韋武均 鄧益斌
[專(zhuān)家介紹]鄧益斌,教授、主任技師,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,博士研究生導(dǎo)師,臨床檢驗(yàn)診斷學(xué)學(xué)科帶頭人,美國(guó)弗吉尼亞聯(lián)邦大學(xué)高訪歸國(guó)學(xué)者?,F(xiàn)任右江民族醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院(臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院)副院長(zhǎng)兼發(fā)展規(guī)劃處副處長(zhǎng)。主要從事抗HBV基因治療、HBV相關(guān)肝癌非編碼RNA調(diào)控機(jī)制、瑤醫(yī)藥活性分子應(yīng)用價(jià)值研究。擔(dān)任國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金函審專(zhuān)家,廣西科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目評(píng)審專(zhuān)家,廣西衛(wèi)生食品安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估專(zhuān)家?,F(xiàn)為廣西醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)教育學(xué)分會(huì)委員、精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)學(xué)分會(huì)委員、檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)分會(huì)委員、廣西醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)師分會(huì)常務(wù)委員、倫理醫(yī)師分會(huì)委員。擔(dān)任《中華腫瘤防治雜志》《世界華人消化雜志》《右江醫(yī)學(xué)》及《右江民族醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)》雜志編委。主持國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金2項(xiàng)、廣西自然科學(xué)基金2項(xiàng)、廣西教育廳資助課題3項(xiàng)、廣西衛(wèi)生廳資助課題2項(xiàng);以第一作者和通信作者公開(kāi)發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論著58篇,其中SCI收錄10篇;主(參)編著作/教材2部;獲百色市科技進(jìn)步二等獎(jiǎng)1項(xiàng)、科技創(chuàng)新三等獎(jiǎng)1項(xiàng)。
【摘要】 抗乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)免疫治療主要通過(guò)介導(dǎo)激活免疫細(xì)胞及釋放細(xì)胞因子發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)控作用,增強(qiáng)宿主產(chǎn)生有效的先天性和適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答,從而有效抑制HBV復(fù)制與轉(zhuǎn)錄,實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定的控制。該綜述總結(jié)抗HBV免疫治療的幾種策略,以期找到清除HBV共價(jià)閉合環(huán)狀DNA治療新方法或藥物,為HBV抗病毒治療提供參考。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 乙型肝炎病毒;共價(jià)閉合環(huán)狀DNA;免疫治療
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R512.62 ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2019.08.001
【Abstract】 ?Immunotherapy mostly plays an role of immune regulatory in anti-hepatitis B virus(HBV) by mediating activation of immune cells and releasing cytokines,which produces effective innate and adaptive immune responses through enhancing the host,thus effectively inhibiting HBV replication and transcription,and achieving long-term stability control.This article reviews several strategies for anti-HBV immunotherapy in order to find new methods or drugs for clearing covalently closed circular DNA of HBV,providing reference for HBV antiviral therapy.
