黃帥帥 王雪 姚許平 翁國(guó)斌 任雨
[摘要] 目的 本研究旨在探討Sonovue超聲微泡介導(dǎo)DNCREB轉(zhuǎn)染對(duì)人腎癌786-O細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和周期的影響。方法 構(gòu)建裸鼠腎癌荷瘤模型,將負(fù)顯性突變體DNCREB重組質(zhì)粒結(jié)合至Sonovue超聲微泡,經(jīng)尾靜脈注射后,在體表瘤塊位置給予1 MHz、聲強(qiáng)1 W/cm2靶向超聲輻照,誘導(dǎo)微泡破裂產(chǎn)生空化效應(yīng)并釋放DNCREB進(jìn)入靶細(xì)胞,觀察并記錄腫瘤大小變化。使用MTT和流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分別觀察細(xì)胞增殖、周期和凋亡情況的變化。 結(jié)果 待超聲輻照處理后,相比于Vector組和Control組,DNCREB組細(xì)胞增殖能力明顯受抑制、細(xì)胞周期發(fā)生S期阻滯、細(xì)胞凋亡率顯著性增加,同時(shí)伴隨著細(xì)胞周期蛋白cyclin A和凋亡相關(guān)蛋白的Bcl-2表達(dá)下調(diào)。此外,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn):與Vector組或Control組相比,DNCREB組的瘤塊生長(zhǎng)能力顯著受抑制。 結(jié)論 Sonovue超聲微泡介導(dǎo)DNCREB重組質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染有效地抑制了腎癌細(xì)胞的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 超聲微泡;DNCREB;腎癌;增殖;周期;凋亡
[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2018)21-0034-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the influence of transfection of DNCREB recombinant plasmid mediated by Sonovue ultrasonic microbubble on the proliferation, cycle and apoptosis of human renal cancer 786-O cell. Methods Tumor bearing model of renal cancer in nude mice was established. Recombinant plasmid of negative dominant mutant of DNCREB was combined with Sonovue ultrasonic microbubble. After caudal vein injection, targeted ultrasonic irradiation of 1MHz and sound intensity 1 W/cm2 was given in the tumor location of body surface to induce the microbubble destruction to generate the cavitation effect and release DNCREB into target cells. The size change of tumor was observed and recorded. Results After the ultrasonic irradiation, compared with Vector group and Control group, cell of DNCREB group showed significantly inhibited ability of proliferation, S arrest of cell cycle and significantly increasing apoptosis rate, along with down-regulated expression of cyclin A and apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2. Moreover, animal experiment showed: compared with Vector group and Control group, the growing ability of tumor in DNCREB group was significantly inhibited. Conclusion Transfection of DNCREB recombinant plasmid mediated by Sonovue ultrasonic microbubble inhibited the occurrence and development process of renal cancer cell effectively.
[Key words] Ultrasonic microbubble; DNCREB; Renal cancer; Proliferation; Cycle; Apoptosis
腎癌源于腎小管上皮細(xì)胞惡變,其發(fā)病率較高并以2%的速度逐年增長(zhǎng),然而其發(fā)病機(jī)制目前尚不清楚[1,2]。近年來(lái),原癌基因的異常表達(dá)與腎癌之間的相關(guān)性研究已成為腫瘤病因?qū)W研究的熱點(diǎn)。環(huán)磷酸腺苷反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein,CREB)作為調(diào)控細(xì)胞各種行為的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,其Ser-133位點(diǎn)受磷酸化后,能與目的基因的CRE反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合,從而激活靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄過(guò)程。已有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,在多種腫瘤中磷酸化CREB(Phosphated CREB,pCREB)水平呈高表達(dá)狀態(tài)[3,4]。我們的前期研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),腎癌細(xì)胞/組織中pCREB水平顯著性高于正常腎細(xì)胞/組織[5,6]。因此,我們欲通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)染負(fù)顯性突變CREB(Dominant negative CREB,DNCREB)抑制腎癌細(xì)胞的發(fā)生發(fā)展。本研究旨在研究超聲微泡介導(dǎo)DNCREB轉(zhuǎn)染人腎癌786-O細(xì)胞后的變化,并深入探討其機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料來(lái)源
