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腦靶向脂質(zhì)體構(gòu)建及其靶分子Ac4MAN體外結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性研究

2019-05-28 11:31李茹冰王娜劉肖瑩
關(guān)鍵詞:酯酶脂質(zhì)體膠質(zhì)瘤

李茹冰 王娜 劉肖瑩

[摘要] 目的 構(gòu)建修飾的Ac4MAN(p-羧基苯-α-D-乙酰甘露糖)腦靶向脂質(zhì)體,并探討Ac4MAN結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性。方法 將Ac4MAN與豬肝酯酶(PLE)于37℃、pH 7.4條件下孵育,于不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)取樣;采用高效液相色譜(HPLC)和超高效液相色譜-質(zhì)譜(UPLC-MS)聯(lián)用技術(shù)對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析。制備Ac4MAN脂質(zhì)體并對(duì)其進(jìn)行表征,用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞U87攝取Ac4MAN脂質(zhì)體和Ac4MAN脂質(zhì)體加PLE的情況。 結(jié)果 HPLC結(jié)果顯示,孵育0~3 h,Ac4MAN峰面積從578.4減少到37.9;孵育4~7 h,Ac4MAN峰面積接近于0;孵育0~7 h,生成的MAN(p-氨基苯-α-D-吡喃甘露糖苷)的峰面積從0增長(zhǎng)到363.0,表明隨孵育時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),Ac4MAN逐漸減少,MAN逐漸增多。 結(jié)論 本研究制備的Ac4MAN脂質(zhì)體粒徑約為(120.3±2.0)nm,電位約為(-15.76±1.23)mV。Ac4MAN脂質(zhì)體中加入酶后,U87細(xì)胞對(duì)其攝取能力有一定的增強(qiáng)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 靶向脂質(zhì)體;p-羧基苯-α-D-乙酰甘露糖;p-氨基苯-α-D-吡喃甘露糖苷;豬肝酯酶;穩(wěn)定性;攝取

[中圖分類號(hào)] R283 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)04(b)-0004-05

Preparation of braining-targeting liposomes and the structural stability of Ac4MAN on the surface of liposome in vitro

LI Rubing1 WANG Na2 LIU Xiaoying2 TANG Shukun2 PENG Haisheng1,2 TAO Haiquan3

1.Research Center of Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150028, China; 2.Department of Pharmaceutics, Campus of Harbin Medical University(Daqing), Heilongjiang Province, Daqing 163319, China; 3.Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical Hospital, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150000, China

[Abstract] Objective To construct a modified Ac4MAN (p-carboxybenzene-α-D-acetylmannose) brain-targeted liposome and investigate the structural stability of Ac4MAN. Methods Ac4MAN was incubated with porcine liver esterase (PLE) at 37°C, pH 7.4 and sampled at different time points. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) were used to analyze it. Ac4MAN liposomes were prepared and characterized. Flow cytometry was used to detect the uptake of Ac4MAN liposomes and Ac4MAN liposomes plus PLE by glioma cells U87. Results The results of HPLC showed that the area of Ac4MAN decreased from 578.4 to 37.9 after incubation for 0-3 h. The area of Ac4MAN peak was close to 0 after incubation for 4-7 h. The peak area of the formed MAN (p-aminobenzene-α-D-pyran mannoside) increased from 0 to 363.0, indicating that with the prolongation of incubation time, Ac4MAN gradually decreased and MAN gradually increased. Conclusion The Ac4MAN liposome prepared in this study has a particle size of (120.3±2.0) nm and a potential of (-15.76±1.23) mV. The uptake of AC4MAN liposomes by U87 cells is enhanced after adding enzymes.

[Key words] Targeted liposomes; P-carboxybenzene-α-D-acetylmannose; P-aminobenzene-α-D-pyran mannoside; Porcine liver esterase; Stability; Uptake

惡性腦膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生率和致死率較高,威脅人類生命健康,是亟待解決的難題[1]。腦腫瘤有侵襲性生長(zhǎng)特性,手術(shù)難以完全切除,且放化療毒副作用大[2-3]。隨著生物醫(yī)學(xué)及納米科學(xué)的交叉融合,納米靶向制劑逐漸受到重視[4]。納米靶向給藥系統(tǒng)具有親和性、可靶向性及緩釋性等優(yōu)點(diǎn),能提高藥物穩(wěn)定性[5]。靶向脂質(zhì)體對(duì)機(jī)體的毒性低,能精確地靶向到靶細(xì)胞或靶組織,可用于腦膠質(zhì)瘤的治療[6-8]。制備靶向脂質(zhì)體的脂材或相應(yīng)配體應(yīng)該穩(wěn)定、沒(méi)有毒性且能高效識(shí)別靶組織[9]。研究[10]表明,葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(GLUTs)可介導(dǎo)與其結(jié)構(gòu)相似的物質(zhì)跨越血腦屏障。p-氨基苯-α-D-吡喃甘露糖苷(MAN)是一種甘露糖衍生物,能通過(guò)葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)載體介導(dǎo)的運(yùn)輸功能,跨越血腦屏障并靶向腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞[11-13]。在此基礎(chǔ)上,本研究將p-羧基苯-α-D-乙酰甘露糖(Ac4MAN)作為研究目標(biāo),構(gòu)建了一種新的前體脂質(zhì)體,通過(guò)與豬肝酯酶(PLE)在體外共同孵育,研究其在模擬人體環(huán)境下的結(jié)構(gòu)變化,探究其產(chǎn)生MAN以及其被攝取情況。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料

