劉中飛 陳永鈞 李芹 王秀玲 黃易
中圖分類號(hào) R975+.4 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1001-0408(2018)23-3269-06
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2018.23.22
摘 要 目的:系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)神經(jīng)激肽1(NK-1)受體抑制劑聯(lián)合地塞米松與5-羥色胺3(5-HT3)受體抑制劑對(duì)比地塞米松聯(lián)合5-HT3受體抑制劑預(yù)防和治療以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐的療效與安全性,為臨床提供循證參考。方法:計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、CENTRAL、Embase、中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時(shí)限為自建庫起到2018年1月,收集NK-1受體抑制劑聯(lián)合地塞米松、5-HT3受體抑制劑(試驗(yàn)組)對(duì)比地塞米松聯(lián)合5-HT3受體抑制劑(對(duì)照組)預(yù)防和治療以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT),對(duì)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行資料提取并按照Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)員手冊(cè) 5.1.0進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)后,采用Rev Man 5.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)急性期、延遲期嘔吐完全緩解(CR)率,急性期、延遲期惡心完全控制率、不良反應(yīng)(便秘、疲勞、厭食、腹瀉)發(fā)生率進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果:共納入9項(xiàng)RCT,合計(jì)1 676例患者。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者急性期嘔吐CR率[OR=2.63,95%CI(1.29,5.37),P=0.008]、延遲期嘔吐CR率[OR=2.10,95%CI(1.69,2.62),P<0.001]、延遲期惡心完全控制率[OR=1.77,95%CI(1.14,2.77),P=0.01]顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;兩組患者急性期惡心完全控制率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=1.27,95%CI(0.92,1.76),P=0.15];兩組患者便秘、疲勞、厭食、腹瀉等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 :現(xiàn)有證據(jù)證明NK-1受體抑制劑聯(lián)合地塞米松與5-HT3受體抑制劑預(yù)防和治療以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐,在提高急性期、延遲期嘔吐CR率和延遲期惡心完全控制率上優(yōu)于地塞米松聯(lián)合5-HT3受體抑制劑,且未增加便秘、疲勞、厭食、腹瀉等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
關(guān)鍵詞 神經(jīng)激肽1受體抑制劑;卡鉑;化療;惡心嘔吐;療效;安全性;Meta分析
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor inhibitor combined with dexamethasone and 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptor inhibitor versus dexamethasone combined with 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor for the prevention and treatment of carboplatin-based chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and to provide evidence-based reference in clinic. METHODS: Retrieved from PubMed, CENTRAL, Embase and CJFD during database establishment to Jan. 2018, randomized controlled trial (RCTs) about NK-1 receptor inhibitor combined with dexamethasone and 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor (trial group) versus dexamethasone combined with 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor (control group) for carboplatin-based chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting were collected. After data extraction and quality evaluation according to Cochrane system evaluator manual 5.1.0, Meta-analysis was performed for complete remission rate (CR) of acute and delayed vomiting, complete control rate of acute and delayed nausea, the incidence of ADR (constipation, fatigue, anorexia, diarrhea) by using Rev Man 5.3 statistical software. RESULTS: Totally 9 RCTs were included, involving 1 676 patients. Results of Meta-analysis showed that CR rate of acute vomiting [OR=2.63,95%CI(1.29,5.37),P=0.008] and delayed vomiting [OR=2.10,95%CI(1.69,2.62),P<0.001], complete control rate of delayed nausea [OR=1.77,95%CI(1.14,2.77),P=0.01] in trial group were significantly higher than control group, with statistical significance. There was no statistical significance in complete control rate of acute nausea between 2 groups [OR=1.27,95%CI(0.92,1.76),P=0.15]. There was no statistical significance in the incidence of constipation, fatigue, anorexia, diarrhea between 2 groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence shows that NK-1 receptor inhibitor combined with dexamethasone and 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting induced by carboplatin-based chemotherapy, and is better than dexamethasone combined with 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor in improving CR of acute and delayed vomiting, complete control rate of delayed nausea without increasing the occurrence of ADR as constipation, fatigue, anorexia, diarrhea.