人腎癌細(xì)胞株786-O購(gòu)自中國(guó)科學(xué)院細(xì)胞庫(kù)。RMPI 1640、胎牛血清均購(gòu)自美國(guó)Gbico生物公司;pCREB、CREB、GAPDH兔單克隆抗體及Bcl-2鼠單克隆抗體均購(gòu)自Cell signaling technology公司;小鼠單克隆Cyclin A、CDK2抗體購(gòu)自Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司;羊抗兔IgG二抗及羊抗鼠IgG二抗均購(gòu)自武漢博士德生物公司;細(xì)胞周期及凋亡試劑盒均購(gòu)自杭州聯(lián)科生物技術(shù)股份有限公司。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
人腎癌細(xì)胞株786-O接種于RMPI 1640培養(yǎng)基,培養(yǎng)基中含10%胎牛血清,100 mg/L鏈霉素及1.0×104 IU/L青霉素,培養(yǎng)于37℃、5% CO2飽和濕度的孵箱中。
1.3 DNCREB質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染
在前期實(shí)驗(yàn)中,我們構(gòu)建了Ser-133位點(diǎn)突變的DNCREB重組質(zhì)粒[7]。因此,本實(shí)驗(yàn)將細(xì)胞分組為:①空白對(duì)照組(Control組);②pCI neo空質(zhì)粒組(Vector組);③DNCREB組。轉(zhuǎn)染過(guò)程如下:將6孔板置于超聲探頭上方,探頭上涂少量耦合劑,緊貼6孔板下方。我們預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明:當(dāng)質(zhì)粒質(zhì)量為30 μg、造影劑濃度為10%(v/v)、MI指數(shù)為0.6、輻照時(shí)間5 min時(shí),質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染率最高。待轉(zhuǎn)染完成后,37℃培養(yǎng)箱繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)6 h后更換新鮮培養(yǎng)基,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h。
1.4 Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)
取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期786-O細(xì)胞,以2.0×104個(gè)/孔密度接種于6孔板。待超聲微泡介導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)染后,更換完全培養(yǎng)基,待細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)48 h,裂解,RIPA法提取總蛋白,BCA法測(cè)定蛋白含量,5%脫脂牛奶室溫封閉2 h,4℃冰箱中一抗(1:1000)孵育過(guò)夜,TBST清洗3次,相應(yīng)的二抗(1:5000)孵育1 h,曝光,結(jié)果以蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量(目的蛋白灰度值/GAPDH灰度值)顯示。
1.5 MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)
在25 cm2瓶中培養(yǎng)786-O細(xì)胞至對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期,按上述分組,待超聲微泡介導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)染后,胰酶消化,接種至96孔培養(yǎng)板,接種密度為2.0×103個(gè)/孔,每組設(shè)6個(gè)復(fù)孔,每孔加入100 μL完全培養(yǎng)基,培養(yǎng)24 h。以未處理的培養(yǎng)液孔為陰性對(duì)照組。待24 h后,每孔均加入20 μL MTT,37℃培養(yǎng)2 h,492 nm測(cè)吸光度值。
1.6 細(xì)胞周期實(shí)驗(yàn)
將細(xì)胞以1.0×106個(gè)/瓶的密度接種于25 cm2細(xì)胞瓶中,待細(xì)胞融合至50%左右時(shí),超聲法轉(zhuǎn)染Vector和DNCREB質(zhì)粒,24 h后胰蛋白酶消化并收集細(xì)胞,離心,PBS重懸2次,每個(gè)樣品加入PI/RNase染料100 μL混勻,避光孵育15 min,置于流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)。
1.7 細(xì)胞凋亡實(shí)驗(yàn)
待超聲微泡介導(dǎo)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染人腎癌細(xì)胞786-O細(xì)胞后,胰酶消化,PI及FITC標(biāo)記的Annexin V染色10 min,置于流式細(xì)胞儀分析細(xì)胞凋亡情況。
1.8 裸鼠成瘤實(shí)驗(yàn)
注射100 μL濃度為5.0×107個(gè)/mL的786-O細(xì)胞于4周齡的裸鼠背部皮下,觀察并記錄瘤塊體積變化,體積V=L×W2×π/6(V:體積,L:長(zhǎng)度,W:寬度)mm3。
1.9 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
使用SPSS18.0軟件做統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,計(jì)量資料以均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩兩組間比較采用Dunnett-t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 Sonovue微泡介導(dǎo)DNCREB轉(zhuǎn)染后對(duì)786-O細(xì)胞增殖能力的影響
Western blot結(jié)果顯示:與Vector組相比,DNCREB組中tCREB表達(dá)量明顯上調(diào),pCREB水平下調(diào)(表1)。此外,MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明DNCREB組在轉(zhuǎn)染786-O細(xì)胞48 h后增殖能力顯著性下調(diào)(圖1)。
2.2 Sonovue微泡介導(dǎo)DNCREB轉(zhuǎn)染后對(duì)786-O細(xì)胞周期及相關(guān)蛋白的影響
Sonovue微泡處理后,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)結(jié)果表明,與Vector組或Control組相比,DNCREB的S期數(shù)量顯著性增加。同時(shí),其細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)蛋白Cyclin A表達(dá)量下調(diào),然而CDK2表達(dá)量卻無(wú)明顯改變(表2)。