【Key words】 HBV;covalently closed circular DNA;immunotherapy
乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染仍是人類(lèi)主要關(guān)注的全球性健康問(wèn)題,全球約有3.5億HBV攜帶者,其中慢性乙型肝炎(Chronic hepatitis B,CHB)感染者約2.4 億,以非洲中部、美洲中部、中歐地區(qū)及東南亞尤為明顯。CHB極易發(fā)展為肝硬化、肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)等嚴(yán)重肝臟病變,每年約有 100萬(wàn)人死于HBV 感染及相關(guān)疾病[1~2]。目前, 臨床抗CHB藥物主要有干擾素α、核苷(酸)類(lèi)似物、中醫(yī)中藥等。干擾素α通過(guò)與靶細(xì)胞表面受體結(jié)合,誘導(dǎo)合成抗病毒蛋白抑制病毒復(fù)制,介導(dǎo)免疫細(xì)胞發(fā)揮抗病毒效應(yīng),其副作用較大[3~5];核苷(酸)類(lèi)似物主要通過(guò)靶向抑制病毒DNA聚合酶活性發(fā)揮抗病毒作用,長(zhǎng)期使用容易產(chǎn)生變異性耐藥及停藥反彈[6];中醫(yī)中藥抗病毒機(jī)制及靶點(diǎn)尚不清楚[7~8]。因此,臨床急需尋找到能夠持續(xù)抑制HBV復(fù)制與轉(zhuǎn)錄或能徹底清除病毒cccDNA的新方法或藥物。由于病毒感染誘導(dǎo)宿主免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)病毒產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致宿主肝臟不同程度損害,而抗病毒免疫治療能溫和激活宿主先天性和適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答產(chǎn)生抗病毒抗體,從而達(dá)到防治HBV感染的作用。現(xiàn)就間質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(MSC)移植、樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞(DC)、自然殺傷(NK)細(xì)胞、靶向T細(xì)胞、Toll樣受體(TLRs)、抗PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑、胸腺肽α1調(diào)節(jié)劑及治療性疫苗的抗HBV免疫治療進(jìn)行綜述,以期為HBV抗病毒治療提供參考。
1 間質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(MSC)移植治療
MSC移植治療不僅能分化成機(jī)體肝細(xì)胞,還能有效清除體內(nèi)HBV并改善免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能。Fang等用人臍帶間質(zhì)干細(xì)胞對(duì)50名乙型肝炎病毒引起的失代償期肝硬化患者進(jìn)行雙重移植后,經(jīng)2至48周治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)患者體內(nèi)抑制性因子白細(xì)胞介素-10、協(xié)調(diào)性T細(xì)胞、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β水平明顯升高,而白細(xì)胞介素-6、腫瘤壞死因子-α、NK細(xì)胞、CD4+T細(xì)胞、CD8+T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞及ALT水平顯著下降,但白蛋白、總膽紅素和凝血酶原時(shí)間明顯改善,轉(zhuǎn)化為肝癌或死亡的患者極少[9]。Qu等使用MSC經(jīng)尾靜脈注射含HBV感染的動(dòng)物模型,能通過(guò)分泌轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β1抑制NK成員(NKG2D)的表達(dá)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)NK毒性對(duì)肝臟損傷的影響,降低NK細(xì)胞在肝臟的過(guò)表達(dá),從而減輕其對(duì)肝臟的損傷,發(fā)揮適宜的免疫調(diào)節(jié)效能,減少炎細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn),但HBV復(fù)制與轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)增加,延長(zhǎng)治療時(shí)間[10]。MSC治療有獨(dú)特的免疫調(diào)節(jié)特性,安全性好,已有一定的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值,但清除HBV DNA的能力不足[11]。
