劉璐瑤 劉可可 張雯雯
[摘要] 腫瘤微環(huán)境(TME)內(nèi)含多種細(xì)胞以及多種細(xì)胞因子,在腫瘤的增殖、侵襲以及轉(zhuǎn)移上都起到了重要的作用。腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞(TAMs)作為TME的重要組成部分,主要通過其分泌的細(xì)胞因子與腫瘤細(xì)胞相互作用,進(jìn)而調(diào)控腫瘤的進(jìn)展。本文對(duì)TAMs分泌的細(xì)胞因子在TME中的作用進(jìn)行概述,包括腫瘤的侵襲、遷移以及血管生成等。靶向TME中TAMs分泌細(xì)胞因子進(jìn)行干預(yù),有望成為腫瘤一種新的治療策略。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞因子;腫瘤微環(huán)境;治療
[中圖分類號(hào)] R730.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)04(b)-0030-04
Advances in the role of cytokines secreted by tumor-associated macrophages in tumor microenvironment
LIU Luyao LIU Keke ZHANG Wenwen CAO Juan DU Aobo LI Bo
Experimental Teaching Center, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun 130021, China
[Abstract] Tumor microenvironment (TME) contains multiple cells and cytokines, which play an important role in tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), as an important component of TME, mainly interact with tumor cells through the cytokines secreted by them to further regulate tumor progression. In this paper, the role of cytokines secreted by TAMs in TME was summarized, including tumor invasion, migration and angiogenesis. Targeting TAMs secreted cytokines in TME for intervention is expected to be a new therapeutic strategy for tumors.
[Key words] Tumor-associated macrophages; Cytokines; Tumor microenvironment; Therapy
腫瘤微環(huán)境(tumor microenvironment,TME)內(nèi)含多種細(xì)胞及其分泌的細(xì)胞因子所形成的復(fù)雜細(xì)胞-因子網(wǎng)絡(luò),腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞(tumor-associated macrop-hages,TAMs)來源的細(xì)胞因子在這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中占據(jù)了重要的地位,可以通過不同的機(jī)制對(duì)腫瘤進(jìn)行調(diào)控,進(jìn)而在腫瘤的增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移以及血管生成等方面發(fā)揮重要的作用。
1 腫瘤微環(huán)境
TME是腫瘤存在的細(xì)胞環(huán)境,由增生的腫瘤細(xì)胞、腫瘤基質(zhì)、血管、浸潤的炎癥細(xì)胞和多種相關(guān)的組織細(xì)胞組成,還包括細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)、生長因子、細(xì)胞因子以及局部和/或全身產(chǎn)生的其他蛋白質(zhì)、微生物菌群也可以存在于TME中[1],它們和氧氣水平、pH一起構(gòu)成了TME[2]。腫瘤和周圍的微環(huán)境是密切相關(guān)的,并且不斷地相互作用。腫瘤可通過釋放細(xì)胞外信號(hào),促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成以及誘導(dǎo)外周免疫耐受來影響微環(huán)境,而微環(huán)境中的免疫細(xì)胞則可影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長和演化[3]。