2.3 Sonovue微泡介導(dǎo)DNCREB轉(zhuǎn)染后對(duì)786-O細(xì)胞凋亡及相關(guān)蛋白的影響
Sonovue微泡處理后,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)結(jié)果表明,Vector組與Control對(duì)照組相比,細(xì)胞凋亡數(shù)量并無(wú)顯著性變化,而DNCREB處理后,凋亡數(shù)量顯著性上調(diào),伴隨著細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bcl-2的顯著性下調(diào)(表3)。
2.4 Sonovue微泡介導(dǎo)DNCREB轉(zhuǎn)染后對(duì)裸鼠皮下成瘤能力的影響
裸鼠成瘤實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,Control組和Vector組在接種8 d后開始出現(xiàn)腫瘤,直至接種5周后,瘤塊體積分別為(206.24±34.47)mm3、(171.42±47.85)mm3,兩組之間瘤塊大小并無(wú)顯著性差異。然而,DNCREB組瘤塊體積生長(zhǎng)緩慢,生長(zhǎng)至2周后體積為(16.83±13.86)mm3,與Control組(55.24±15.31)mm3或Vector(44.42±15.83)mm3相比,出現(xiàn)顯著性差異(圖2)。
3 討論
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CREB與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CREB受cAMP信號(hào)激活,從而調(diào)控目的基因的表達(dá)[8]。有文獻(xiàn)表明,CREB活化與多種腫瘤疾病的不良愈后呈正相關(guān),這也預(yù)示著pCREB高表達(dá)很可能是腫瘤不良愈后的高危因素[5,9]。本研究利用原癌基因CREB的負(fù)顯性突變體DNCREB,證實(shí)了pCREB水平的下調(diào)可以抑制腎癌細(xì)胞增殖、誘導(dǎo)腎癌細(xì)胞凋亡和促進(jìn)細(xì)胞周期阻滯等過(guò)程。有研究顯示,CREB活化水平受上游激酶如AKT等調(diào)控,從而結(jié)合下游細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)基因的CRE序列,進(jìn)而影響細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程[10,11]。在Dworet等[12]的研究中,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)A-CREB誘導(dǎo)甲狀腺細(xì)胞凋亡,并延遲S期進(jìn)展。另有研究報(bào)道,DNCREB能有效抑制DMBA誘導(dǎo)的皮膚乳頭狀瘤塊生長(zhǎng),同時(shí)引起cyclin B1和cyclin D1蛋白的表達(dá)改變[13]。在我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)中也發(fā)現(xiàn):DNCREB誘導(dǎo)786-O細(xì)胞發(fā)生S期阻滯,這一結(jié)果可能與DNCREB轉(zhuǎn)染后引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)cyclin A蛋白表達(dá)量改變有關(guān)。與此同時(shí),我們的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)DNCREB轉(zhuǎn)染后調(diào)控了細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡過(guò)程。Bcl-2作為腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)原癌基因,能阻止凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子如細(xì)胞色素c釋放,從而抑制細(xì)胞凋亡[14,15]。我們先前通過(guò)生物信息學(xué)軟件顯示:Bcl-2基因轉(zhuǎn)錄起始位點(diǎn)中具有能與CREB結(jié)合的CRE位點(diǎn),因此本研究結(jié)果也提示Bcl-2受CREB調(diào)控,其改變可能參與調(diào)節(jié)凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子的釋放,從而介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡過(guò)程。
鑒于DNCREB對(duì)腎癌細(xì)胞的抑制作用,使基因療法成為了可能。然而,傳統(tǒng)的病毒轉(zhuǎn)染與脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染方式因其具有安全性低和轉(zhuǎn)染率差等缺點(diǎn),限制了DNCREB在靶細(xì)胞中發(fā)揮作用[16,17]。與傳統(tǒng)基因載體不同,Sonovue微泡造影劑介導(dǎo)的基因轉(zhuǎn)染克服了這一缺點(diǎn)。Sonovue微泡受到超聲輻照后,可產(chǎn)生連續(xù)的壓縮膨脹,使得微泡破裂,伴隨著產(chǎn)生的空化效應(yīng)致使靶區(qū)組織或細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)通透性增加,促進(jìn)基因進(jìn)入靶細(xì)胞,這種空化效應(yīng)在血栓、腫瘤和炎癥組織中已有初步研究[18-20]。Shi等[21]在研究超聲微泡介導(dǎo)Soxp3 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染抑制肝癌Treg細(xì)胞時(shí),他們發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)微泡濃度為10%、超聲暴露時(shí)間為150/180 s、MI指數(shù)為1.4時(shí),其基因轉(zhuǎn)染率達(dá)到了50%,Treg細(xì)胞活性抑制率最高。我們的預(yù)試驗(yàn)也對(duì)超聲轉(zhuǎn)染參數(shù)做了優(yōu)化,并且在此條件下動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示DNCREB轉(zhuǎn)染組裸鼠荷瘤的生長(zhǎng)能力顯著受抑制,這個(gè)結(jié)果也初步證明了Sonovue微泡作為一種無(wú)創(chuàng)安全的方式、又能提高DNCREB的轉(zhuǎn)染效率,更有利于基因靶向治療,也可能成為一種新型的抑制腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的新方法。
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(收稿日期:2018-02-12)