2 樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞(DC)治療
DC以各種類(lèi)型存在于肝臟中,是一種較強(qiáng)的抗原呈遞細(xì)胞(APC),能分泌相應(yīng)的細(xì)胞因子或趨化因子來(lái)抑制HBV表達(dá)。漿細(xì)胞樣樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞(pDC)亞群約占肝臟總DC的10%,主要產(chǎn)生I型干擾素(IFN),其IFN-α能降低HBV cccDNA微染色體前基因組RNA(pgRNA)和亞基因組RNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄,使結(jié)合組蛋白低乙?;⒔档团cSTAT1和STAT2轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合,達(dá)到抑制HBV復(fù)制與轉(zhuǎn)錄的目的[12~13]。DC亞型BDCA3(+)/CLEC9A(+)DC通過(guò)分泌 IFN-λ3對(duì)HBV感染宿主進(jìn)行免疫調(diào)節(jié)與抗病毒作用[14~15]。在早期臨床研究中,Chen等對(duì)19名CHB患者進(jìn)行DC脈沖治療,有10名患者HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化,HBV DNA拷貝數(shù)平均下降0.02~1.74倍,其中2名患者用DC與拉米夫定聯(lián)合同時(shí)治療1年,清除HBV DNA的效果明顯[16]。Zhuang等發(fā)現(xiàn)DC的長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA能介導(dǎo)TLR9/STAT3信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)并降低分泌TNF-α、IL-6、IL-12和IFN-γ的濃度,增加IL-1β濃度激活免疫應(yīng)答控制HBV表達(dá),降低HBV DNA水平[17]。因此,DC是極重要的抗病毒先天細(xì)胞,能介導(dǎo)抗病毒和誘導(dǎo)耐受性免疫應(yīng)答,在HBV細(xì)胞疫苗方面有潛在價(jià)值[18],但易發(fā)生HBV免疫逃逸,無(wú)法有效監(jiān)視和清除HBV病毒。
3 自然殺傷(NK)細(xì)胞治療
NK細(xì)胞作為先天性免疫的關(guān)鍵組成部分,主要有亮CD56與暗CD56兩種亞型及多種表型,富集于肝臟淋巴細(xì)胞,在防御HBV感染中發(fā)揮重要作用。NK細(xì)胞在控制病毒性肝炎、肝纖維化和肝腫瘤發(fā)生中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,激活的NK細(xì)胞可以通過(guò)分泌天然毒性或細(xì)胞因子實(shí)現(xiàn)免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用來(lái)抑制HBV病毒感染[19~21]。NK細(xì)胞在HBV轉(zhuǎn)染小鼠體內(nèi)是通過(guò)分泌IFN-γ 來(lái)增強(qiáng)CD8+T細(xì)胞活化,對(duì)HBV病毒進(jìn)行的免疫應(yīng)答,降低HBsAg的含量[22]。聚胞苷酸恢復(fù)NK活化和功能后促進(jìn)IFN-γ的產(chǎn)生及病毒的清除,可導(dǎo)致HBV耐受小鼠及轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠體內(nèi)病毒含量減少,有助于抑制HBV的復(fù)制及病毒的清除[23]。NK細(xì)胞可被NK家族2D、2A受體及跨膜糖蛋白46激活來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)抗HBV反應(yīng),阻斷HBV DNA的復(fù)制,同時(shí)降低NK細(xì)胞毒性反應(yīng)[24~25]。NK細(xì)胞在HBV感染中起重要的控制作用,可直接清除病毒細(xì)胞,但過(guò)度活化NK細(xì)胞會(huì)增加細(xì)胞毒性使肝受損加重,經(jīng)過(guò)改造的NK細(xì)胞治療將成為免疫治療的趨勢(shì)。
4 靶向T細(xì)胞治療