Ac4MAN和MAN由本課題組人員合成(純度達(dá)到98%)、豬肝酯酶(杭州創(chuàng)科生物有限公司)、乙腈色譜純(天津市大茂化學(xué)試劑廠)、甲醇(色譜純,北京百靈威科技有限公司)、聚乙二醇-二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DSPE-PEG2000)、蛋黃卵磷脂(上海艾韋特醫(yī)藥科技有限公司)、羅丹明(Rho,北京海德生物技術(shù)有限公司)、膽固醇(上海生物科學(xué)技術(shù)有限公司)、純凈水(黑龍江娃哈哈飲料有限公司)。

1.2 試驗(yàn)方法

1.2.1 HPLC測(cè)定

1.2.1.1 溶液的配制 PLE溶液:精密稱取PLE粉末3 mg,加1 mL純水溶解,配成濃度為3 mg/mL的溶液,即得。MAN溶液:精密稱取MAN粉末4 mg,加1 mL甲醇溶解,配成濃度為4 mg/mL的溶液,即得。Ac4MAN溶液:精密稱取Ac4MAN粉末6份,分別為0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2 mg,每份加1 mL甲醇溶解成濃度為0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2 mg/mL的溶液,即得。

1.2.1.2 樣品制備 精密吸取3.0 mg/mL的PLE溶液1.9 mL,加4.0 mg/mL的Ac4MAN溶液0.1 mL,調(diào)溫度37°C、pH 7.4,置于磁力攪拌器上進(jìn)行孵育,于0~7 h整點(diǎn)時(shí)取出200 μL作為樣品;取1.9 mL純水,加入4.0 mg/mL的MAN溶液(pH 7.4)0.1 mL,作為對(duì)照組。

1.2.1.3 HPLC色譜條件 使用Agilent 1200型高效液相色譜儀(美國(guó)Agilent公司),色譜柱為Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm × 150 mm,5 μm);流動(dòng)相為乙腈-純水(50∶50,V/V)等度洗脫;流速1.0 mL/min;檢測(cè)波長(zhǎng)296 nm;進(jìn)樣量20 μL;柱溫30°C。

1.2.1.4 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線 分別精密吸取濃度為0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2 mg/mL的Ac4MAN 溶液20 μL,以相應(yīng)的試劑為空白,按照高效液相色譜法于296 nm波長(zhǎng)處測(cè)定其峰面積,以峰面積為縱坐標(biāo),以濃度為橫坐標(biāo),繪制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。

1.2.1.5 樣品測(cè)定 精密吸取“1.2.1.2”項(xiàng)下制備的樣品溶液20 μL,注入高效液相色譜儀,按照“1.2.1.3”項(xiàng)下的色譜條件檢測(cè)。

1.2.2 UPLC-MS

1.2.2.1 樣品制備 按“1.2.1.2”中的操作制備樣品,孵育時(shí)間為15 h。

1.2.2.2 UPLC色譜條件 使用Waters AcquityTM型超高效液相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀(美國(guó)Waters公司);色譜柱為Waters AcquityTM UPLC BEH-C18(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm);流動(dòng)相A:0.1%甲酸-乙腈,流動(dòng)相B:0.1%甲酸-10 mmol/L甲酸銨-水;進(jìn)樣量:0.5 μL;柱溫:30℃;梯度洗脫:0~7 min,30%A~100%A;7~8.5 min,100%A~30%A;8.5~10 min,30%A。

1.2.2.3 MS條件 電離源模式:電噴霧離子化;電離源極性:負(fù)模式;電噴霧電壓:2500 V;離子源溫度:110℃;干燥氣溫度:200℃;質(zhì)量范圍:100~1100 m/z。

1.2.2.4 樣品測(cè)定 精密吸取“1.2.2.1”項(xiàng)下制備的樣品20 μL,注入超高效液相色譜儀,按照“1.2.2.2”“1.2.2.3”的色譜和質(zhì)譜條件進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。

1.2.3 脂質(zhì)體攝取研究

1.2.3.1 制備Ac4MAN脂質(zhì)體 稱取膽固醇、蛋黃卵磷脂和DSPE-PEG2000適量,根據(jù)需要加入Rho,用薄膜分散法制備脂質(zhì)體,將DSPE-PEG1000-Ac4MAN制備成膠束,取1 mL脂質(zhì)體,加入0.5 mL Ac4MAN膠束,于室溫下孵育2 h,生理鹽水透析,得到Ac4MAN修飾的脂質(zhì)體溶液。