TME中的腫瘤相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞通常具有促進(jìn)侵襲和生成血管生長因子的作用[4];內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生成提供營養(yǎng)和氧氣的血管,為腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移提供逃逸路徑,局部的“血管生成”信號(hào)可以保護(hù)腫瘤細(xì)胞[5];巨噬細(xì)胞根據(jù)其細(xì)胞亞型的不同分別具有支持或拮抗T細(xì)胞的功能,并可通過表皮生長因子(ECF)促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移,也可以通過血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)促進(jìn)血管滲漏;樹突狀細(xì)胞可以收集提呈抗原細(xì)胞[2]。實(shí)質(zhì)上,TME通過這些細(xì)胞所分泌的各種因子以及外來的其他因子相互交織所形成的因子網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)揮其作用,從而影響腫瘤的增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移、血管生成以及血管滲漏等。
2 腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞
在腫瘤進(jìn)展期間,血液中的單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞被積極招募到腫瘤中,在TME內(nèi)各種因素的作用下,形成TAMs,加速腫瘤進(jìn)展。TAMs是TME的關(guān)鍵參與者,由于其特有的可塑性,可以獲得許多不同的表型,并以不同的方式對(duì)腫瘤發(fā)生的各個(gè)階段做出相應(yīng)的貢獻(xiàn)[6]。
TME中的局部因子,如細(xì)胞因子、代謝產(chǎn)物、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),甚至是元素,都能抑制腫瘤內(nèi)T細(xì)胞的腫瘤效應(yīng),使腫瘤得以持續(xù)發(fā)展。研究[7]表明,TAMs能通過生產(chǎn)介質(zhì)調(diào)控腫瘤的生長,其中包括分泌生長因子和細(xì)胞因子支持腫瘤細(xì)胞存活和增殖;細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)降解酶以及其他組織和結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)節(jié)因素有利于腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移;促血管生成劑傳遞營養(yǎng)和氧氣到腫瘤內(nèi)。TAMs還可以通過表達(dá)細(xì)胞表面蛋白和釋放可溶性因子促進(jìn)癌癥免疫、逃避免疫抑制功能以及抗腫瘤免疫[8]。此外,TAMs分泌的細(xì)胞因子和其他蛋白質(zhì),如CCL-17、CCL-22、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(TGF-β)、IL-10、Arginase 1和Galactosin 3都對(duì)腫瘤的免疫抑制做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)[9]。
3 TAMs分泌的主要細(xì)胞因子在TME中的作用
TAMs在TME中主要是通過其分泌的因子發(fā)揮作用。TAMs分泌的因子具有直接調(diào)控腫瘤生長和轉(zhuǎn)移的能力,包括EGF、細(xì)胞因子[如白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)和腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)]、趨化因子(如CXCL17和CCL24)等[10]。TAMs能促進(jìn)TME中IL-10和TGF-β的高水平表達(dá);TAMs可以響應(yīng)于TEM的刺激表達(dá)炎性細(xì)胞因子(如IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α);TAMs可以產(chǎn)生基質(zhì)和腫瘤細(xì)胞的激活因子[EGF、堿性成纖維生長因子(bFGF)、VEGF、血小板衍生生長因子(PDGF)和TGF-β],從而調(diào)控腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明TAMs分泌的因子與作用于腫瘤進(jìn)展的TME之間的相互作用[6]。本文主要介紹幾種TAMs分泌的細(xì)胞因子在TME中的作用。
3.1 TNF-α
研究[11]表明,TAMs分泌的TNF-α能促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移。TNF-α可通過誘導(dǎo)編碼核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)依賴性抗凋亡分子的基因從而增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的存活概率[12]。TNF-α通過刺激基因毒性分子的產(chǎn)生來促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生,基因毒性分子即為可以導(dǎo)致DNA損傷和突變的分子,如NO和活性氧(ROS)。TNF-α的分泌增多會(huì)導(dǎo)致遺傳多態(tài)性,從而導(dǎo)致多發(fā)性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)、膀胱癌、肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)、胃癌和乳腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加以及各種血液性惡性腫瘤的不良預(yù)后[13]。