靶向T細(xì)胞在控制HBV感染及有效清除病毒中發(fā)揮重要的作用,在 CHB患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)相應(yīng)細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生減少及多種抑制分子表達(dá)升高,缺乏特異性結(jié)合受體與T(CD4+T/CD8+T)細(xì)胞,造成T淋巴細(xì)胞功能耗竭,尤其缺乏特異CD8+T細(xì)胞[26~27]。特異性CD8+T細(xì)胞受IL-35影響,通過(guò)下調(diào)IL-35及誘導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)增強(qiáng)對(duì)HBV的免疫應(yīng)答并抑制其表達(dá),控制病毒與炎癥反應(yīng)[28]。通過(guò)線粒體靶向抗氧化劑的抗氧化恢復(fù)特異CD8+T細(xì)胞功能,促進(jìn)對(duì)HBV病毒的非細(xì)胞溶解作用[29]。T細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的IFN-γ或TNF-α能通過(guò)激活肝細(xì)胞上編輯酶催化亞基3A/3B(APOBEC3A/3B)誘導(dǎo)脫氨基使HBV cccDNA衰竭并將其清除,從而控制HBV病毒的復(fù)制[30]。目前, T細(xì)胞經(jīng)遺傳修飾以表達(dá)HBV特異性T細(xì)胞受體(TCR)、嵌合抗原受體(CAR-T)及采用mRNA電穿孔設(shè)計(jì)表達(dá)HBV特異性TCR在CHB抗病毒中得到驗(yàn)證,有效清除HBV cccDNA,降低細(xì)胞毒性及肝臟炎性損傷[31~32]。靶向T細(xì)胞在抗HBV免疫治療領(lǐng)域具有很好的前景,尤其是改造后的T細(xì)胞,但不能徹底清除HBV cccDNA,在治療的重定位方面有待觀察,生產(chǎn)成本高,應(yīng)用復(fù)雜,大規(guī)模開(kāi)發(fā)個(gè)體化的治療仍然存在許多問(wèn)題。
5 Toll樣受體(TLRs)治療
TLRs是能識(shí)別病原體相關(guān)分子模式(PAMPs)并激活先天免疫進(jìn)行一系列防御的高度保守分子,幾乎依賴(lài)髓樣分化初級(jí)應(yīng)答蛋白88(MyD88)途徑導(dǎo)致下游信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)并激活參與抗病毒反應(yīng),部分TLRs亞組在控制CHB感染中得到有效應(yīng)用[33]。Das等通過(guò)特異性脂多糖激活TLR4在HepG2.2.15細(xì)胞進(jìn)行體外實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)能降低HBV DNA、mRNA及蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá),抑制HBV復(fù)制與轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而有效控制和清除病毒[34]。Zhang 等發(fā)現(xiàn)TLR2介導(dǎo)的先天免疫反應(yīng)可阻斷HepG2.2.15細(xì)胞及原代土撥鼠肝細(xì)胞中HBV復(fù)制[35]。早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)單次劑量靜脈注射TLR3、TLR4、TLR5、TLR7或TLR9配體能以I型干擾素依賴(lài)性方式阻斷HBV轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠體內(nèi)病毒的復(fù)制[36]。TLR7與TLR8受體能識(shí)別單鏈RNA,表達(dá)于不同來(lái)源的DC細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)發(fā)揮早期的免疫作用。最近,Mcgowan等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一系列嘧啶TLR7與TLR8樣受體激動(dòng)劑其50D能間接誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)源性IFN-γ,在HepG2細(xì)胞及慢性HBV小鼠模型中降低HBsAg和病毒載量,穩(wěn)定性及安全性良好,毒副作用弱[37]。TLRs能介導(dǎo)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑激活對(duì)HBV復(fù)制的直接抑制及增強(qiáng)HBV特異性CD8+T細(xì)胞發(fā)揮免疫應(yīng)答,但抗病毒特異性不強(qiáng),清除病毒能力不足,只能延緩病毒傳播。
6 抗PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑
