資料。