1.2.3.2 脂質(zhì)體攝取檢測(cè) 分別制備用Rho標(biāo)記的Rho-LIP、Ac4MAN-Rho-LIP和Ac4MAN-Rho-LIP+PLE,將U87膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞懸液鋪于6孔板中,向每孔中加入等量的NaCl、Rho-LIP、Ac4MAN-Rho-LIP和Ac4MAN-Rho-LIP+PLE,孵育后用胰酶消化液消化,再用磷酸鹽(PBS)緩沖液重懸細(xì)胞,于流式細(xì)胞儀上檢測(cè)。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 含量測(cè)定

0~3 h整點(diǎn)樣品的含量分別為3.98、0.80、0.42、0.19 μg;4~7 h整點(diǎn)樣品含量較小,忽略不計(jì)。

2.2 HPLC檢測(cè)Ac4MAN加酶后穩(wěn)定性

Ac4MAN對(duì)照品峰面積為578.4;MAN對(duì)照品峰面積為1066.0。Ac4MAN加酶1 h后,可以水解生成新物質(zhì)且最顯著的是MAN。隨著時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),0~7 h整點(diǎn)取樣,Ac4MAN逐漸減少,峰面積分別為578.4、120.5、69.5、37.9、0.0、0.0、0.0、0.0;MAN逐漸增多,峰面積分別為0.0、344.4、396.5、412.3、408.3、392.8、374.2、363.0,最終Ac4MAN消失,MAN逐漸增多。見(jiàn)圖1。

2.3 UPLC-MS探究Ac4MAN水解的變化過(guò)程

采用UPLC-MS對(duì)Ac4MAN加酶后的物質(zhì)進(jìn)行分析。Ac4MAN相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為440.180;MAN相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為271.115;Ac4MAN加酶孵育15 h后依次脫去乙?;螽a(chǎn)生的4種物質(zhì),其相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量分別為398.150、356.142、314.127、272.115。Ac4MAN脫去4個(gè)乙?;笊傻奈镔|(zhì)的分子量與MAN標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物的分子量相同,提示生成的物質(zhì)為MAN。見(jiàn)圖2。

2.4 脂質(zhì)體表征及加酶后對(duì)脂質(zhì)體攝取的影響

本研究所制備的脂質(zhì)體呈球形,外表光滑,大小均勻,電位為負(fù)。見(jiàn)表1、圖3~4。流式細(xì)胞儀(美國(guó)BD公司)結(jié)果顯示,U87細(xì)胞對(duì)Rho-LIP、Ac4MAN-Rho-LIP和Ac4MAN-Rho-LIP+PLE的熒光吸收值分別為8367、13198、14119。每組孵育4 h,空白組加入NaCl,不加入脂質(zhì)體??瞻讓?duì)照組的熒光吸收值為4857,表明U87膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)Rho-LIP、Ac4MAN-Rho-LIP和Ac4MAN-Rho-LIP+PLE都有一定的攝取作用。此外,Ac4MAN-Rho-LIP組加PLE,U87膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)其脂質(zhì)體攝取能力高于Ac4MAN-Rho-LIP單獨(dú)處理組。見(jiàn)圖5。

3 討論

近年來(lái),脂質(zhì)體在作為抗腫瘤及抗癌藥物的載體的發(fā)展迅速[14]。脂質(zhì)體是磷脂雙分子層結(jié)構(gòu),可以通過(guò)吸附、融合和吞噬的方式進(jìn)入靶細(xì)胞[15-17]。其具有動(dòng)態(tài)特性的脂質(zhì)體膜,能更方便地將配體吸附到脂質(zhì)體的表面,與靶分子更容易地結(jié)合,而在其他部位的游離藥物少,可實(shí)現(xiàn)靶向釋藥[18]。為改善脂質(zhì)體的靶向性和體內(nèi)外穩(wěn)定性,人們?cè)噲D改變脂質(zhì)體的表面性質(zhì),用合適的材料修飾脂質(zhì)體[19]。葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體是在腦毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞表面高度表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體,是靶向治療腦膠質(zhì)瘤的潛在靶點(diǎn)[20]。

為探究Ac4MAN是否和MAN一樣,能靶向腦組織或腦膠質(zhì)瘤部位而發(fā)揮靶向作用,本研究對(duì)Ac4MAN進(jìn)行了穩(wěn)定性研究。通過(guò)HPLC和UPLC-MS發(fā)現(xiàn),在37℃、pH 7.4條件下,將Ac4MAN與PLE共同孵育,隨時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),Ac4MAN會(huì)逐漸減少,最終生成MAN。Ac4MAN制備的脂質(zhì)體形態(tài)外觀良好,粒徑電位均在穩(wěn)定可用的納米范圍內(nèi),可以增加藥物在靶部位的累積量,從而提高藥效。加酶孵育后的Ac4MAN脂質(zhì)體比Ac4MAN脂質(zhì)體更容易被膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞攝取。因此,可以大膽假設(shè)Ac4MAN在人體環(huán)境中,在適宜的溫度、pH值和酶的作用下,可以水解生成MAN,從而發(fā)揮腦靶向作用。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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(收稿日期:2018-09-21 本文編輯:王 蕾)

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