PD-1/PD-L1是一種主要作用于免疫檢查點(diǎn)的程序性死亡蛋白1及PD-1配體的抑制分子,已在臨床免疫治療癌癥方面得到有效的應(yīng)用。已知CHB持續(xù)感染者T細(xì)胞功能衰竭及缺乏特異性CD8+T細(xì)胞,PD-1又高表達(dá)于活性CD8+T細(xì)胞,因此,PD-1在HBV治療方面也得到更多關(guān)注[27,38]。Tang等通過(guò)體外細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)并阻斷PD-1/PD-L1結(jié)合,觀察對(duì)52名CHB患者T細(xì)胞表面CD28家族共刺激及抑制受體的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)能恢復(fù)T細(xì)胞功能及增強(qiáng)IFN-γ的表達(dá),減少HBV DNA的含量[39]。Balsitis等通過(guò)HBV感染土撥鼠模型并針對(duì)其體內(nèi)PD-L1制備類(lèi)似人的單克隆抗體(αPD-L1)來(lái)阻斷PD-1 / PD-L1相互作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠體內(nèi)病毒抗原及DNA降低,無(wú)嚴(yán)重的肝損害,并且可以與核苷酸類(lèi)藥物聯(lián)合使用發(fā)揮更好效應(yīng)[40]。PD-1/PD-L1抗HBV阻斷藥物的研發(fā),為慢性HBV患者提供免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制治療,有效控制HBV病毒,增強(qiáng)特異性T細(xì)胞識(shí)別和清除HBV cccDNA能力,但安全性仍有待觀察。
7 胸腺肽α1(Tα1)調(diào)節(jié)劑
Tα1是一種對(duì)T細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞和DC具有多效活性的肽生物免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑,在激活和調(diào)節(jié)免疫系統(tǒng)中起重要作用,經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Tα1依賴(lài)性劑量與時(shí)間能有效控制HBV相關(guān)性肝癌[41]。Tα1不僅能聯(lián)合干擾素增強(qiáng)免疫治療HBV,有效清除HBsAg和HBeAg,其與核苷(酸)類(lèi)似物聯(lián)合用藥能更好地控制和清除病毒,為CHB感染者提供有效的臨床治療方案,安全性與耐受性良好,但藥物靶向性及徹底清除病毒能力有待研究[42~43]。
8 治療性疫苗
治療性疫苗主要是通過(guò)激活患者自身的免疫系統(tǒng)來(lái)對(duì)抗并最終控制或清除病原體,常用的包括蛋白質(zhì)疫苗、DNA疫苗、活載體疫苗、肽疫苗及細(xì)胞疫苗等[44]?;诨蛑亟M的HBV疫苗得到快速發(fā)展,King等針對(duì)HBV保守區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)表達(dá)HBV X、S、C重組酵母疫苗GS-4774免疫離體小鼠T細(xì)胞及與DC共培養(yǎng),誘導(dǎo)HBV特異性CD4+和CD8+T細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答及表達(dá)溶酶體相關(guān)膜蛋白1,產(chǎn)生輔助T細(xì)胞分泌IFN-γ、IL-2和TNF-α,降低病毒載量,還能過(guò)繼抑制表達(dá)HBsAg和HBcAg融合EL4腫瘤生長(zhǎng),初步用于臨床試驗(yàn)[45]。HBV疫苗Engerix-B誘導(dǎo)保護(hù)性抗HBs應(yīng)答及逆轉(zhuǎn)宿主免疫耐受在AAV/HBV小鼠體內(nèi)中得到驗(yàn)證,與CpG-佐劑和中和抗體聯(lián)合治療效果更佳,使體內(nèi)HBsAg、HBeAg、HBcAg及HBV DNA降低,持續(xù)作用時(shí)間長(zhǎng)[46]。HBV具有多種基因型和亞型,使得有效疫苗的開(kāi)發(fā)變得復(fù)雜和昂貴,治療性疫苗安全無(wú)毒副作用,但難突破免疫耐受和逃逸,缺乏個(gè)體化治愈。
綜上所述,抗HBV免疫治療主要通過(guò)介導(dǎo)激活NK細(xì)胞分泌天然毒性或細(xì)胞因子實(shí)現(xiàn)免疫調(diào)控作用來(lái)抑制HBV病毒表達(dá),促進(jìn) DC增殖成熟、阻斷T細(xì)胞上PD-1/PD-L1結(jié)合及恢復(fù)HBV特異性T(CD4+T/CD8+ T)細(xì)胞增強(qiáng)宿主產(chǎn)生有效的先天性和適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答,進(jìn)行聯(lián)合治療,從而有效抑制HBV復(fù)制與轉(zhuǎn)錄,降低HBV抗原和病毒載量,實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定的控制,但不能從源頭上徹底清除HBVcccDNA。實(shí)現(xiàn)完全治愈HBV感染者有效的方法可能需要從源頭上阻斷HBV復(fù)制或使HBV與宿主特異細(xì)胞結(jié)合而被清除。近年來(lái),人們對(duì)HBV病毒學(xué)和宿主對(duì)其免疫反應(yīng)的研究取得顯著進(jìn)展,期待尋找到有效徹底清除HBV DNA與HBV cccDNA的新療法或新藥物,為HBV感染者提供功能性治愈可能。
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(收稿日期:2019-03-27 修回日期:2019-04-13)