TNF-α增強(qiáng)腫瘤進(jìn)展的作用包括促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成和轉(zhuǎn)移以及損害免疫監(jiān)視。在TNF-α受體TNFR1和TNFR2缺陷的小鼠中發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤的發(fā)生概率降低;在缺乏藥物和磷脂轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白MDR2的膽汁郁積的肝癌小鼠中,也發(fā)現(xiàn)了TNF-α對(duì)腫瘤的促進(jìn)作用;在腫瘤進(jìn)展期間用TNF-α特異性中和抗體處理會(huì)導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)化的肝細(xì)胞凋亡并且無法發(fā)展成HCC,這也提出了TNF-α在HCC的進(jìn)展階段中的重要作用[13]。TNF-α信號(hào)通路對(duì)于促進(jìn)結(jié)腸腺癌細(xì)胞系至肝轉(zhuǎn)移至關(guān)重要。在腫瘤移植模型中,給予荷瘤小鼠脂多糖(lipopo-lysaccharide,LPS)誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生TNF-α?xí)碳し谓M織中轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤的生長??偠灾琓NF-α是參與各種類型癌癥的起始、增殖、血管生成和轉(zhuǎn)移的重要因子[14]。
3.2 TGF-β
TAMs分泌的TGF-β抑制自然殺傷細(xì)胞(natural killer cell,NK cell)的細(xì)胞溶解活性。TGF-β信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)由Smad蛋白(drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein)介導(dǎo)。Smad蛋白是TGF-β通路中血清/色激酶受體下游的重要分子。在巨噬細(xì)胞中,沒有其他已知的與Smad蛋白無關(guān)的TGF-β信號(hào)通路被激活。此外,TGF-β減少樹突狀細(xì)胞(DCs)遷移并增加細(xì)胞凋亡,從而減少抗原呈遞和下調(diào)適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答[15],并促進(jìn)CD4+T細(xì)胞向Th2型分化。CD8+T細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤作用也受到TGF-β的抑制,其機(jī)制為抑制了一些細(xì)胞裂解基因的表達(dá),如粒酶A、粒酶B、γ干擾素(IFN-γ)和FAS配體,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)了Tregs細(xì)胞群的擴(kuò)大[16]。Tregs進(jìn)一步抑制CD14+、CD68+巨噬細(xì)胞的殺傷腫瘤功能[17],從而起到保護(hù)腫瘤的作用。
3.3 IL-6
TAMs分泌的IL-6通過許多下游介質(zhì)作用于腫瘤細(xì)胞以支持腫瘤增殖、存活和轉(zhuǎn)移性播散[18]。此外,IL-6可以在TME內(nèi)的其他細(xì)胞上產(chǎn)生外源性作用,通過支持腫瘤血管生成和逃避免疫監(jiān)視來維持促腫瘤周圍環(huán)境[19]。IL-6是一種關(guān)鍵的促生長因子和抗凋亡因子[14]。IL-6受體復(fù)合物是由IL-6Rα和糖蛋白130(gp130)組成的異二聚體,后者負(fù)責(zé)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)。激活gp130、觸發(fā)Janus酪氨酸激酶(JAK1)對(duì)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄活化因子(STAT)中STAT1和STAT3的磷酸化。通過IL-6激活STAT3途徑,導(dǎo)致表皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT),隨之引起細(xì)胞遷移[20]。研究[21]表明,對(duì)IL-6/STAT3信號(hào)通路的抑制可以減少胰腺癌細(xì)胞的EMT和炎癥發(fā)生。大多數(shù)IL-6靶基因參與細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程和抑制凋亡,強(qiáng)調(diào)了IL-6在腫瘤發(fā)生中的重要性。已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-6在卡波西肉瘤和MM的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起到關(guān)鍵作用。最近的研究[22]也顯示IL-6與發(fā)生霍奇金淋巴瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高相關(guān)。此外,IL-6與腫瘤不良預(yù)后相關(guān),在研究IL-6控制漿細(xì)胞惡性疾病MM的生長來源時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠對(duì)漿細(xì)胞瘤誘導(dǎo)具有拮抗性。在骨髓細(xì)胞中編碼IKKβ基因的缺失和IL-6信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)的抑制降低了腫瘤發(fā)生的尺寸,證明在癌癥模型中IL-6主要負(fù)責(zé)刺激腫瘤生長[23]。