KEYWORDS NK-1 receptor inhibitor; Carboplatin; Chemotherapy; Nausea and vomiting; Efficacy; Safety; Meta-analysis
化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐是細(xì)胞毒性抗腫瘤藥物常見的不良反應(yīng),90%的癌癥患者化療后會(huì)出現(xiàn)惡心嘔吐,如果不及時(shí)預(yù)防和治療,會(huì)明顯影響患者生活質(zhì)量、降低依從性,最終導(dǎo)致治療的失敗[1-2]?;诖耍A(yù)防和治療化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐至關(guān)重要。根據(jù)抗腫瘤藥物催吐的潛能,將其分為高度致吐(致吐風(fēng)險(xiǎn):>90%,如順鉑、環(huán)磷酰胺等)、中度致吐(致吐風(fēng)險(xiǎn):30%~90%,如卡鉑、奧沙利鉑等)、輕度及輕微致吐(致吐風(fēng)險(xiǎn):10%~30%、<10%,如紫杉醇、吉西他濱等)[3-4]。高致吐風(fēng)險(xiǎn)藥物指南推薦使用3聯(lián)藥物治療,即5-羥色胺3(5-HT3)受體抑制劑+地塞米松+神經(jīng)激肽1(NK-1)受體抑制劑,中度致吐風(fēng)險(xiǎn)藥物推薦2聯(lián)藥物治療,即5-HT3受體抑制劑+地塞米松,然而中度致吐藥物用5-HT3受體抑制劑+地塞米松仍對(duì)部分患者無效,2016年有指南推薦對(duì)于中度致吐風(fēng)險(xiǎn)藥物可使用3聯(lián)藥物治療[5],但證據(jù)強(qiáng)度不高,能否使用5-HT3受體抑制劑+地塞米松+NK-1受體抑制劑預(yù)防和治療以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療所導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐仍存在爭議[5]。NK-1受體抑制劑從第一代的阿瑞匹坦到第二代的福沙吡坦、卡索吡坦、沃氟吡坦、維替吡坦等,已經(jīng)證實(shí)對(duì)于預(yù)防和治療急性期及延遲期化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐有良好效果[6]。盡管有文獻(xiàn)推薦5-HT3受體抑制劑+地塞米松+NK-1受體抑制劑治療以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐,但證據(jù)不充分[7-8]。因此本研究采用Meta分析方法,系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)5-HT3受體抑制劑聯(lián)合地塞米松與NK-1受體抑制劑對(duì)比5-HT3受體抑制劑聯(lián)合地塞米松預(yù)防治療以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐的療效和安全性,以期為臨床治療提供循證醫(yī)學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.1.1 研究類型 國內(nèi)外公開發(fā)表的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT),無論是否使用盲法,語種限定為中、英文。
1.1.2 納入對(duì)象 年齡≥18歲,性別不限,經(jīng)病理活檢確診為實(shí)體腫瘤,且接受包括卡鉑在內(nèi)的化療方案治療。排除試驗(yàn)前接受過催吐藥物、止吐藥物、試驗(yàn)前發(fā)生過惡心、嘔吐的患者;排除合并腦轉(zhuǎn)移、消化道潰瘍、感染的患者。
1.1.3 干預(yù)措施 試驗(yàn)組:5-HT3受體抑制劑+地塞米松+NK-1受體抑制劑,對(duì)照組:5-HT3受體抑制劑+地塞米松。相關(guān)藥物給藥3 d后觀察2 d。
1.1.4 結(jié)局指標(biāo) ①急性期嘔吐完全緩解(CR)率(CR:無嘔吐事件且未使用解救藥);②延遲期嘔吐CR率;③急性期惡心完全控制(無惡心事件發(fā)生)率;④延遲期惡心完全控制率;⑤便秘、疲勞、厭食、腹瀉等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。
1.1.5 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 動(dòng)物研究、綜述、藥動(dòng)學(xué)或藥效學(xué)研究等。
1.2 檢索策略
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索 PubMed、Embase、CENTRAL、中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫,并且追溯已發(fā)表相關(guān)系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)[7-8]的參考文獻(xiàn)。英文檢索詞包括“Aprepitant”“Fosaprepitant”“Netupitant”“Rolapitant”“Casopitant”“Carboplatin”,中文檢索詞包括“阿瑞匹坦”“福沙吡坦”“羅拉吡坦”“卡索吡坦”“卡鉑”。檢索時(shí)限為各數(shù)據(jù)庫自建庫起至2018年1月。
1.3 資料提取
初步納入文獻(xiàn)通過軟件去重后,兩名研究員獨(dú)立閱讀題目、摘要及全文,根據(jù)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),篩選文獻(xiàn)。根據(jù)預(yù)先設(shè)定的數(shù)據(jù)提取表提取以下數(shù)據(jù):第一作者及發(fā)表年份、試驗(yàn)地區(qū)、樣本量、試驗(yàn)類型、干預(yù)措施、化療方案、各指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)。如遇分歧協(xié)商解決。
1.4 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
采用Cochrane偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具5.1.0[9],從以下幾個(gè)方面評(píng)價(jià)文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量:隨機(jī)序列、盲法、分配隱藏、選擇性報(bào)告、數(shù)據(jù)完整、其他偏倚,以“低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”“不確定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”“高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”評(píng)價(jià)每個(gè)方面。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用 Rev Man 5.3軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。以I 2大小判斷異質(zhì)性, P>0.1或I 2<50%屬于低異質(zhì)性,采用固定效應(yīng)模型;反之,則采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。二分類變量由比值比(Odds ratio,OR)及95%置信區(qū)間(CI)表示。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果及納入研究基本信息
根據(jù)檢索策略初步檢索出150篇文獻(xiàn),通過去重、閱讀題目和摘要后篩出19篇,閱讀全文排除不符合納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)10篇,最終納入9篇(項(xiàng))RCT[10-18],合計(jì)1 676例患者。納入研究基本信息見表1。
2.2 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
9項(xiàng)研究均為RCT。其中7項(xiàng)研究[10-12,14-17]報(bào)道了正確的隨機(jī)方法,包括中心隨機(jī)、計(jì)算機(jī)隨機(jī)、密封信箋法,2項(xiàng)[13,18]未報(bào)告具體方法,4項(xiàng)[10,14,16-17]采用盲法,僅有1項(xiàng)研究[13]數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告不完整,可能存在選擇性報(bào)告偏倚,其余文獻(xiàn)均不存在,詳見圖1、圖2。
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1 急性期嘔吐CR率 9項(xiàng)研究[10-18](1 676例患者)報(bào)道了急性期嘔吐CR率,各研究間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.02,I 2=59%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型合并效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行分析。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組(NK-1RA)急性期嘔吐CR率顯著高于對(duì)照組(Control),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=2.63,95%CI(1.29,5.37),P=0.008],詳見圖3。
2.3.2 延遲期嘔吐CR率 9項(xiàng)研究[10-18](1 676例患者)報(bào)道了延遲期嘔吐CR率,各研究間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.57,I 2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型合并效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行分析。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組延遲期嘔吐CR率顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=2.10,95%CI(1.69,2.62),P<0.001],詳見圖4。
2.3.3 急性期惡心完全控制率 6項(xiàng)研究[11,13-16,18](992例患者)報(bào)道了急性期惡心完全控制率。各研究間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.14,I 2=40%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型合并效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行分析。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者急性期惡心完全控制率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=1.27,95%CI(0.92,1.76),P=0.15],詳見圖5。
2.3.4 延遲期惡心完全控制率 6項(xiàng)研究[11,13-16,18](992例患者)報(bào)道了延遲期惡心完全控制率。各研究間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.05,I 2=54%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型合并效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行分析。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者延遲期惡心完全控制率顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=1.77,95%CI(1.14,2.77),P=0.01],詳見圖6。
2.3.5 厭食、便秘、疲勞、腹瀉發(fā)生率 1項(xiàng)研究[10]報(bào)道了厭食發(fā)生率,結(jié)果兩組患者厭食發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.2);對(duì)便秘、疲勞、腹瀉發(fā)生率進(jìn)行Meta分析,結(jié)果,兩組患者便秘、疲勞、腹瀉發(fā)生率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),詳見表2。