3.4 IL-10
IL-10是一種多功能細(xì)胞因子,可以讓惡性細(xì)胞逃避免疫監(jiān)視,起到促進(jìn)腫瘤的作用[24]。TAMs分泌IL-10的能力與另一種腫瘤衍生分子前列腺素E2(PGE2)相關(guān),PGE2可以通過EP2和EP4受體調(diào)節(jié)TAMs極化[25]。TAMs來源的IL-10在自分泌循環(huán)中起作用,以抑制IL-12的表達(dá),并抑制IFN-γ的釋放[17]。
IL-10同樣可以激活STAT3。然而,IL-10的效果與IL-6截然相反,因?yàn)镮L-10具有免疫抑制和抗炎作用。IL-10可以通過抑制NF-κB的活性,從而抑制促炎細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,包括TNF-α、IL-6和IL-12[26]。最近的研究[27]表明,IL-10具有增強(qiáng)抗腫瘤免疫的免疫刺激活性。IL-10在腫瘤消退期間也顯示出調(diào)節(jié)凋亡和抑制血管生成的作用。在乳腺癌和卵巢癌中,IL-10的表達(dá)可以抑制腫瘤的進(jìn)展和擴(kuò)散。IL-10的活化下調(diào)TAMs產(chǎn)生VEGF、TNF-α和IL-6,這可以說明IL-10在腫瘤基質(zhì)中的抑制作用[14]。IL-10同時(shí)也具有促進(jìn)腫瘤進(jìn)展的作用。IL-10對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的直接影響可能有益于腫瘤生長。例如,IL-10的自分泌和旁分泌可能在腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和存活中起到重要作用。這種影響的基礎(chǔ)主要是STAT3的活化,從而導(dǎo)致了抗凋亡基因如BCL-2或BCL-XL的上調(diào)[28]。此外,有文獻(xiàn)[29]表明TAMs分泌的IL-10通過產(chǎn)生促進(jìn)B細(xì)胞和淋巴瘤存活的TNF家族成員細(xì)胞活化因子(B cell activating factor,BAFF)促進(jìn)伯基特淋巴瘤的發(fā)展。大量的IL-10也與擴(kuò)散的B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤患者的不良預(yù)后相關(guān)[30]。除調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞的直接生長外,IL-10抑制適應(yīng)性免疫反應(yīng)的能力也被認(rèn)為有利于腫瘤逃避免疫監(jiān)視??傊?,IL-10對(duì)腫瘤進(jìn)展中有著復(fù)雜的影響。IL-10不是單獨(dú)發(fā)揮其功能的,可能是依賴于TME中的其他細(xì)胞因子或因素發(fā)揮作用的。
4 結(jié)語與展望
TME是腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移、賴以生存的重要環(huán)境。其中,TAMs及其分泌的細(xì)胞因子在TME中起到了重要的作用。TAMs釋放細(xì)胞因子到TME中,與其他基質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌的細(xì)胞因子形成復(fù)雜的細(xì)胞因子網(wǎng)絡(luò),并與各種細(xì)胞之間進(jìn)行交互作用,進(jìn)而調(diào)控腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移以及血管生成等,進(jìn)而有利于腫瘤的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。本文著重討論了TAMs分泌的幾種細(xì)胞因子在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用?;谶@些細(xì)胞因子的作用,未來可以針對(duì)其進(jìn)行免疫抑制,從而抑制腫瘤的進(jìn)展,可以靶向這些細(xì)胞因子,通過調(diào)控細(xì)胞因子的合成、分泌以及與受體的結(jié)合,例如對(duì)細(xì)胞進(jìn)行基因調(diào)控阻斷細(xì)胞因子的合成;加入相應(yīng)的抑制劑如siRNA和抗體抑制細(xì)胞因子的分泌;加入受體抑制劑阻斷其與受體的結(jié)合等方法,從而干預(yù)其介導(dǎo)的腫瘤增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移以及血管生成,影響腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,為腫瘤的治療提供新型的潛在的治療靶點(diǎn)。
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(收稿日期:2018-10-10 本文編輯:封 華)