2.4 發(fā)表偏倚分析
以急性期嘔吐CR率為指標(biāo)繪制倒漏斗圖進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚分析,結(jié)果各研究基本分布于無效線兩側(cè),未發(fā)現(xiàn)存在明顯的發(fā)表偏倚,詳見圖7。
2.5 敏感性分析
當(dāng)改變效應(yīng)模型,排除高、低質(zhì)量研究后,延遲期嘔吐CR率、急性期惡心完全控制率、延遲期惡心完全控制率的Meta分析結(jié)果均未發(fā)生明顯變化,表明3個(gè)指標(biāo)Meta分析結(jié)果穩(wěn)定。但排除低質(zhì)量研究后急性期嘔吐CR率結(jié)果發(fā)生了翻轉(zhuǎn),表明此指標(biāo)Meta分析結(jié)果不穩(wěn)定,應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待。敏感性分析結(jié)果詳見表3。
3 討論
5-HT3受體抑制劑和激素類藥物是我國廣泛應(yīng)用的止吐劑,5-HT3受體抑制劑特異性阻斷5-HT3受體發(fā)揮作用,該類藥物主要包括昂丹司瓊、托烷司瓊、格拉司瓊、帕洛諾司瓊等,激素類主要使用地塞米松,兩藥聯(lián)用可以提高止吐效果,但其機(jī)制尚不明確[6]。NK-1受體抑制劑可特異性地阻斷NK-1受體,因?yàn)檠舆t性嘔吐主要由NK-1和P物質(zhì)介導(dǎo),P物質(zhì)與NK-1受體有很強(qiáng)的親和力,其與NK-1受體結(jié)合后能興奮NK-1引起嘔吐,阻斷NK-1受體可抑制化療導(dǎo)致的嘔吐[4,6]。
筆者通過全面的檢索,在本研究中收集了9項(xiàng)對(duì)比5-HT3受體抑制劑+地塞米松+NK-1受體抑制劑與5-HT3受體抑制劑+地塞米松治療以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐的RCT。9項(xiàng)研究都是研究治療第1周期化療后惡心與嘔吐。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者急性期嘔吐CR率、延遲期嘔吐CR率、延遲期惡心完全控制率顯著高于對(duì)照組;兩組患者急性期惡心完全控制率相當(dāng);兩組患者便秘、疲勞、厭食、腹瀉等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率相當(dāng)。試驗(yàn)組患者對(duì)于急性期嘔吐CR的療效明顯較對(duì)照組的效果好,但是敏感性分析提示此指標(biāo)的結(jié)果可能不穩(wěn)定,導(dǎo)致的可能原因是剩余高質(zhì)量研究的數(shù)目及樣本量較少;納入研究的質(zhì)量不高,這些都可能會(huì)對(duì)結(jié)果造成一定程度的偏倚,因此對(duì)該結(jié)論應(yīng)該謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待。試驗(yàn)組對(duì)于延遲期嘔吐CR率的療效明顯較對(duì)照組的效果好,這一結(jié)論與李麗等[6]的報(bào)道一致,可能與NK-1主要參與延遲期嘔吐有關(guān)。試驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組相比,不能提高急性期惡心完全控制率,但能明顯提高延遲期惡心完全控制率。兩組患者用藥安全性相當(dāng),患者在治療過程中均能耐受,通過對(duì)癥處理后能痊愈。過去通常應(yīng)用5-HT3受體抑制劑+地塞米松來預(yù)防以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐,但效果沒有達(dá)到最佳,尤其對(duì)于延遲期的化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐[19]。2016年癌癥支持療法多國學(xué)會(huì)(MASCC)/歐洲腫瘤內(nèi)科學(xué)會(huì)(ESMO)指南推薦加用NK-1受體抑制劑用于預(yù)防以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐,但依據(jù)的臨床數(shù)據(jù)有限,此推薦存在爭議[5]。盡管5-HT3受體抑制劑+地塞米松對(duì)于預(yù)防和治療化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐有較好的療效,但5-HT3受體抑制劑+地塞米松+NK-1受體抑制劑提高了急性期/延遲期嘔吐CR率以及延遲期惡心控制率的療效,與此同時(shí)并沒有增加不良反應(yīng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
本研究存在以下不足:(1)條件所限,只能檢索中英文的部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫,對(duì)其他語言文獻(xiàn)沒有納入。同時(shí),盡管倒漏斗圖檢測未發(fā)現(xiàn)有明顯的發(fā)表偏倚,但納入研究<10項(xiàng),檢驗(yàn)效果不高;可能會(huì)存在發(fā)表偏倚;(2)納入文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量及樣本量較少,在一定程度上減弱結(jié)論的可靠性;(3)沒有檢索到最新NK-1受體抑制劑Netupitant、卡索吡坦的研究,需要持續(xù)更新。
綜上所述,NK-1受體抑制劑+地塞米松+5-HT3受體抑制劑預(yù)防和治療以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐在急性期、延遲期嘔吐CR率和延遲期惡心完全控制率方面療效優(yōu)于地塞米松+5-HT3受體抑制劑,且不會(huì)增加不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,安全性較好。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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(收稿日期:2018-07-03 修回日期:2018-10-18)
(編輯:劉明偉)